Mexican Navy

Mexican Navy
Armada de México
Active January 19, 1821 (January 19, 1821)
Country  Mexico
Type Navy
Role Naval warfare
Size 124,094 marines. (2018)
Part of Secretariat of The Navy
Anniversaries June 1, National Navy Day[1]
Engagements
Commanders
Current
commander		 Admiral Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz
Insignia
Naval jack Mexican Navy Jack
Naval jack (1994–2000) Former Mexican Navy Jack

The Mexican Navy is one of the two independent armed forces of Mexico. The actual naval forces are called the Armada de México. The Secretaría de Marina (SEMAR) (English: Naval Secretariat) includes both the Armada itself and the attached ministerial and civil service. The commander of the Navy is the Secretary of the Navy, who is both a cabinet minister and a career naval officer.

The Mexican Navy's stated mission is "to use the naval force of the federation for external defense, and to help with internal order".[2] The Navy consists of about 67,613 men and women plus reserves,[3] over 189 ships, and about 130 aircraft.[4][5] The Navy attempts to maintain a constant modernization program in order to upgrade its response capability.

Given Mexico's large area of water (3,149,920 km2 (1,216,190 sq mi)) and extensive coastline (11,122 km (6,911 mi)), the Navy's duties are of great importance. Perhaps its most important on-going missions are the war on drugs and protecting PEMEX's oil wells in Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. Another important task of the Mexican Navy is to help people in hurricane relief operations and other natural disasters.

History

Depiction of Mexican Navy Lieutenant José Azueta firing a French Hotchkiss machine gun in the defense of Veracruz during the Second U.S. intervention of the Mexican Revolution, painting at the Naval Historical Museum in Mexico City

The Mexican Navy has its origins in the creation of the Ministry of War in 1821. From that year until 1939 it existed jointly with the Mexican Army in the organic ministry. Since its declaration of independence from Spain in September 1810, through the mid decades of the 19th century, Mexico found itself in a constant state of war, mostly against Spain which had not recognized its independence. Therefore, its priority was to purchase its first fleet from the U.S. in order to displace the last remaining Spanish forces from its coasts.[6]

The Mexican Navy has participated in many naval battles to protect and defend Mexico's interests. Some of the most important battles were:

Attempts by Spain to reconquer Mexico

The first French intervention in Mexico (The 'Pastry War') (November 1838 – March 1839)

  • An entire Armada was captured at Veracruz
Texan Independence (1836–1845)
Yucatán Independence (1841–1848)
The Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
The Second French Intervention (1862–1867)
The Mexican Revolution (1910–1919)

Second invasion by the United States (April 9, 1914 – November 23, 1914)

Historical ships

Organization

The President of Mexico is commander in chief of all military forces. Day-to-day control of the Navy lies with the Navy Secretary, Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz.[7] In Mexico there is no joint force command structure with the army, so the Secretary reports directly to the President. The Navy has a General Headquarters and three naval forces. There are furthermore eight regions (four on the Pacific coast, three on the Mexican Gulf coast and the Región Naval Central, grouping the naval forces, based in and around the capital Mexico City, such as the 7th Naval Infantry Brigade, the Central Special Operations Group and the Air Transport Squadron), thirteen zones, and fourteen naval sectors.

The Navy is divided into three main services designated as "forces":

Other notable services include:

Officers are trained at the Mexican Naval Academy, called the "Heroica Escuela Naval Militar" ("Heroic Military Naval School"), located in Antón Lizardo, Veracruz.

Mexican Naval Infantry Marines insignia
Mexican Naval Infantry Marines during an operation against a drug cartel at Xalapa, Veracruz
Mexican marines displaying three different camouflage patterns used by the Mexican marine corps.

The Mexican Naval Infantry Corps was reorganized in 2007–2009 into 30 Naval Infantry Battalions (Batallones de Infantería de Marina – BIM), a paratroop battalion, a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Brigade, two Fast Reaction Forces with six battalions each, and three Special Forces groups.[8] The Naval Infantry are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways.

The Naval Infantry also is responsible for 23 National Service Training Units under the responsibility of the Navy Secretary, enforcing the National Service obligation for Mexicans of teenage and young adult age.

Search and rescue units

In 2008, the Mexican Navy created its new search and rescue system, allocated in strategic ports at Pacific and Gulf of Mexico ports, to provide assistance to any ships which are in jeopardy or at risk due to mechanical failure, weather conditions or life risk to the crew. To provide such support, the Navy has ordered Coast Guard Defender class ships (two per station, and one 47-Foot Motor Lifeboat coast guard vessel). Other stations will be provided only with Defender-class boats.[9]

Maritime role

On April 1, 2014 SEMAR officially announced the creation of Port Protection Naval Units (Unidades Navales de Protección Portuaria: UNAPROP) which will include a marine section.[10][11] The main task of UNAPROPs is to ensure maritime surveillance and inspection.[12]

Training and education

A Mexican marine fast-ropes onto the flight deck of the German support ship Frankfurt Am Main during a simulated multi-national maritime interdiction operation
Roundel of Mexico Naval Aviation insignia
A Mexican Naval Aviation BO-105 helicopter

The Navy offers several options for graduate studies in their educational institutions:

Heroica Escuela Naval Militar

It is the school where future officers are trained for the General Corps of the Navy. Candidates can enter upon completing high school. Upon completion of studies, graduates obtain the degree of Corbeta Lieutenant and the title of Naval Science Engineer.

Naval Medical School

This school Located in Mexico City, offers a career in medicine. Officers are trained with skills for the prevention and health care of naval personnel. By adopting a professional examination, graduates can obtain the degree of Naval Military Lieutenant Corvette.

Naval Engineering School

In the Naval Engineering School, officers are responsible for the preventive and corrective maintenance of systems and electronic equipment installed on ships and installations of the Mexican Navy. This school offers career of Electronic Engineering and Naval Communications. It is located between the town of Mata Grape and Anton Lizardo, 32 km (20 mi) from the port of Veracruz.

Naval Nursing School

Here the time to achieve a nursing degree lasts eight semesters. Officers are trained with the knowledge and skills necessary to enable them to assist medical personnel in caring for patients in hospitals, sanatoriums, clinics, health sections on land, aboard ships and at The Naval Medical Center.

Naval Aviation School

The Naval Aviation School trains pilots for the Mexican Naval Aviation as well as staff from the Federal Preventive Police and Naval personnel from various countries of Central America. This school is located on Veracruz.[13]

Search, Rescue and Diving School

Located in Acapulco, members of The Navy are trained for marine search, rescue and diving. It also trains state police officers and firefighters.

Rank insignia

Modernization and budget

The annual Navy's budget is in a one to three proportion of the national budget relative to the Mexican Army and Mexican Air Force. The Navy has a reputation for being well-run and well-organized. This reputation allows for a close relationship with the United States Navy (USN), as evidenced by the procurement of numerous former USN ships.

Ships

The Secretary of the Navy, Admiral Francisco Saynez Mendoza, announced on October 1, 2007, detailed plans to upgrade and modernize the country's naval capabilities. On the following day, La Jornada newspaper from Mexico City, disclosed the Mexican Navy plans, which are among others, to build six offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) with a length of 86 metres (282 ft), 1,680 tons and each housing an Eurocopter Panther helicopter as well as small high-speed interception boats. The budget for this project is above $200 million USD.

Another project is to build 12 CB 90 HMN high speed (50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph)) interception boats under license from a Swedish boat company to the Mexican Navy. Also, a number of fully equipped planes for surveillance and maritime patrol are being considered. Combinations of options and development are being defined.

Shipbuilding

The Mexican Navy depends upon their naval shipyards for construction and repairs of their ships. There are five shipyards located in the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean:

Missiles

The Mexican Navy initiated studies to develop and construct its first missile, according to a May 2005 interview with the undersecretary of the Navy, Armando Sanchez, the missile was to have an average range of 12 to 15 kilometres (7.5 to 9.3 mi) and be able to target enemy ships and aircraft. The undersecretary added that they already had the solid propellant, and the basic design of the missile. All aspects relative to their fuselage were solved as well as the launch platforms. The Mexican Navy was developing the software to direct the missile to its target. In July 2008, the project was reported to be 80% complete. Despite this effort, the missile development was canceled in 2009 due to "problems with the propulsion system".[14]

Radar modernization

In 2009, the Mexican Navy began operating a batch of new MPQ-64 Sentinel radars in the oil-rich Gulf of Mexico. The radar network was installed in 2007 for a trial phase while military personnel were trained to get familiar with the system. The new installations will work together with combat surface vessels that patrol the area.[15][16]

Mexican Navy Maritime Search and Rescue unit flag
A Mexican Navy Maritime Search and Rescue team departs on a Royal Australian Air Force C-130H Hercules transport plane in Indonesia en route to Thailand to help survivors of the tsunami disaster in 2005
Mexican Navy female sailor in 2009
CB 90 HMN – Polaris-class patrol interceptor

Present fleet

Class Image Type Ships Origin
Frigates (4)
Allende classMultipurpose frigateF211 Ignacio Allende
F212 Mariano Abasolo
F213 Guadalupe Victoria
F214 Francisco Javier Mina		 United States – ex-US Navy Knox-class frigate
Reformador class[17]Multipurpose frigateF101 Reformador[18] Netherlands - Ships being built in The Netherlands and Mexico. At least 4 ships planned for fleet modernisation plan.
Missile corvettes (2)
Huracán classAnti-ship corvetteA301 Huracán
A302 Tormenta		 Israel – ex-Israeli Navy Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat
Ocean patrol vessels (37)
Oaxaca classOcean patrol vesselsP161 Oaxaca
P162 Baja California
P163 Independencia
P164 Revolución
P165 Chiapas[19]
P166 Hidalgo[19]
P167 Jalisco (Under construction)[20]
P168 Estado de México (Under construction)		 Mexico
Durango classOcean patrol vesselsP151 Durango
P152 Sonora
P153 Guanajuato
P154 Veracruz		 Mexico
Sierra classOcean patrol vesselsP141 Sierra
P143 Prieto
P144 Romero		 Mexico
Holzinger classOcean patrol vesselsP131 Holzinger
P132 Godínez
P133 De la Vega
P134 Berriozabal		 Mexico
Uribe classOcean patrol vesselsP121 Uribe (sunk to make reef)
P122 Azueta
P123 Baranda
P124 Bretón
P125 Blanco
P126 Monasterio		 Spain
Valle classOcean patrol vesselsP102 Juan de la Barrera
P103 Mariano Escobedo
P104 Manuel Doblado
P106 Santos Degollado
P108 Juan N. Álvarez
P109 Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora
P110 Valentín Gómez Farías
P112 Francisco Zarco
P113 Ignacio L. Vallarta
P114 Jesús González Ortega
P117 Mariano Matamoros		 United States – ex-Auk-class minesweeper
Coastal patrol ships (44)
Tenochtitlan class[21][22]Coastal patrolPC331 Tenochtitlan
PC332 Teotihuacan
PC333 ARM Palenque
PC334 ARM Mitla
PC335 ARM Uxmal
PC336 ARM Tajin[23]
PC337 ARM Tulum[24]
PC338 ARM Monte Albán[25]
PC339 ARM Bonampak[26]
PC340 Chichen Iztzá		 Netherlands Based on Damen Stan Patrol 4207
Azteca classCoastal patrolPC202 Cordova
PC206 Rayón
PC207 Rejón
PC208 De la Fuente
PC209 Guzmán
PC210 Ramírez
PC211 Mariscal
PC212 Jara
PC214 Colima
PC215 Lizardi
PC216 Mugica
PC218 Velazco
PC220 Macías
PC223 Tamaulipas
PC224 Yucatán
PC225 Tabasco
PC226 Cochimie
PC228 Puebla
PC230 Vicario
PC231 Ortíz		 United Kingdom
 Mexico
Demócrata classCoastal patrolPC241 Demócrata
PC242 Francisco I. Madero		 Mexico
Cabo classCoastal patrolPC271 Corriente
PC272 Corso
PC273 Catoche		 Mexico
Punta classCoastal patrolPC-281 Morro
PC-282 Mastún		 Mexico
Interceptors
Polaris classPatrol44 In service Sweden
Polaris II classPatrol6 In service + 17 under construction Mexico
Acuario A/B classPatrolIn service Mexico
Isla classPatrolIn service Mexico
Amphibious ships (3)
Papaloapan classTank landing shipA411 Papaloapan
A412 Usumacinta		 United States – ex-USN Newport-class tank landing ship
Panuco classTank landing shipA402 Manzanillo United States - ex-US Navy USS Clearwater County, transferred in 1972
Logistic support vessel (2)
Montes Azules classLanding shipBAL01 Montes Azules
BAL02 Libertador (construction completed, inaugurated on September 10, 2012)[27]		 Mexico
TBD classSupply shipBAL11 Isla Madre Launched July 11, 2016.[25] Netherlands Based on Damen Fast Crew Supplier 5009
Mine counter-measure (6)
Banderas classMinesweeperBanderas
Magdalena
Kino
Yavaros
Chamela
Tepoca		 United States
Auxiliary vessels
Huasteco classMultipurposeAMP01 Huasteco
AMP02 Zapoteco		 Mexico
Maya classMultipurposeATR01 Maya
ATR02 Tarasco		 Mexico
Cuauhtemoc classTraining shipBE01 Cuauhtémoc Spain

The Mexican Navy includes 60 smaller patrol boats and 32 auxiliary ships. It acquired 40 fast military assault crafts, designated CB 90 HMN, between 1999 and 2001 and obtained a production license in 2002, enabling further units to be manufactured in Mexico.

Modern equipment

Mexican Naval Infantry Inventory
Vehicle/System Type Versions
Armoured Vehicles
BTR-60/BTR-70Amphibious Armored Personnel CarrierAPC-70
Carat Security GroupArmored Personnel CarrierWolverine APC
Land RoverArmored Personnel CarrierDefender 4x4
Infantry Transport Vehicles
Ford-150[28]Light Utility Vehicle4x4 F-150 series pick up
Ford-250[28]Light Utility Vehicle4x4 F-250 series pick up
Dodge Ram[29]Light Utility Vehicle4x4 Pick up
Mercedes-Benz[30][31]Light Utility Vehicle4x4 G-class
Trucks
Ural-4320[32]Utility VehicleOff-road 6x6 truck
UNIMOG U-4000[33][34]Utility Vehicle4x4 truck
Gama GoatAmphibious 6-wheeled vehicle6x6 truck
Freightliner M2[35]Utility Vehicle4x2 truck

Individual weapons and equipment

Mexican Naval Inventory
Name Versions Type
M16A2 rifle5.56×45mm NATOAssault rifle
M4 Carbine5.56×45mm NATOAssault rifle
IMI Galil5.56×45mm NATOAssault rifle
Heckler & Koch MP59×19mmSubmachine gun
Heckler & Koch UMP.45 ACPSubmachine gun
FN P905.7×28mmSubmachine gun
Colt M1911.45 ACPPistol
Beretta9x19mm ParabellumPistol
Glock 179x19mm ParabellumPistol
Five-seveN5.7x28mmPistol
Heckler & Koch MSG907.62×51mm NATOSniper rifle
Barrett M82.50 BMGSniper rifle
Remington 7007.62×51mm NATOSniper rifle
FN Minimi5.56×45mm NATOMachine gun
CETME Ameli[36]5.56×45mm NATOMachine gun
GAU-1912.7×99mm NATOHeavy machine gun
M2 Browning machine gun12.7×99mm NATOHeavy machine gun
M1347.62×51mm NATOGatling-type machine gun
STK 40 AGL40mmGrenade machine gun
Milkor MGL40mmGrenade launcher
M203 grenade launcher40mmGrenade launcher
Remington 110012Shotgun

Artillery

Mexican Naval Inventory
Name Versions Type
Self-propelled artillery
Bofors L7040mmAnti-aircraft artillery
Oerlikon20mmAnti-aircraft artillery
Shipboard anti-aircraft artillery
Phalanx CIWS20mmClose In Weapon System
Multiple rocket launchers
FIROS122mmMultiple Launch Rocket System
Towed artillery
OTO Melara Mod 56105mmTowed howitzer
K6120mmHeavy mortar
M2981mmMedium mortar
Brandt LR60mmLight mortar
Bofors L7040mmTowed anti-aircraft artillery
Bofors L6040mmTowed anti-aircraft artillery
Oerlikon20mmTowed anti-aircraft artillery
Anti-shipping missile
GabrielMk. IIAnti-shipping missile
Anti-aircraft missiles
SA-1872.2mmAnti-aircraft missile
Sea SparrowRIM-7Anti-aircraft missile
Light anti-tank weapons
RPG-75Anti-tank weapon68mm
B300Anti-tank weapon82mm

Aircraft inventory

[37][38]

Aircraft Type Versions In service Image
Combat aircraft
Valmet L-90Combat/Counter InsurgencyL-90TP8
Trainers
Zlin Z-242TrainingZ-242L8[39]
Maule M-7TrainingMX-7-180A8
Beechcraft T-6 Texan IITrainingT-6C+2 [40][41]
Transport
CASA C-295[42][43][44]Tactical transportC295M6
Bombardier Dash 8Tactical transportDH-81
Turbo CommanderTransport980 Turbo4
LearjetVIP transportLJ251
LearjetVIP transportLJ312
LearjetVIP transportLJ601
Gulfstream IVVIP transportG4501
Reconnaissance and intelligence
CASA C-212SurveillanceC-212-4003[45]
CASA CN-235SurveillanceCN-235MP 3006
LancairReconnaissanceIV-P
Super ES
Legacy 2000		3
3
2
King Air 350SurveillanceKing Air 350ER4[41][46][47]
Helicopters
Eurocopter FennecSearch & rescueAS555AF2
Eurocopter PantherCombatAS656MB/MBe14
Eurocopter EC 725TransportEC7253
Bölkow Bo 105SurveillanceEC-Super Five11
MD Helicopters MD 500TrainingMD-5004
Mil Mi-2TransportMi-2 Hopite1
Mil Mi-17TransportMi-17IV/V523
MD Helicopters MD ExplorerCombatMD-9026
Sikorsky UH-60 BlackhawkTransport and combatUH-60M10+8[48][49]
Sikorsky SH-60 SeahawkUtility maritime helicopterMH-60R8 (on order) Order to be cancelled[50]
UAV
UAV SEMARReconnaissance/IntelligenceT1 / T2 / T33
Future acquisitions
EADS CASAsurveillanceCASA CN-2358[48][51][52][53]
Mi-17Transport helicopterMi-17V53 (3 V5 delivered)[54]

Future

For the year 2008 budget, the Mexican Congress approved a $15 million USD fund to build only 17 out of the 60 combat boats requested. These ships, designated CB 90 HMN, are to increase the Mexican Navy's fast boat fleet. Additional budgets will be awarded each passing year.[55] In total, the Mexican Navy has over 189 operational ships.[4]

In January 2013, the 112th Session of US Congress authorized the transfer of the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates USS Curts and USS McClusky to the Mexican Navy,[56] but due to the cost of overhauling the vessels and the removal of all the weapons systems and most of the electronics and radar gear by the USN prior to transfer, this is still undecided by Mexico. The offer expired on 1 January 2016.[56]

2014

On March 25, 2014 Beechcraft Corporation received an order of 2 T-6C+ military trainers from the Mexican Navy.[57]

On June 24, 2014 the Mexican Government requested the purchase of 5 UH-60Ms in USG configuration from the U.S.; its estimated cost is $225 million.[58] Also on June 24, BAE Systems announced it was awarded a contract by the Mexican Government to supply the navy with 4 Mk 3 57mm naval guns, for which ship is to be armed with Mk 3s is still unknown.[59]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Día de la Marina". sct.gob.mx. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  2. ↑ "Mission and objectives" (in Spanish)
  3. ↑ "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  4. 1 2 Rendición de cuentas SEMAR 2006 página 40
  5. ↑ "Material Aereo" Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine.(outdated page) (in Spanish)
  6. ↑ "History of the Mexican Navy ships". Archived from the original on 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  7. ↑ http://www.gob.mx/semar/estructuras/almirante-vidal-francisco-soberon-sanz
  8. ↑ Informe 2009 Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México
  9. ↑ "Textron Systems Brand Change". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  10. ↑ "Mexican Navy increasing coast guard capabilities". Jane's. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  11. ↑ Noticieros Televisa. "Crea Marina Unidades Navales de Protección Portuaria". televisa.com. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "Unidades de Marina vigilarán 19 puertos del país a partir del martes". Excélsior. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  13. ↑ SIAL Sistema Informativo Aeronáutico Latinoamericano Archived 2012-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ↑ Mexican Naval missile Archived 2013-07-02 at the Wayback Machine. (in Spanish)
  15. ↑ "En marzo iniciarán operaciones radares de la Armada" (in Spanish). NOTIMEX. Dec 27, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
  16. ↑ "ThalesRaytheonSystems receives contract to support Mexican homeland security, protect Gulf oil infrastructure". Thales Raytheon Systems. May 11, 2006. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
  17. ↑ https://www.gob.mx/semar/prensa/en-la-presente-administracion-se-impulsa-el-desarrollo-de-la-flota-naval-con-el-diseno-construccion-y-reparacion-de-buques-de-la-armada-de-mexico-en-los-astilleros-de-marina?idiom=es
  18. ↑ https://www.janes.com/article/83546/launch-date-scheduled-for-mexico-s-long-range-patrol-vessel
  19. 1 2 http://www.semar.gob.mx/transparencia/informes_labores/Tercer_Informe_de_Labores_SEMAR.pdf
  20. ↑ http://www.gob.mx/semar/prensa/la-secretaria-de-marina-pone-a-flote-la-patrulla-oceanica-arm-hidalgo-para-la-armada-de-mexico
  21. ↑ "Fourth Damen Stan Patrol 4207 patrol vessel for Mexican Navy". August 23, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Mexican Navy contracts Damen for fifth Tenochtitlan-class Patrol Vessel (Stan Patrol 4207)". December 12, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Mexican Navy orders sixth Tenochtitlan-class Patrol Vessel (Stan Patrol 4207) from DAMEN". April 1, 2014.
  24. ↑ http://www.damen.com/en/news/2014/09/mexican-navy-and-damen-sign-contract-for-two-vessels
  25. 1 2 http://www.gob.mx/semar/prensa/la-secretaria-de-marina-armada-de-mexico-realiza-la-botadura-de-la-patrulla-costera-arm-monte-alban-pc-338
  26. ↑ "4° Informe de Gobierno" (PDF). Presidencia de la República. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  27. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
  28. 1 2 "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  29. ↑ "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  30. ↑ "Recibe Semar vehículos para incrementar capacidad operativa". EL INFORMADOR. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  31. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
  32. ↑ http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/32196/more-russian-trucks-for-mexican-navy-(jan.-22).html
  33. ↑ "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  34. ↑ http://www.semar.gob.mx/galeria/terrestres/unimog/image_3.jpg
  35. ↑ "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  36. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-28. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
  37. ↑ Aranda, Jesus (14 December 2009). "La flota de Ejército y Armada consta de 480 aeronaves". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-12-14.
  38. ↑ Raúl Benítez Manaut; Abelardo Rodríguez Sumano; Armando Rodríguez Luna (2009). Atlas de la Seguridad y la Defensa de México 2009. México D. F.: Colectivo de Analisis de la Seguridad con Democracia (CASEDE). pp. 369 pp. ISBN 978-607-95380-0-2. Archived from the original on 2010-02-24.
  39. ↑ Moravan in the Armada de México Archived 2007-10-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ↑ "Mexican Navy Places Initial Order for Beechcraft T-6C+ Trainers". April 3, 2014.
  41. 1 2 "Beechcraft". Beechcraft Newsroom. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  42. ↑ "Photo Search Results". Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  43. ↑ http://www.sedena.gob.mx/revistae/2015/febrero/index.html
  44. ↑ http://www.militaryaircraft-airbusds.com/Portals/0/Images/Aircraft/OrdersAndDeliveries/AMOrdersDeliveries.pdf
  45. ↑ "Persuader Patrol Planes for Mexico's Maritime". Defense Industry Daily. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  46. ↑ Mexican navy acquires first of four King Air 350ERs – Flightglobal.com, 15 July 2014
  47. ↑ "La Armada de México recibe once aeronaves decomisadas al narcotráfico – Noticias Infodefensa América". Infodefensa.com. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  48. 1 2 Blackhawks ready to fly for the Mexican Navy. (25 August 2011)
  49. ↑ "Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk Helicopters for Mexico". April 22, 2014.
  50. ↑ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-usa-helicopters/mexicos-president-elect-will-cancel-planned-us-helicopter-order-idUSKBN1K1332
  51. ↑ "Global Defence News and Defence Headlines – IHS Jane's 360". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  52. ↑ Seis CN-235-300 Persuader para la Armada de México Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine.
  53. ↑ "Presupuesto multimillonario para asegurar la viabilidad del Estado". La Jornada (in Spanish). 10 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-24. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  54. ↑ "México compra a Rusia tres helicópteros polivalentes Mi-17 según fuente militar" (in Spanish).
  55. ↑ It was published within the Chapter 13 of the SEMAR 2008 final budget, by the SHCP, the Mexican finance ministry for this period.
  56. 1 2 "H.R. 6649 (112th): Naval Vessels Transfer Act of 2012". USA 112th CONGRESS, 2nd. session, H. R. 6649. govtrack.us. January 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  57. ↑ "Textron – Mexican Navy places initial order for Beechcraft T-6C+ trainers". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  58. ↑ "Mexico – UH-60M Black Hawk Helicopters – The Official Home of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  59. ↑ "Newsroom – BAE Systems". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
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