Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
Born (1842-08-31)August 31, 1842
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died March 13, 1924(1924-03-13) (aged 81)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation Publisher, journalist, activist
Spouse(s)
George Lewis Ruffin (m. 1858–1886)
Children Hubert, Florida Ridley, Stanley, George, and Robert
Parent(s) John St. Pierre and Elizabeth Matilda Menhenick

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (August 31, 1842 – March 13, 1924[1]) was an African-American publisher, journalist, civil rights leader, suffragist, and editor of the Woman's Era, the first newspaper published by and for African-American women.

Biography

Early years and education

Ruffin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to John St. Pierre, of French and African descent from Martinique, and Elizabeth Matilda Menhenick from Cornwall, England. Her father was a successful clothier and founder of a Boston Zion Church. She attended public schools in Charlestown and Salem, and a private school in New York City because of her parents' objections to the segregated schools in Boston.[2] She completed her studies at the Bowdoin School (not to be confused with Bowdoin College), after segregation in Boston schools ended.[3]

Activism

Ruffin supported women's suffrage and, in 1869, joined with Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone to form the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) in Boston.[4] A group of these women, Howe and Stone also founded the New England Women's Club in 1868. Josephine Ruffin was its first bi-racial member when she joined in the mid-1890s. Ruffin also wrote for the black weekly paper, The Courant and became a member of the New England Woman's Press Association.[1]

Front page of The Woman's Era, September 1894

When her husband George died at the age of 52 in 1886, Ruffin used her financial security and organizational abilities to start the Woman's Era, the country's first newspaper published by and for African-American women. She served as the editor and publisher from 1890 to 1897. While promoting interracial activities, the Woman's Era called on black women to demand increased rights for their race.[5]

In 1894, Ruffin organized the Woman's Era Club, an advocacy group for black women, with the help of her daughter Florida Ridley and Maria Baldwin, a Boston school principal.[6][7]

In 1895, Ruffin organized the National Federation of Afro-American Women. She convened The First National Conference of the Colored Women of America in Boston, which was attended by women from 42 black women's clubs from 14 states.[8] The following year, the organization merged with the Colored Women's League to form the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC). Mary Church Terrell was elected president and Ruffin served as one of the organization's vice-presidents.[1]

Just as the NACWC was forming, Ruffin was integrating the New England Woman's Club. When the General Federation of Women's Clubs met in Milwaukee in 1900, she planned to attend as a representative of three organizations – the Woman's Era Club, the New England Woman's Club and the New England Woman's Press Club.[9] Southern women were in positions of power in the General Federation and, when the Executive Committee discovered that all of the New Era's club members were black, they would not accept Ruffin's credentials.[9] Ruffin was told that she could be seated as a representative of the two white clubs but not the black one. She refused on principle and was excluded from the proceedings. These events became known as "The Ruffin Incident"[10] and were widely covered in newspapers around the country, most of whom supported Ruffin.[11] Afterwards, the Woman's Era Club made an official statement "that colored women should confine themselves to their clubs and the large field of work open to them there."[1]

The New Era Club was disbanded in 1903, but Ruffin remained active in the struggle for equal rights and, in 1910, helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Ruffin was one of the charter members of NAACP. Along with other women who had belonged to the New Era Club, she co-founded the League of Women for Community Service, which still exists today.[1]

Personal life

Ruffin married George Lewis Ruffin (1834–1886), who went on to become the first African-American male graduate from Harvard Law School, the first African American elected to the Boston City Council, and the first African-American municipal judge.[12] Josephine and Ruffin were married in 1858 when she was 16 years old. The couple moved to Liverpool but returned to Boston soon afterwards and bought a house in the West End.[13] They had five children: Hubert, an attorney; Florida Ridley, a school principal and co-founder of Woman's Era; Stanley, an inventor; George, a musician; and Robert, who died in his first year of life.[3] The couple became active in the struggle against slavery. During the Civil War, they helped recruit black soldiers for the Union Army, the 54th and 55th Massachusetts regiments. The couple also worked for the Sanitation Commission, which provided aid for the care of soldiers in the field.[1]

She died of nephritis at her home on St. Botolph Street, Boston, in 1924, and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge.[14]

Tributes

In 1999 a series of six tall marble panels with a bronze bust in each was added to the Massachusetts State House; the busts are of Ruffin, Florence Luscomb, Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, Dorothea Dix, Sarah Parker Remond, and Lucy Stone.[15] As well, two quotations from each of those women (including Ruffin) are etched on their own marble panel, and the wall behind all the panels has wallpaper made of six government documents repeated over and over, with each document being related to a cause of one or more of the women.[15]

Her home on Charles Street is a site on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.[16]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 State House Women's Leadership Project (2008). "Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin". Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  2. ↑ Smith, Mary Jane (Winter 2010). "The Fight to Protect Race and Regional Identity Within the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1895-1902". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 94 (4): 479–513 – via EBSCOhost. (Subscription required (help)).
  3. 1 2 Lyman, Darryl (2005). "Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin". Great African-American Women (third ed.). Middle Village, NY: Jonathan David Company. pp. 196–197. ISBN 0-8246-0459-8. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  4. ↑ "American Woman Suffrage Association | American organization". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  5. ↑ "Josephine Ruffin, Activist, Philanthropist and Newspaper Publisher". African American Registry.
  6. ↑ Neal, Anthony W. (February 3, 2016). "Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement Part 1". The Bay State Banner.
  7. ↑ Sierra, Susan J.; Jones, Adrienne Lash (1996). "Eliza Ann Gardner". In Smith, Jessie Carney. Notable Black American Women. 2. New York: Gale Research. p. 240. ISBN 9780810391772.
  8. ↑ "COLORED WOMEN IN CONFERENCE; National Association for Their Betterment Formed in Boston" (PDF). The New York Times. July 29, 1895.
  9. 1 2 Smith, Mary Jane (Winter 2010). "The Fight to Protect Race and Regional Identity Within the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1895-1902". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 94 (4): 479–513 – via EBSCOhost. (Subscription required (help)).
  10. ↑ Moses 1978, p. 108.
  11. ↑ "A Corner of Interest to the Women". The Decatur Herald. 1902-06-08. p. 17. Retrieved 2018-02-04 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ Stephanie Knight, "George Lewis Ruffin", Black Past, accessed April 14, 2012.
  13. ↑ Mitchell, Verner; Davis, Cynthia (2011). Literary Sisters: Dorothy West and Her Circle, A Biography of the Harlem Renaissance. Rutgers University Press. pp. 85, 89–90. ISBN 9780813552132.
  14. ↑ James, Edward T. (1971). Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2. Harvard University Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780674627345.
  15. 1 2 "HEAR US Virtual Tour". Mass Humanities. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  16. ↑ "Beacon Hill". Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

Further reading

  • Alexander, edited by William H.; Newby-Alexander,, Cassandra L.; Ford, Charles H. (2008). Voices from within the Veil African Americans and the Experience of Democracy. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub. ISBN 9781443811767.
  • Indiana Commission for Women (2003). "African American Women In History: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (1842-1924)". State of Indiana. Archived from the original on 2005-02-09. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  • Mullings, editors, Manning Marable, Leith (2009). Let nobody turn us around : voices of resistance, reform, and renewal : an African American anthology (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742560567.
  • Smith, Jessie Carney; Wynn, Linda T. (2009). Freedom facts and firsts : 400 years of the African American civil rights experience ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578591923.
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