List of ships captured in the 19th century

USS United States engaging HMS Macedonian

Throughout naval history during times of war battles, blockades, and other patrol missions would often result in the capture of enemy ships or those of a neutral country. If a ship proved to be a valuable prize efforts would sometimes be made to capture the vessel while inflicting the least amount of damage as was practically possible. Both military and merchant ships were captured, often renamed, and then used in the service of the capturing country's navy, or in many cases sold to private individuals who would break them up for salvage, or use them as merchant vessels, whaling ships, slave ships, or the like. As an incentive to search far and wide for enemy ships, the proceeds of the sale of the vessels and their cargoes were divided up as prize money among the officers and crew of capturing crew members with the distribution governed by regulations the captor vessel's government had established. Throughout the 1800s war prize laws were established to help opposing countries settle claims amicably.[1][2] Private ships were also authorized by various countries at war through a Letter of marque, legally allowing a ship and commander to engage and capture vessels belonging to enemy countries.[3] In these cases contracts between the owners of the vessels on the one hand, and the captains and the crews on the other, established the distribution of the proceeds from captures.

Legend

  • Dates of capture are listed chronologically and appear in bold [Note 1]
  • Names of commanders are those in command when ships were captured.
  • The symbol ' † ' following a commander's name denotes he was killed in action.
  • Name of ship and flag of country listed are those in use at time of ship's capture and will sometimes link to a page with name and flag used after capture.
  • This list does not include ships captured by pirates.

1800–1809

Quasi-War

The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and French Republic from 1798 to 1800. France, plagued by massive crop failures and desperately in need of grain and other supplies, commissioned numerous French privateers who both legally and illegally captured cargo from merchant vessels of every flag engaged in foreign trade with Britain. Approximately 300 American ships were captured by the French Navy and privateers under a Letter of marque issued by the government of France.[4] International law mandated that a ship captured during wartime by a belligerent was lost to the owner, and that no compensation was to be made by the country who seized a vessel unless provided for by a treaty that ended that war.[5]

  • Deux Anges |  France | 27 January 1800
    A 20-gun French corvette Letter of marque captured by the USS Boston commanded by George Little serving in the squadron of Silas Talbot. Deux Anges (sometimes Two Angels in contemporary American accounts) was sent to Boston under Lieutenant Robert Haswell to be condemned by a prize court.[6][7]
  • Mercator |  Denmark | May 1800
    A Danish schooner captured by the USS Experiment commanded by Lieutenant Maley entering the Haitian port of Jacmel during the Quasi-War. Maley suspected it to be a French vessel and ordered it to Cape Francois where it was recaptured by the British.[8]
  • Godfrey |  UKGBI | 31 May 1800
    English registered schooner commanded by H. Atkinson, captured by a French privateer and recaptured by American sloop of war USS Merrimack.[Note 2]
  • Flambeau |  France | 23 July 1800
    A French Letter of marque of 12 guns, captured by USS Enterprise, commanded by Captain John Shaw.[10]
  • Berceau |  France | 12 October 1800
    A 24-gun French corvette commanded by Capitain de frégate Senez, captured by USS Boston, commanded by Capt. George Little, unbeknown that the Quasi-War had ended several days earlier. She was towed to the United States, repaired and returned to France September 1801.[11]
  • Good Friends |  United States | September 1809
    An American ship out of Baltimore, commanded by Captain Robert Thompson, captured by the Danes.[12][13]
  • Helvetius |  United States | September 1809
    An American ship out of Baltimore, commanded by Captain Ezra Bowen, captured by the Danes.[12][13]

First Barbary War

The First Barbary War (1801–5), was the first of the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War fought between the United States and the North African Berber Muslim states known collectively as the Barbary States. For years the Barbary Corsairs had harassed and captured British, French and American shipping, often capturing vessels seizing cargoes and holding crews for large ransoms or enslaving them.[14] Refusing to pay tribute President Thomas Jefferson sent a fleet of ships to the Mediterranean shores of North Africa to deal with the constant threats to U.S. and other ships.[15][16]

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars declared against the French Republic and Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that ran from 1792 to 1815 involving many often large scale naval battles resulting in the capture of numerous ships. Among the most notable of such battles were the Battle of Trafalgar and the Battle of Copenhagen involving hundreds of ships and many thousands of seamen and officers.

Battle of Copenhagen

The Battle of Copenhagen was a naval battle involving a large British fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, defeating and capturing many of the Danish-Norwegian fleet anchored just off Copenhagen on 2 April 1801. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson led the main attack.[27][28]

See also:
List of Danish sail frigates
List of ships of the line of Denmark

Napoleonic Wars (continued i)

Battle of Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar was fought on 21 October 1805 off the Spanish coast near Cape Trafalgar involving the allied fleets of Spain and France against the Royal Navy of Britain. Britain's answer to Napoleon's threat, it proved to be the turning point of the Napoleonic era and is regarded as the last great sea battle of the period. The battle involved dozens of sailing warships and vessels many of which fell to capture while many were also met with what is considered a worse fate in the storm that followed.[38][39]

Napoleonic Wars (continued ii)

See also:

1810–1819

Napoleonic Wars (continued)

War of 1812

The War of 1812 was largely a naval war fought between the United States with its young American navy and Great Britain who had the largest and most formidable navy in the world at the time. The causes of the war were regarded differently between the two countries. The United States was appalled at Britain for seizing U.S. ships and capturing and impressing American citizens into its navy, while Britain maintained that it had the right to search neutral vessels for property or persons of its foes. The ships of the two countries were involved in many engagements along the Atlantic coast, the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies with numerous vessels being destroyed or captured on both sides.[78]

See also:

  • War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom

Second Barbary War

Chilean war of independence

The Navy of Chile website lists 26 Spanish prizes during the War of Independence. The most famous are probably:

For vessels captured by Chilean Letter of marque ships, see list of prizes

1820–1829

  • La Jeune Eugene |  France | 1821
  • La Daphnee |  France | 1821
  • La Mathilde |  France | 1821
  • L'Elize |  France | 1821
    Above four ships captured together by USS Alligator. All except the La Jeune Eugene escaped while being escorted to Boston. France protests.[133][134]
  • Teresa |  Spain | 9 April 1824
    A Spanish brig outfitted as a slaver, captured at Monrovia by El Vincendor, commanded by Captain Cottrell.[135][136]

1830–1839

West Africa Squadron

  • St Helena (1814 ship) |  UKGBI | 6 April 1830
    a British East India packet schooner captured by pirates but retaken by her crew.
  • Daspegado – Spanish pirate vessel, captor of St Helena, captured by HMS Primrose.

War of the Confederation

Texas Revolution

1839

  • La Amistad |  Spain | 1839
    A two-masted schooner built in Spain and owned by a Spaniard living in Cuba. Was used to transport Africans into slavery, who took control of the ship in 1839. Ship was captured off the coast of Long Island by the USS Washington.[137]
  • SS Eagle |  Spain |  USA | November 1839
  • SS Clara |  Spain |  USA | November 1839
  • SS Wyoming |  Spain |  USA | November 1839
  • SS Mary Anne Cassard |  Spain |  USA | November 1839
    Above four slaver ships seized together off the coast of Africa using American and Spanish flags to suit the occasion along with fraudulent papers. Captured by British cruiser and brought to United States.[137][138]
  • SS Butterfly |  US | 23 September 1839
    Fitted as a slaver, and captured by a British cruiser on the coast of Africa.[139]
  • SS Catharine |  US | October 1839
    Captured on the African coast by a British cruiser, and brought by her to New York.[139]
  • SS Euphrates |  Spain | 1839
    With American papers, seized by British cruisers as Spanish property. Before this she had been boarded fifteen times.[139]
  • SS My Boy |  US | September 1839
    Seized by a British cruiser, and condemned at Sierra Leone.[139]

1840–1849

  • SS Sarah Ann |  US | March 1840
    Captured with fraudulent papers.[139]
  • SS Tigris |  US | 1840
    Captured by British cruisers and sent to Boston for kidnapping.[139]
  • SS Jones |  US | 1840
    Seized by the British.[139]
  • SS Shakespeare |  US | 7 November 1842
    Shakespeare, of Baltimore, with 430 slaves, captured by British cruisers.[140]
  • SS Cyrus |  US | 1844
    Cyrus, of New Orleans, suspected slaver, captured by the British cruiser Alert.[140]
  • SS Spitfire |  US | 14 May 1845
    Spitfire, of New Orleans, captured on the coast of Africa, under American flag and the captain indicted in Boston.[140]
  • SS Casco |  US | 1849
    Slaver, with no papers; searched, and captured with 420 slaves, by a British cruiser.[141]

Mexican–American War

At the onset of the Mexican–American War on 12 May 1846, Commodore John D. Sloat was in command of the Pacific fleet. The Pacific war against Mexico lasted only eight months with few casualties. The Pacific fleet consisted mainly of ten ships: two ships of the line, two frigates, two sloops-of-war, and four sloops. As the Mexican navy was very small few vessels were ever captured.

First Schleswig War

During the First Schleswig War (1848 – 1850) the Royal Danish Navy first supported the Danish Army's advance south against the rebels in Schleswig-Holstein, and later blockaded the German ports.[143]

1850–1859

  • SS Martha |  US |  Empire of Brazil | 7 June 1850
    Martha, of New York, captured by USS Perry when about to embark from southern coast of Africa with 1800 slaves. The captain was admitted to bail, and escaped.[144][145]
  • Volusia |  Empire of Brazil | 2 July 1850
    A Brazilian brig outfitted as a slaver with a Brazilian crew, carrying false papers under the American flag, captured near Kabinda off the Congo River by British steam-sloop HMS Rattler, commanded by Arthur Cumming.[146]
  • SS Lucy Ann |  US | 1850
    Lucy Ann, of Boston, captured with 547 slaves by the British.[141]
  • SS Navarre | Country of origin unknown | 1850
    Slaver, trading to Brazil, boarded, searched and seized by the commander of H. M. steam-sloop HMS Firefly.[141][147]
  • SS Glamorgan |  US | 1853
    Glamorgan, of New York, captured when about to depart with approximately 700 slaves.[141]
  • SS Grey Eagle |  US | 1854
    Grey Eagle, of Philadelphia, captured off Cuba by British.[141]
  • SS William Clark |  US | 1857
    Ship from New Orleans, seized after prolonged surveillance by HMS Firefly.[148][149]
  • SS Jupiter |  US | 1857
    Fitted out at New Orleans, captured by HMS Antelope with 70 slaves aboard.[148][149]
  • SS Eliza Jane |  US | 22 August 1857
    Fitted out at New York, captured by HMS Alecto without papers or colors.[148][149]
  • SS Jos. H. Record |  US |  Spain |1857
    A schooner from Newport, Rhode Island, captured by HMS Antelope with 191 slaves aboard. Crew members from Spain and USA.[148][149]
  • SS Onward |  US | 1857
    Slaver vessel out of Boston, suspected of several smuggling attempts under American colors. Captured by HMS Alecto.[148][149]
  • SS Echo |  US |  Empire of Brazil | 21 August 1858
    The Echo was commanded by Captain Edward Townsend and financed by foreign nationals from Brazil and was captured by USS Dolphin off the northern coast of Cuba near the Santaren Channel with 306 slaves.[149][150]

1860–1869

American Civil War

During the American Civil War the Union naval blockade at first proved to be ineffective at keeping ships from entering or leaving southern ports but towards the end of the war it played a significant role in its victory over the Confederate states. By the end of the war the Union Navy had captured many Confederate ships, moreover had also captured more than 1,100 blockade runners while destroying or running aground another 355 vessels, the majority of them being British vessels, as the British had extensive interests throughout the plantations in the south, foremost of which was cotton. Using their specially designed blockade runners the British also provided arms and other needed supplies to the Confederate Army.[153] The Confederacy came into the war with no Navy to speak of but in little time were producing the now famous ironclad vessels in response to the Union blockade, however these were being destroyed or captured as fast as they were being produced and ultimately did little to alleviate the strangle hold the Union blockade had on the Confederacy.[154]

See also:

Second Schleswig War

During the Second Schleswig War in 1864 the Royal Danish Navy blockaded the German ports. While the Danes suffered military defeat on land during the conflict, their navy succeeded in maintaining the blockade throughout the war.[204]

  • Neptunus |  Germany Private ship | 8 March 1864
    A civilian ship, captured by the Danish frigate Jylland off Helsingør.[204]
  • Eudora |  Hamburg Private ship | 2 April 1864
    A civilian barque, captured by the Danish corvette Dagmar off Hamburg.[204]

Chincha Islands War

The Chincha Islands War (1864 – 1866) was a mostly naval conflict between Spain and her former South American colonies Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia.

1870–1879

Ten Years' War

The Ten Years' War was fought between Cuban revolutionaries and Spain. Breaking out in 1868, the war was won by Spain by 1878.

  • Virginius | ( United States) | 30 October 1873
    The blockade runner, carrying 103 Cuban soldiers, was captured by the Spanish corvette Tornado. After initially executing 53 crew members as pirates, the Spanish authorities were pressured by the US and British governments to release the ship and the 91 surviving crew in December 1873.

War of the Pacific

The War of the Pacific (1879 – 1883) was fought between Peru and Bolivia on one side, with Chile on the other. Chile emerged victorious.

  • Rimac |  Chilean Navy | 23 July 1879
    The troopship was captured by the Peruvian ironclad Huáscar and the Peruvian corvette Unión off Antofagasta. The ship was taken into service with the Peruvian Navy.[205]
  • Huáscar |  Peruvian Navy | 8 October 1879
    The ironclad was captured by Chilean naval forces in the Battle of Angamos. The ship was taken into service with the Chilean Navy under the same name and is still afloat as a museum and historical memorial ship at the port of Talcahuano, Chile
  • Pilcomayo |  Peruvian Navy |18 November 1879
    captured by Chilean Blanco Encalada.
  • Alay |  Peruvian Navy | 22 December 1879
    captured by Chilean transporter Amazonas between Panama and El Callao.[206]

1880–1889

(Ship names / Information forthcoming)

1890–1899

First Sino-Japanese War

The 1894–95 First Sino-Japanese War was fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan over dominance of Korea. The war ended in Japanese victory and great Chinese loss of territory and prestige.

  • Tsao-kiang | Beiyang Navy | 27 July 1894
    The gunboat was captured by the Japanese cruiser Akitsushima during the Battle of Pungdo. She served in the Japanese Navy and government service under the name Sōkō until 1924. Sold to civilian interests, she sailed as a transport until scrapped in 1964.
  • Jiyuan | Beiyang Navy | 17 February 1895
    The cruiser was captured by Japanese forces after the 17 February 1895 Battle of Weihaiwei. She served in the Japanese Navy under the name Saien until mined and sunk off Port Arthur on 30 November 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War.
  • Pingyuan | Beiyang Navy | 17 February 1895
    The armored cruiser was captured by Japanese forces after the 17 February 1895 Battle of Weihaiwei. She served in the Japanese Navy first under the name Ping Yuen Go and later as Heien until mined and sunk west of Port Arthur on 18 September 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War.
  • Zhenyuan | Beiyang Navy | 17 February 1895
    The turret ship was captured by Japanese forces after the 17 February 1895 Battle of Weihaiwei. She served in the Japanese Navy under the name Chin'en until scrapped in 1914.

Spanish–American War

The Spanish–American War lasted only ten weeks and was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific theaters. American naval power proved decisive, allowing U.S. expeditionary forces to disembark in Spanish controlled Cuba which was already under constant pressure from frequent insurgent attacks. It is the only American war that was prompted by the fate of a single ship, the USS Maine, then berthed in a Cuban harbor, which exploded while its crew lay asleep.

See also

References

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  3. ↑ Eastman, 2004 pp.1–7
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  141. 1 2 3 4 5 Du Bois, 1904 p.296
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  205. ↑ Sater, William F. (2007). Andean tragedy: fighting the war of the Pacific, 1879–1884.
    University of Nebraska Press. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-0-8032-4334-7.
  206. ↑ Chilean Navy website, Guacolda (1879) Archived 13 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1800 is usually considered part of the 18th century; ships captured that year which are listed here have histories and surrounding histories that extend into the 19th century and are included in this list for continuity and context.
  2. ↑ Not to be confused with USS Merrimack (1855) commanded by Moses Brown.[9]
  3. ↑ Some sources spell it as L'Ambuscade [30]
  4. ↑ HMS Victory was Admiral Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar
  5. ↑ Not to be confused with James Wallace (Royal Navy officer) who died in 1803.
  6. ↑ After his release from capture Captain Lucas was personally awarded the 'Gold Cross of the Legion of Honor' by Napoleon for his courageous effort during the battle.[43]
  7. ↑ Redoutable lost more than 80% of her crew: 300 killed, 222 wounded.
  8. ↑ Some sources spell name as Santa Anna[51][52]
  9. ↑ Accounts vary: 'J.Thiers' claims Monacra was smashed to pieces on the rocks during the storm that followed the battle.[58]
  10. ↑ Ship was renamed several times: Viala, Voltaire, Constitution, Jupiter
  11. ↑ Néréide was captured three different times: 1st capture by British on 20 December 1797; 2nd capture by French on 23 August 1810; 3rd capture by British 3 December 1810.
  12. ↑ Not to be confused with USS Frolic (1813) or USS Frolic (1862)
  13. ↑ Mortally wounded and died seven days after the battle.
  14. ↑ Not to be confused with a second Pictou brought into the Royal Navy at Halifax after its capture as the French Bonne Foi on 30 July 1814.[109]
  15. ↑ Epervier captured a number of ships before her capture: American privateers, Portsmouth Packet, Alfred, Lively, Active[112]
  16. ↑ Peterson (1857) claims 'Captain Manners' was in command at time of capture.[117]
  17. ↑ Some sources spell the name as 'Siren' .[118]
  18. ↑ Many (most?) sources spell the name as Merrimac without the 'k'.
  19. ↑ Accounts of capturing ship differ: The Naval History Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations claim it was USS Mount Vernon and USS Mystic that captured the Napier.[172]
  20. ↑ John Rodgers was the grandson of the famous Commodore John Rodgers born in 1772.
  21. ↑ also spelled as Siren

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