Murder of James Byrd Jr.

James Byrd Jr.
Born (1949-05-02)May 2, 1949
Beaumont, Texas, United States
Died June 7, 1998(1998-06-07) (aged 49)
Jasper, Texas, United States

James Byrd Jr. (May 2, 1949 – June 7, 1998) was a black man who was murdered by three white supremacists in Jasper, Texas on June 7, 1998. Shawn Allen Berry, Lawrence Russell Brewer, and John William King dragged Byrd for three miles behind a pick-up truck along an asphalt road. Byrd, who remained conscious throughout most of his ordeal, was killed about halfway through the dragging when his body hit the edge of a culvert, severing his right arm and head. The murderers drove on for another mile and a half (2.4 km) before dumping his torso in front of a black cemetery in Jasper.[1][2] Byrd's lynching-by-dragging gave impetus to passage of a Texas hate crimes law. It later led to the federal Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, commonly known as the Matthew Shepard Act, which passed on October 22, 2009, and which President Barack Obama signed into law on October 28, 2009.[3]

No clear motive for the crime has been named. King, who prior to the murder of Byrd, had recently been released from a Texas prison, has claimed that he had been repeatedly gang-raped in prison by black inmates.[4] Berry and Brewer had also spent prior time in prison.[5]

Brewer was executed via lethal injection for this crime by the state of Texas on September 21, 2011.[6] King remains on death row while appeals are pending.[7][8][9] Berry was sentenced to life imprisonment and will be eligible for parole in 2038.[10]

Victim

James Byrd Jr. was born on May 2, 1949, in Beaumont, Texas, one of nine children, to Stella (1925 – October 7, 2010) and James Byrd Sr. (born 1924).[11]

Ross Byrd, the only son of James Byrd Jr., has been involved with "Murder Victims' Families for Reconciliation",[12] an organization that opposes capital punishment. He has campaigned to spare the lives of those who murdered his father and appears briefly in the documentary Deadline.[13][14]

Murder

On June 7, 1998, Byrd, age 49, accepted a ride from Shawn Berry (age 24), Lawrence Russell Brewer (age 31) and John King (age 23). Berry, who was driving, was acquainted with Byrd from around town. Instead of taking Byrd home, the three men took Byrd to a remote county road out of town, beat him severely, urinated and defecated on him and chained him by his ankles to their pickup truck before dragging him for approximately 3 miles (4.8 km). Brewer later claimed that Byrd's throat had been slashed by Berry before he was dragged. However, forensic evidence suggests that Byrd had been attempting to keep his head up while being dragged, and an autopsy suggested that Byrd was alive during much of the dragging. Byrd died about halfway along the route of his dragging after his right arm and head were severed when his body hit a culvert.[2] Byrd's brain and skull were found intact, further suggesting he maintained consciousness while being dragged.[15]

Berry, Brewer, and King dumped the mutilated remains of the body in front of an African-American church on Huff Creek Road, then drove off to a barbecue.[16] A motorist found Byrd's decapitated remains the following morning.[17] Along the area where Byrd was dragged, police found a wrench with "Berry" written on it. They also found a lighter that was inscribed with "Possum", which was King's prison nickname.[16] The police found 81 places that were littered with Byrd's remains.[16] "State law enforcement officials, along with Jasper's District Attorney, determined that since Brewer and King were well-known white supremacists, the murder was ... a hate crime".[5] They called upon the Federal Bureau of Investigation less than 24 hours after the discovery of Byrd's remains. The special agent in charge of the FBI's Houston office said that they were assisting because of the case's "extreme circumstances".[18]

King had several racist tattoos: a black man hanging from a tree, Nazi symbols, the words "Aryan Pride", and the patch for a gang of white supremacist inmates known as the Confederate Knights of America.[19] In a jailhouse letter to Brewer that was intercepted by jail officials, King expressed pride in the crime and said that he realized while committing the murder that he might have to die. "Regardless of the outcome of this, we have made history. Death before dishonor. Sieg Heil!" King wrote.[2] An officer investigating the case also testified that witnesses said that King had referenced The Turner Diaries after beating Byrd.[20]

Berry, Brewer, and King were tried and convicted for Byrd's murder. Brewer and King received the death penalty, while Berry was sentenced to life in prison. Brewer was executed by lethal injection on September 21, 2011,[6] while King remains on Texas' death row.[7][8][9]

Perpetrators

The perpetrators were held at the Allan B. Polunsky Unit.

Shawn Allen Berry

Shawn Allen Berry (born February 12, 1975) claimed that Brewer and King were entirely responsible for the crime. Brewer, however, testified that Berry had cut Byrd's throat before he was tied to the truck. The jury decided that there was little evidence to support this claim.[21] As a result, Berry was spared the death penalty and was sentenced to life in prison. As of 2008, Berry was living in protective custody at the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's Ramsey Unit,[9] and will be first eligible for parole in June 2038.[22] He spends 23 hours per day in an 8-by-6-foot (2.4 by 1.8 m) cell, with one hour for exercise. Berry married Christie Marcontell by proxy.[23] Marcontell was Berry's girlfriend at the time of the murder. They have two children together.

Lawrence Russell Brewer

Lawrence Russell Brewer (March 13, 1967 – September 21, 2011) was a white supremacist who, prior to Byrd's murder, had served a prison sentence for drug possession and burglary. He was paroled in 1991. After violating his parole conditions in 1994, Brewer was returned to prison. According to his court testimony, he joined a white supremacist gang with King in prison in order to safeguard himself from other inmates.[24] Brewer and King became friends in the Beto Unit prison.[9] A psychiatrist testified that Brewer did not appear repentant for his crimes. Brewer was ultimately convicted and sentenced to death.[25] Brewer, TDCJ#999327,[26] was on death row at the Polunsky Unit,[9] but was executed in the Huntsville Unit on September 21, 2011.[27] The day before his execution, Brewer expressed no remorse for his crime as he told KHOU 11 News in Houston: "As far as any regrets, no, I have no regrets. No, I'd do it all over again, to tell you the truth."[28]

Before his execution Brewer ordered a last meal that included two chicken-fried steaks smothered in gravy with sliced onions; a triple-patty bacon cheeseburger; a cheese omelet with ground beef, tomatoes, onions, bell peppers and jalapeños; a bowl of fried okra with ketchup; one pound of barbecued meat with half a loaf of white bread; three fully loaded fajitas; a meat-lover's pizza; one pint of Blue Bell vanilla Ice Cream; a slab of peanut-butter fudge with crushed peanuts; and three root beers. When the meal was presented, he told officials he was not hungry and did not eat any of it. The meal was discarded, prompting State Senator John Whitmire to ask Texas prison officials to end the 87-year-old tradition of giving last meals to condemned inmates. The prison agency's executive director responded that the practice had been terminated effective immediately.[29]

John William King

John William King (born November 3, 1974) was Berry's longtime friend.[5] He was accused of beating Byrd with a bat and then dragging him behind a pickup truck until he died. King, who prior to the murder had recently been released from a Texas prison, said that he had been repeatedly gang-raped in prison by black inmates.[4] He was found guilty and sentenced to death for his role in Byrd's kidnapping and murder.[7] King remains on death row at the Polunsky Unit.[9]

Reactions to the murder

Numerous aspects of the Byrd murder echo lynching traditions. These include mutilation or decapitation and revelry, such as a barbecue or a picnic, either during or after a lynching. Byrd's murder was strongly condemned by Jesse Jackson and the Martin Luther King Center as an act of vicious racism[30] and it focused national attention on the prevalence of white supremacist prison gangs.

The victim's family created the James Byrd Foundation for Racial Healing after his death. Basketball star Dennis Rodman paid their funeral expenses and gave Byrd's family $25,000. Fight promoter Don King gave Byrd's children $100,000 to be put towards their education expenses.[31]

In 1999 Chantal Akerman, inspired by the literary works of William Faulkner, set out to make a film about the beauty of the American South. However, after arriving on location (in Jasper, Texas) and learning of the brutal racist murder, she changed her focus. Akerman made Sud (French for "South"), a meditation on the events surrounding the crime and the history of racial violence in the United States. In 2003, a movie about the crime, titled Jasper, Texas, was produced and aired on Showtime. The same year, a documentary named Two Towns of Jasper, made by filmmakers Marco Williams and Whitney Dow, premiered on PBS's P.O.V. series.[32]

While at radio station WARW in Washington, D.C., DJ Doug Tracht (also known as "The Greaseman") made a derogatory comment referring to James Byrd after playing Lauryn Hill's song "Doo Wop (That Thing)".[33] The February 1999 incident proved catastrophic to Tracht's radio career, igniting protests from black and white listeners alike. He was quickly fired from WARW and lost his position as a volunteer deputy sheriff in Falls Church, Virginia.

In May 2004 two white men were arrested and charged with criminal mischief for desecrating James Byrd Jr.'s grave with racial slurs and profanities.[34]

Impact on US politics

Some advocacy groups, such as the NAACP National Voter Fund, made an issue of this case during George W. Bush's presidential campaign in 2000. They accused Bush of implicit racism since, as governor of Texas, he opposed hate crime legislation. Also, citing a prior commitment, Bush could not appear at Byrd's funeral. Because two of the three murderers were sentenced to death and the third to life in prison (all charged with and convicted of capital murder, the highest felony level in Texas) Governor Bush maintained that "we don't need tougher laws". The 77th Texas Legislature passed the James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Act. With the signature of Governor Rick Perry, who inherited the balance of Bush's unexpired term, the act became Texas state law in 2001.[35] In 2009, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[36]

Musical tributes

On the 2001 album Pieces of Me by singer/songwriter Lori McKenna, the song "Pink Sweater" is dedicated to Byrd[37] and condemns his murderers and references their death penalty convictions with the raucous refrain, "I'll be the one in the pink sweater, dancing around when you're gone." In 2010, Alabama musician Matthew Mayfield penned, recorded, and released a song in Byrd's honor. The tune, titled "Still Alive", is the fourth track on Mayfield's EP You're Not Home. "Still Alive" clearly related a stark bitterness towards racism and equated such hate crimes to genocide. "Tell Me Why", featuring Mary J. Blige, mentions Byrd on Will Smith's fourth album, Lost and Found.[38] Houston rapper E.S.G. mentions Byrd on the song "Realest Rhymin'" from his 1999 album Shinin' N' Grindin',[38] stating "... let the Klu Klux know that I'mma blast ya/heard how ya done James Byrd down up in Jasper." Byrd's son Ross recorded the rap album Undeniable Resurrection and dedicated it to his father.[39]

"The New Hell" by death metal band The Famine mentions Byrd on their album The Architects of Guilt (2011).[38] "Jasper", by Confrontation Camp, is the fifth track on the album Objects in the Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear (2000).[40] "Guitar Drag" by sound artist Christian Marclay is a video- and sound-installation about the murder of James Byrd (2000).[41] "I Heard 'Em Say" by Ryan Bingham is about Byrd's murder and the racially charged climate around Jasper following the crime (2012).[38] "The Southern Thing" on the Drive-By Truckers' album Southern Rock Opera mentions the incident, saying "Hate's the only thing that my truck would want to drag".[42]

Houston rap group Geto Boys reference the murder in the song "Eye 4 an Eye" from their 1998 album Da Good da Bad & da Ugly.[43]

Byrd's murder is the subject of poet Jeffrey Thomson's piece "Achilles in Jasper, Texas".[44]

References

  1. ↑ "3 whites indicted in dragging death of black man in Texas". CNN. July 6, 1998. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 "Closing arguments today in Texas dragging-death trial - February 22, 1999". CNN.com. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Obama signs hate-crimes law rooted in crimes of 1998". Content.usatoday.com. October 28, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  4. 1 2 "Prison Rape - It's No Joke". Archived from the original on March 15, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2007.
  5. 1 2 3 Boyd, Lorenzo M. "Murder of James Byrd, Jr.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  6. 1 2 "White supremacist Lawrence Russell Brewer executed for dragging death". CBS News. September 22, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  7. 1 2 3
  8. 1 2 "King John William". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Keys, Perryn. "JASPER: THE ROAD BACK: Did prison time turn man into one of Byrd's killers?" Beaumont Enterprise. June 9, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  10. ↑ Teitz, Liz (June 2, 2018). "Byrd's family: Don't forget him". Beaumont Enterprise. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  11. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 11, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  12. ↑ "Murder Victims Families for Reconciliation". Mvfr.org. Archived from the original on September 13, 2002. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  13. ↑ Jeralyn. "Families of Murder Victims Opposed to Capital Punishment". The Politics of Crime. TalkLeft.com. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  14. ↑ "Killing Time". CBS News. May 7, 2003. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  15. ↑ Robinson, Paul (2008). Criminal Law, Case Studies & Controversies. New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 204.
  16. 1 2 3 ""Justice in Jasper"". Archived from the original on December 27, 2005. Retrieved May 22, 2015. , Texas Observer, September 17, 1999.
  17. ↑ Duggan, Paul (February 16, 1999). "First Trial Opens in Dragging Death". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  18. ↑ Pressley, Sue Anne (June 10, 1998). "Black Man Dragged to Death". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 14, 2018. the bureau is assisting in the investigation because of 'the extreme circumstances' of the case
  19. ↑ "Texas sheriff 'knew somebody was murdered because he was black'". CNN. February 16, 1999. Archived from the original on May 8, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  20. ↑ Time Waster. "The Texas Dragging Death". The Smoking Gun. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Texas NAACP". Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Berry, Shawn Allen" (Archive). Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  23. ↑ King, Joyce. Hate Crime: The Story of a Dragging in Jasper, Texas. Random House, Inc., 2002. 207. Google Books, Retrieved November 3, 2010. ISBN 0-375-42132-7, ISBN 978-0-375-42132-7.
  24. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  25. ↑ "Brewer, Lawrence Russell." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Brewer, Lawrence Russell Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on August 25, 2010.
  27. ↑ Heather Nolan and Jessica Lipscomb (September 22, 2011). "Lawrence Russell Brewer executed in 1998 dragging death". Beaumont Enterprise. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  28. ↑ Lee, Trymaine (September 21, 2011). "Troy Davis And Lawrence Brewer, A Tale Of Two Executions". Huffington Post.
  29. ↑ MANNY FERNANDEZ (September 22, 2011). "Texas Death Row Kitchen Cooks Its Last 'Last Meal'". New York Times.
  30. ↑ You Can Issue It, But Can You Take It When It Comes Back to You? by Maya Sanders, iUniverse, 2013, p.198
  31. ↑ Robinson, Paul (2008). Criminal Law, Case Studies & Controversies. New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 1176. ISBN 978-0735550759.
  32. ↑ POV. "POV - Acclaimed Point-of-View Documentary Films". PBS. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  33. ↑ "The Reliable Source" Annie Groer, Ann Gerhart. The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: March 18, 1999. pg. C.03
  34. ↑ "State briefs: White teens charged in grave desecration - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. May 12, 2004. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  35. ↑ "Texas governor signs into law hate-crimes bill". The Deseret News. Associated Press. May 11, 2001. p. A2.
  36. ↑ "Breaking News | Latest News | Current News". FoxNews.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  37. ↑ Davies, Mike. "Lori McKenna - Pieces of Me (Acoustic Roots)". NetRhythms. Retrieved May 14, 2018. Pink Sweater, a song dedicated to James Byrd
  38. 1 2 3 4 Rouner, Jef (June 7, 2013). "A James Byrd Jr. Memorial Playlist". Houston Press. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  39. ↑ Sachdev, Gian (February 19, 2003). "Byrd on a Wire". Philadelphia Weekly. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  40. ↑ Objects in the Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear at AllMusic. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  41. ↑ Rees, Christina (June 30, 2015). "Notes on Christian Marclay's "Guitar Drag"". Glasstire. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  42. ↑ Harrison, Vernon Ray. 'Mean and Strong Like Liquor' and 'Some Real Fine People': Enactments of the Progressive Southern White <Man> in the Drive By Truckers' Albums 'Southern Rock Opera' and 'Dirty South' (PDF) (Master's). University of Alabama. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  43. ↑ "Geto Boys Target Broader Fanbase With New LP". MTV News. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  44. ↑ "Achilles in Jasper, Texas | Poetry Database | Split This Rock". www.splitthisrock.org. Retrieved February 21, 2018.

Further reading

  • Ainslie, Ricardo. Long Dark Road: Bill King and Murder in Jasper, Texas. University of Texas Press, 2004.
  • King, Joyce. Hate Crime: The Story of a Dragging in Jasper, Texas. Pantheon, 2002.
  • Temple-Raston, Dina. A Death in Texas: A Story of Race, Murder, and Small Town's Struggle for Redemption. Henry Holt and Co., January 6, 2002.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.