Gospel of John

The Gospel of John (Greek: τὸ κατὰ Ιωάννην εὐαγγέλιον, to kata Ioánnin euangelion), is the fourth of the canonical gospels.[1][Notes 1] The work is anonymous, although it identifies an unnamed "disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions.[2] It is closely related in style and content to the three Johannine epistles, and most scholars treat the four books, along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not from the same author.[3]

C. K. Barrett,[4][Notes 2] and later Raymond E. Brown,[6] suggested that a tradition developed around the "Johannine Community", and that this tradition gave rise to the gospel.[7] The discovery of a large number of papyrus fragments of manuscripts with Johannine themes has led more scholars to recognize that the texts were among the most influential in the early Church.[8]

The discourses contained in this gospel seem to be concerned with issues of the church–synagogue debate at the time of composition.[9] It is notable that in John, the community appears to define itself primarily in contrast to Judaism, rather than as part of a wider Christian community.[Notes 3] Though Christianity started as a movement within Judaism, it gradually separated from Judaism because of mutual opposition between the two religions.[10]

Authorship

The authorship of the Johannine works, the Gospel of John, Epistles of John, and the Book of Revelation, has been debated by scholars since at least the 2nd century AD.[11] The main debate centers on who authored the writings, and which of the writings, if any, can be ascribed to a common author.

There may have been a single author for the gospel and the three epistles.[12] Tradition attributes all the books to John the Apostle.[12] Most scholars agree that all three letters are written by the same author, although there is debate on who that author is.[13][14][15] Although some scholars conclude the author of the epistles was different from that of the gospel, all four works probably originated from the same community,[16] traditionally and plausibly attributed to Ephesus, c. 90-110, but perhaps, according to some scholars, from Syria.[17]

Some scholars, however, argue that the apostle John wrote none of these works,[18][19] although others, notably J. A. T. Robinson, F. F. Bruce, Leon Morris, and Martin Hengel[20] hold the apostle to be behind at least some, in particular the gospel.[21][22]

In the case of Revelation, many modern scholars agree that it was written by a separate author, John of Patmos, c. 95 with some parts possibly dating to Nero's reign in the early 60s.[12][23]

Composition and setting

A Syriac Christian rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the Rabbula Gospels.

The Johannine literature

The Gospel of John, the three Johannine epistles, and the Book of Revelation, exhibit marked similarities, although more so between the gospel and the epistles (especially the gospel and 1 John) than between those and Revelation.[24] Most scholars therefore treat the five as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not from the same author.[3]

Composition

The gospel of John went through two to three stages, or "editions", before reaching its current form around AD 90–110.[25][26] It speaks of an unnamed "disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions, but does not say specifically that he is its author.[2] Christian tradition identified this disciple as the apostle John, but for a variety of reasons the majority of scholars have abandoned this view or hold it only tenuously.[27][Notes 4]

Sources

The scholarly consensus in the second half of the 20th century was that John was independent of the synoptic gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke), but this agreement broke down in the last decade of the century and there are now many who believe that John did know some version of Mark and possibly Luke, as he shares with them some items of vocabulary and clusters of incidents arranged in the same order.[28][29] Key terms from the synoptics, however, are absent or nearly so, implying that if the author did know those gospels he felt free to write independently.[29]

Many incidents in John, such as the wedding in Cana and the encounter with the Samaritan woman at the well, are not paralleled in the synoptics, and most scholars believe he drew these from an independent source called the "signs gospel", and the speeches of Jesus from a second "discourse" source.[30][29] Most scholars agree that the prologue to John employs an early hymn.[31]

The gospel makes extensive use of the Jewish scriptures.[30] John quotes from them directly, references important figures from them, and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses. But the author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources: the Logos of the prologue (the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation) derives from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers, while John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco-Roman mystery cults, while John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs.[32]

Structure and content

Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples, from the Maestà of Duccio, 1308–1311.

The majority of scholars see four sections in this gospel: a prologue (1:1-18); an account of the ministry, often called the "Book of Signs" (1:19-12:50); the account of Jesus' final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection, sometimes called the "book of glory" (13:1-20:31); and an epilogue which did not form part of the original text (Chapter 21).[33][34]

  • The prologue informs readers of the true identity of Jesus: he is the Word of God through whom the world was created and who took on human form.[35] John 1:10-12 outlines the story to follow: Jesus came to the Jews and the Jews rejected him, but "to all who received him (the circle of Christian believers), who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God."[36]
  • Jesus is baptised, calls his disciples, and begins his earthly ministry.[37] He travels from place to place informing his hearers about God the Father, offering eternal life to all who will believe, and performing miracles which are signs of the authenticity of his teachings.[37][38] This creates tensions with the religious authorities (manifested as early as 5:17-18), who decide that he must be eliminated.[37]
  • Jesus prepares the disciples for their coming lives without his physical presence, and prays for them and for himself.[38] The scene is thus prepared for the narrative of his passion, death and resurrection. The section ends with a conclusion on the purpose of the gospel: "that [the reader] may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."[39]
  • Chapter 21 tells of Jesus' post-resurrection appearance to his disciples in Galilee, the miraculous catch of fish, the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter, the restoration of Peter, and the fate of the Beloved Disciple.[39]

The structure is highly schematic: there are seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discourses, culminating in Thomas's proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God" (the same title, dominus et deus, claimed by the Emperor Domitian, an indication of the date of composition).[40]

Theology

The Rylands Papyrus the oldest known New Testament fragment, dated from its handwriting to about 125.

Christology

John's "high Christology" depicts Jesus as divine, preexistent, and identified with the one God,[41] talking openly about his divine role and echoing Yahweh's "I Am that I Am" with seven "I Am" declarations of his own.[Notes 5]

Logos

In the prologue, John identifies Jesus as the Logos (Word). In Ancient Greek philosophy, the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason. In this sense, it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom, God's companion and intimate helper in creation. The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world. The evangelist adapted Philo's description of the Logos, applying it to Jesus, the incarnation of the Logos.[42]

Cross

The portrayal of Jesus' death in John is unique among the four Gospels. It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice (cf. Mk 10:45, Rom 3:25) but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the father. Likewise, the three "passion predictions" of the Synoptic Gospels (Mk 8:31, 9:31, 10:33–34 and pars.) are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or "lifted up"(Jn 3:14, 8:28, 12:32). The verb for "lifted up" reflects the double entendre at work in John's theology of the cross, for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also, at the same time, exalted and glorified.[43]

Sacraments

Among the most controversial areas of interpretation of John is its sacramental theology. Scholars' views have fallen along a wide spectrum ranging from anti-sacramental and non-sacramental, to sacramental, to ultra-sacramental and hyper-sacramental. Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to the sacraments at all, and on the degree of importance he places upon them. Individual scholars' answers to one of these questions do not always correspond to their answer to the other.[44]

Frequency of allusion

According to Rudolf Bultmann, there are three sacramental allusions: one to baptism (3:5), one to the Eucharist (6:51–58), and one to both (19:34). He believed these passages to be later interpolations, though most scholars now reject this assessment. Some scholars on the weaker-sacramental side of the spectrum deny that there are any sacramental allusions in these passages or in the gospel as a whole, while others see sacramental symbolism applied to other subjects in these and other passages. Oscar Cullmann and Bruce Vawter, a Protestant and a Catholic respectively, and both on the stronger-sacramental end of the spectrum, have found sacramental allusions in most chapters. Cullmann found references to baptism and the Eucharist throughout the gospel, and Vawter found additional references to matrimony in 2:1–11, anointing of the sick in 12:1–11, and penance in 20:22–23. Towards the center of the spectrum, Raymond Brown is more cautious than Cullmann and Vawter but more lenient than Bultmann and his school, identifying several passages as containing sacramental allusions and rating them according to his assessment of their degree of certainty.[44]

Importance to the evangelist

Most scholars on the stronger-sacramental end of the spectrum assess the sacraments as being of great importance to the evangelist. However, some scholars who find fewer sacramental references, such as Udo Schnelle, view the references that they find as highly important as well. Schnelle in particular views John's sacramentalism as a counter to Docetist anti-sacramentalism. On the other hand, though he agrees that there are anti-Docetic passages, James Dunn views the absence of a Eucharistic institution narrative as evidence for an anti-sacramentalism in John, meant to warn against a conception of eternal life as dependent on physical ritual.[44]

Individualism

In comparison to the synoptic gospels, the Fourth Gospel is markedly individualistic, in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church.[44][45] This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel.[44][Notes 6] According to Richard Bauckham, emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John.[44] There is also a theme of "personal coinherence", that is, the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer "abides" in Jesus and Jesus in the believer.[45][44][Notes 7] According to C. F. D. Moule, the individualistic tendencies of the Fourth Gospel could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer; this realized eschatology is not, however, to replace "orthodox", futurist eschatological expectations, but is to be "only [their] correlative."[46] Some have argued that the Beloved Disciple is meant to be all followers of Jesus, inviting all into such a personal relationship with Christ. Beyond this, the emphasis on the individual's relationship with Jesus in the Gospel has suggested its usefulness for contemplation on the life of Christ.[47]

John the Baptist

John's account of the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels. In this gospel, John is not called "the Baptist."[48] The Baptist's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned, but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous.[48] The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it.[49] He subordinates the Baptist to Jesus, perhaps in response to members of the Baptist's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement.[50]

In John's gospel, Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod. He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John's own. The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black, containing no historically accurate information.[51] According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus.[52]

Gnostic elements

Although not commonly understood as Gnostic, many scholars, including Bultmann, have forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism.[50] Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century, and so 2nd-century Proto-Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it.[53] To say John's gospel contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it.[54] Bultmann, for example, argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John, the pre-existing Logos, was actually a Gnostic theme. Other scholars, e.g. Raymond E. Brown have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs, and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus.[55]

Comparisons to Gnosticism are based not in what the author says, but in the language he uses to say it, notably, use of the concepts of Logos and Light.[56] Other scholars, e.g. Raymond E. Brown, have argued that the ancient Jewish Qumran community also used the concept of Light versus Darkness. The arguments of Bultmann and his school were seriously compromised by the mid-20th-century discoveries of the Nag Hammadi library of genuine Gnostic writings (which are dissimilar to the Gospel of John) as well as the Qumran library of Jewish writings (which are often similar to the Gospel of John).[57]

Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did.[58] Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis, secret knowledge, and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge.[59] Barnabas Lindars asserts that the gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom, specifically belief in (literally belief into) Jesus.[60]

Raymond Brown contends that "The Johannine picture of a savior who came from an alien world above, who said that neither he nor those who accepted him were of this world,[61] and who promised to return to take them to a heavenly dwelling[62] could be fitted into the gnostic world picture (even if God's love for the world in 3:16 could not)."[63] It has been suggested that similarities between John's gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature.[64]

Comparison with other writings

The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels, with major variations in material, theological emphasis, chronology, and literary style.[65] There are also some discrepancies between John and the Synoptics, some amounting to contradictions.[65] The gospel forms the core of an emerging canon of Johannine works, the Johannine corpus, consisting of the gospel, the three Johannine letters, and the Apocalypse, all coming from the same theological background and opposed to the "Petrine corpus."

Material

John lacks scenes from the Synoptics such as Jesus' baptism,[66] the calling of the Twelve, exorcisms, parables, the Transfiguration, and the Last Supper. Conversely, it includes scenes not found in the Synoptics, including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana, the resurrection of Lazarus, Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, and multiple visits to Jerusalem.[65]

In the fourth gospel, Jesus' mother Mary, while frequently mentioned, is never identified by name.[67][68] John does assert that Jesus was known as the "son of Joseph" in 6:42. For John, Jesus' town of origin is irrelevant, for he comes from beyond this world, from God the Father.[69]

While John makes no direct mention of Jesus' baptism,[66][65] he does quote John the Baptist's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove, as happens at Jesus' baptism in the Synoptics. Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent, including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse,[70] and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the Synoptics.[66][71] John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple, Nathanael, whose name is not found in the Synoptics. Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name, described as "Doubting Thomas".[72]

Theological emphasis

Jesus is identified with the Word ("Logos"), and the Word is identified with theos ("god" in Greek);[73] no such identification is made in the Synoptics.[74] In Mark, Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret, but in John he is very open in discussing it, even referring to himself as "I AM", the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self-revelation to Moses. In the Synoptics, the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven (the latter specifically in Matthew), while John's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice.[65][71] In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom (using the term parousia, meaning "coming"), John presents a more individualistic, realized eschatology.[75][76][Notes 8]

Chronology

In the Synoptics, the ministry of Jesus takes a single year, but in John it takes three, as evidenced by references to three Passovers. Events are not all in the same order: the date of the crucifixion is different, as is the time of Jesus' anointing in Bethany and the cleansing of the temple occurs in the beginning of Jesus' ministry rather than near its end.[65]

Literary style

In the Synoptics, quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short, pithy sayings; in John, longer quotations are often given. The vocabulary is also different, and filled with theological import: in John, Jesus does not work "miracles" (Greek: δῠνάμεις, translit. dynámeis, sing. δύνᾰμῐς, dýnamis), but "signs" (Greek: σημεῖᾰ, translit. sēmeia, sing. σημεῖον, sēmeion) which unveil his divine identity.[65] Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables.[78] Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories, such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine, in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person, group, or thing. Some scholars, however, find some such parables as the short story of the childbearing woman (16:21) or the dying grain (12:24).[Notes 9]

Discrepancies

According to the Synoptics, the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple, while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus.[65] The Pharisees, portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, are instead portrayed as sharply divided; they debate frequently in John's accounts. Some, such as Nicodemus, even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus. This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees, who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief.[79]

Historical reliability

The teachings of Jesus found in the synoptic gospels are very different from those recorded in John, and since the 19th century scholars have almost unanimously accepted that these Johannine discourses are less likely than the synoptic parables to be historical, and were likely written for theological purposes.[80] By the same token, scholars usually agree that John is not entirely without historical value: certain sayings in John are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts, his representation of the topography around Jerusalem is often superior to that of the synoptics, his testimony that Jesus was executed before, rather than on, Passover, might well be more accurate, and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels.[81]

Representations

Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed, by James Doyle Penrose, 1902. Depicts the Venerable Bede as an elderly man with a long, white beard, sitting in a darkened room and dictating his translation of the Bible, as a younger scribe, sitting across from him, writes down his words. Two monks, standing together in the corner of the room, look on.
Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed, by James Doyle Penrose, 1902.

The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions, skits, plays, and Passion Plays, as well as in film. The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film The Gospel of John, directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox, with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus. The 2003 film The Gospel of John, was directed by Philip Saville, narrated by Christopher Plummer, with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus.

Parts of the gospel have been set to music. One such setting is Steve Warner's power anthem "Come and See", written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs. Additionally, some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel, most notably the one composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, although some verses are borrowed from Matthew.[82]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Greek: Τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην εὐαγγέλιον, translit. Tò katà Iōánnēn euangélion; also called the Gospel of John, the Fourth Gospel, or simply John.
  2. ↑ The use of first person plural in John, specially in the letters, is the base of these theories. Barrett quotes on that sense Robinson, who in 1965 asserted "the gospel is composed in Judea and under the pressure of controversy with "the jews" [sic] of that area. But in its present form it is an appeal to those outside the Church, to win to the faith that Greek speaking Diaspora Judaism to which the author now finds himself belonging".[5]
  3. ↑ Chilton & Neusner 2006, p. 5: "by their own word what they (the writers of the New Testament) set forth in the New Testament must qualify as a Judaism. ... [T]o distinguish between the religious world of the New Testament and an alien Judaism denies the authors of the New Testament books their most fiercely held claim and renders incomprehensible much of what they said."
  4. ↑ For the circumstances which led to the formation of the tradition, and the reasons why the majority of modern scholars reject it, see Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000, pp. 41–42
  5. ↑ [42]
  6. ↑ Bauckham (2015) contrasts John's consistent use of the third person singular ("The one who ..."; "If anyone ..."; "Everyone who ..."; "Whoever ..."; "No one ...") with the alternative third person plural constructions he could have used instead ("Those who ..."; ""All those who ..."; etc.). He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue, serving a narrative purpose, whereas the later aphorisms serve a "paraenetic function".
  7. ↑ See John 6:56, 10:14–15, 10:38, and 14:10, 17, 20, and 23.
  8. ↑ Realized eschatology is a Christian eschatological theory popularized by C. H. Dodd (1884–1973). It holds that the eschatological passages in the New Testament do not refer to future events, but instead to the ministry of Jesus and his lasting legacy.[77] In other words, it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled.
  9. ↑ See Zimmermann 2015, pp. 333–60.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Burkett 2002, p. 215.
  2. 1 2 Burkett 2002, p. 214.
  3. 1 2 Harris 2006, p. 479.
  4. ↑ Barrett 1978, p. 133.
  5. ↑ Barrett 1978, p. 137.
  6. ↑ Brown 1966, p. 43.
  7. ↑ Ehrman 2009.
  8. ↑ De Santos Otero 1993, p. 97.
  9. ↑ Lindars 1990, p. 53.
  10. ↑ Lindars 1990, p. 59.
  11. ↑ F. L. Cross, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 45
  12. 1 2 3 Stephen L Harris, Understanding the Bible, (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985), 355
  13. ↑ Kruger, Michael J. My library My History Books on Google Play Canon Revisited: Establishing the Origins and Authority of the New Testament Books. p. 272.
  14. ↑ Brown, Raymond E. The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary. p. 105.
  15. ↑ Marshall, I. Howard. The Epistles of John.
  16. ↑ Ehrman, pp. 178–9.
  17. ↑ Brown, Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. p. 334. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.
  18. ↑ "Although ancient traditions attributed to the Apostle John the Fourth Gospel, the Book of Revelation, and the three Epistles of John, modern scholars believe that he wrote none of them." Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985) p. 355
  19. ↑ Kelly, Joseph F. (1 October 2012). History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts. Liturgical Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8146-5999-1.
  20. ↑ Hengel, Martin (2000). Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus Christ (1st ed.). Trinity Press International. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-56338-300-7.
  21. ↑ Morris, Leon (1995) The Gospel According to John Volume 4 of The new international commentary on the New Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-2504-9, pp. 4–5, 24, 35–7. "Continental scholars have ... abandoned the idea that this gospel was written by the apostle John, whereas in Great Britain and America scholarship has been much more open to the idea." Abandonment is due to changing opinion rather "than to any new evidence." "Werner, Colson, and I have been joined, among others, by I. Howard Marshall and J.A.T. Robinson in seeing the evidence as pointing to John the son of Zebedee as the author of this Gospel." The view that John's history is substandard "is becoming increasingly hard to sustain. Many recent writers have shown that there is good reason for regarding this or that story in John as authentic. ... It is difficult to ... regard John as having little concern for history. The fact is John is concerned with historical information. ... John apparently records this kind of information because he believes it to be accurate. ... He has some reliable information and has recorded it carefully. ... The evidence is that where he can be tested John proves to be remarkably accurate."
    • Bruce 1981 pp. 52–4, 58. "The evidence ... favor[s] the apostolicity of the gospel. ... John knew the other gospels and ... supplements them. ... The synoptic narrative becomes more intelligible if we follow John." John's style is different so Jesus' "abiding truth might be presented to men and women who were quite unfamiliar with the original setting. ... He does not yield to any temptation to restate Christianity. ... It is the story of events that happened in history. ... John does not divorce the story from its Palestinian context."
    • Dodd p. 444. "Revelation is distinctly, and nowhere more clearly than in the Fourth Gospel, a historical revelation. It follows that it is important for the evangelist that what he narrates happened."
    • Temple, William. "Readings in St. John's Gospel". MacMillan and Co, 1952. "The synoptists give us something more like the perfect photograph; St. John gives us the more perfect portrait".
    • Edwards, R. A. "The Gospel According to St. John" 1954, p 9. One reason he accepts John's authorship is because "the alternative solutions seem far too complicated to be possible in a world where living men met and talked".
    • Hunter, A. M. "Interpreting the New Testament" P 86. "After all the conjectures have been heard, the likeliest view is that which identifies the Beloved Disciple with the Apostle John.
  22. ↑ Dr. Craig Blomberg, cited in Lee Strobel The Case for Christ, 1998, Chapter 2.
    • Marshall, Howard. "The Illustrated Bible Dictionary", ed J. D. Douglas et al. Leicester 1980. II, p 804
    • Robinson, J. A. T. "The Priority of John" P 122
    • Cf. Marsh, "John seems to have believed that theology was not something which could be used to read a meaning into events but rather something that was to be discovered in them. His story is what it is because his theology is what it is; but his theology is what it is because the story happened so" (p 580–581).
  23. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. p. 468. ISBN 0-19-515462-2.
  24. ↑ Van der Watt 2008, p. 1.
  25. ↑ Edwards 2015, p. ix.
  26. ↑ Lincoln 2005, p. 18.
  27. ↑ Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000, p. 41.
  28. ↑ Lincoln 2005, pp. 29–30.
  29. 1 2 3 Fredriksen 2008, p. unpaginated.
  30. 1 2 Reinhartz 2011, p. 168.
  31. ↑ Perkins 1993, p. 109.
  32. ↑ Reinhartz 2011, p. 171. See also: Jonathan Bourgel, " John 4 : 4-42: Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews And The Samaritans", Journal of Theological Studies 69 (2018), pp. 39-65 (https://www.academia.edu/37029909/Bourgel_-_JTS_-_John_4_4-42_The_terms_of_a_modus_vivendi_between_Jews_and_the_Samaritans)..
  33. ↑ Moloney 1998, p. 23.
  34. ↑ Bauckham 2007, p. 271.
  35. ↑ Aune 2003, p. 245.
  36. ↑ Aune 2003, p. 246.
  37. 1 2 3 Van der Watt 2008, p. 10.
  38. 1 2 Kruse 2004, p. 17.
  39. 1 2 Edwards 2015, p. 171.
  40. ↑ Witherington 2004, p. 83.
  41. ↑ Hurtado 2005, p. 51.
  42. 1 2 Harris 2006, pp. 302–10.
  43. ↑ Robert Kysar, "John: The Maverick Gospel" (Louisville: Westminster John Knox), 1976, pp. 49–54
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bauckham 2015.
  45. 1 2 Moule 1962, p. 172.
  46. ↑ Moule 1962, p. 174.
  47. ↑ Shea, SJ, Henry J. (Summer 2017). "The Beloved Disciple and the Spiritual Exercises". Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 49 (2).
  48. 1 2 Cross & Livingstone 2005.
  49. ↑ Barrett 1978, p. 16.
  50. 1 2 Harris 2006.
  51. ↑ Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998, pp. 365–440.
  52. ↑ Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998, p. 268.
  53. ↑ Olson 1999, p. 36.
  54. ↑ Kysar 2005, pp. 88ff.
  55. ↑ Brown 1997.
  56. ↑ Van den Broek & Vermaseren 1981, pp. 467ff.
  57. ↑ Combs 1987.
  58. ↑ Most 2005, pp. 121ff.
  59. ↑ Skarsaune 2008, pp. 247ff.
  60. ↑ Lindars 1990, p. 62.
  61. ↑ John 17:14
  62. ↑ John 14:2–3
  63. ↑ Brown 1997, p. 375.
  64. ↑ Kovacs 1995.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Burge 2014, pp. 236–37.
  66. 1 2 3 Funk, Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993, pp. 1–30.
  67. ↑ Williamson 2004, p. 265.
  68. ↑ Michaels 1971, p. 733.
  69. ↑ Fredriksen 2008.
  70. ↑ Pagels 2003.
  71. 1 2 Thompson 2006, p. 184.
  72. ↑ Walvoord, John F. (1985). The Bible Knowledge Commentary. Wheaton, IL: Victor Books. p. 313.
  73. ↑ Ehrman 2005.
  74. ↑ Carson, D. A. (1991). The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 117.
  75. ↑ Moule 1962, pp. 172–74.
  76. ↑ Sander 2015.
  77. ↑ Ladd & Hagner 1993, p. 56.
  78. ↑ Barry 1911.
  79. ↑ Neusner 2003, p. 8.
  80. ↑ Sanders 1995, pp. 57, 70–71.
  81. ↑ Theissen & Merz 1998, pp. 36–37.
  82. ↑ Ambrose 2005.

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Online translations of the Gospel of John:

Gospel of John
Preceded by
Gospel of
Luke		 New Testament
Books of the Bible		 Succeeded by
Acts
of the Apostles
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