Electric bus

New (2004) Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (Greater Boston) Neoplan USA trolleybus
A battery electric Proterra BE35 bus operated by San Joaquin RTD, shown beside its fixed charging station.
A battery electric in Hong Kong.
Edison electric bus from 1915

An electric bus is a bus that is powered by electricity.

Electric buses can store the electricity on board, or can be fed continuously from an external source. Buses storing electricity are majorly battery electric buses, in which the electric motor obtains energy from an on-board battery, although examples of other storage modes do exist, such as the gyrobus which uses flywheel energy storage. In the second case, electricity is supplied by contact with outside power sources. For example, overhead wires, as in the trolleybus, or with non-contact conductors on the ground, as seen in the Online Electric Vehicle.[1] This article mostly deals with buses storing the electricity on board.

As of 2017, 99% of electric buses have been deployed in China, with more than 385,000 buses on the road, which is 17% of China's total bus fleet.[2]

History

Electric vehicles have been around since the 19th century. In the early 19th century, researchers in Hungary, the Netherlands, and the United States began exploring the idea of battery-powered vehicles. There had previously been progress with an electric carriage, a horseless carriage that was powered by an electric motor. However, as people wanted to get around more easily and quickly, cars became a faster and more reasonable alternative to horse-drawn carriages.

In 1835, American Thomas Davenport is credited with building the first practical electric vehicle, a small locomotive. He developed a battery-powered electric motor which he used to operate a small model car on a short section of track.

The first successful electric car was made in the United States in 1890. William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa, built an electric vehicle that could hold up to six passengers and could reach from 6 to 12 miles per hour.[3] Specifications for the 1890 Morrison Electric included 24 storage battery cells mounted under the front seat. The vehicle could travel for a range of 100 miles before needing to be recharged.

This initial invention helped spark interest in electric cars, and automakers started building their own versions around the globe. Due to the extreme sudden interest, electric cars reached their peak popularity by 1900 and made up a majority of all vehicles on the road.

At this time electric cars were the preferred vehicles. Gasoline-powered vehicles required a lot of effort to drive, from changing gears to starting the engine with a hand crank, as well as other cons like strong and unpleasant exhaust fumes.

However, improvements were made to the gasoline-powered car that caused the electric car to lose some momentum. The hand crank was soon replaced with an electric starter and gasoline-powered vehicles became more affordable. Gasoline cars soon overcame the popularity of electric powered vehicles.

By 1935, electric cars practically disappeared. It was not until the 1970s when a gas shortage hit, causing gas prices to soar, that electric cars entered back into the marketplace. Gasoline-powered cars still remained more popular due to better performance and reliability.

The 1990s saw electric cars made more popular as societal concern for the environment began to rise. At the start of the 21st century, the technology of electric cars looked more promising than ever with the release of the Toyota Prius, the first majorly manufactured electric vehicle. Today, electric vehicles are on the rise and continue to advance as more Americans demand a more efficient and eco-friendly vehicle.[4]

Drawbacks

As with other electric vehicles, climate control and extremely cold weather will weaken the performance of electric buses. In addition, terrain may pose a challenge to the adoption of electric vehicles that carry stored energy compared to trolleybuses, which draw power from overhead lines. Even when conditions are favorable, high local utility rates (especially during periods of peak demand) and proprietary charging systems pose barriers to adoption.[5]

Battery electric bus

One of the most popular types of electric buses nowadays are battery electric buses. Battery electric buses have the electricity stored on board the vehicle in a battery. Today such buses can have a range of over 200 km with just one charge. These buses are usually used as city buses due to particularities in limited range.

City driving is majorly accelerating and braking. Due to this, the battery electric bus is superior to diesel bus as it can recharge most of the kinetic energy back into batteries in braking situations. This reduces brake wear on the buses and the use of electric over diesel can improve air quality in cities.

When operating within a city, it is important to minimize the unloaded and rolling weight of the bus. This can be accomplished by using aluminium as the main construction material for a bus. Composite paneling and other lightweight materials can also be used. According to Linkkebus their fully aluminium bus construction is about 3000 kg lighter than comparably-sized modern steel buses (curb weight 9500 kg). Reducing weight allows for a greater payload and reduces wear to components such as brakes, tires, and joints bringing cost savings to the operator annually.[6]

Proterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit based in West Covina, California, is the world’s first heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90% of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31-35%. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600% more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44% less carbon than CNG.[7]

Charging

Charging electric bus batteries is not as simple as refueling diesel engine. Special attention, monitoring, and scheduling are required to make optimal use of the charging process, while also ensuring proper battery maintenance and safekeeping. Some operators manage these challenges by purchasing extra buses. This way the charging can take place only at night. It is a safe solution, but also very costly and not scalable. The real solution is ensuring that the vehicle daily schedule takes into account also the need to charge, keeping the overall schedule as close to optimal as possible.

Today, there are various software companies that help bus operators manage their electric bus charging schedule. These solutions ensure that buses continue to operate safely, without any unplanned stops and inconvenience to passengers.

For communication between charger and electric bus the same ISO 15118 protocol is used as for passenger car charging. The only differences are in the charging power, voltage and coupler.

Pantographs and underbody collectors at bus stops

The lowered charging plate on an Arriva Shires & Essex Wright StreetLite EV bus whilst using induction to recharge its batteries at the Wolverton Agora bus stop.

Pantographs and underbody collectors are integrated in bus stops to quicken electric bus recharge, making it possible to use a smaller battery on the bus, which reduces the initial investment and subsequent costs.[8][9][10][11]

Autonomous (self-driving) electric buses

An autonomous bus is an electrically-powered, self-driving vehicle that transports twelve or more passengers.[12] Autonomous buses are operated without a driver inside the vehicle, instead utilizing cameras, sensors and remote controls to properly steer their way through traffic.[12]

Zinc-air battery

There is a 40-foot (12.2 m) pure electric bus being developed, using a pre-commercial battery technology. Electric Fuel Corporation is developing and demonstrating a 40-foot (12.2 m) electric bus powered by a zinc air cell,[13] along with an ultracapacitor. The zinc-air energy device, often described as a battery, converts zinc to zinc oxide in a process that provides energy to the bus. The bus is not recharged; instead, the zinc oxide cartridges are swapped out for new zinc ones. This bus has shown a range of over 100 miles (160 km) in testing and has been demonstrated in Las Vegas, Nevada. However, this technology is in the development phase, and several major hurdles must be overcome before it can be adopted for transit fleet use, including available refueling infrastructure or use in bus stations.[14]

Capacitors bus

Buses can use capacitors instead of batteries to store their energy. Ultracapacitors can only store about 5 percent of the energy that lithium-ion batteries hold for the same weight, limiting them to a couple of miles per charge. However ultracapacitors can charge and discharge much more rapidly than conventional batteries. In vehicles that have to stop frequently and predictably as part of normal operation, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors can be a solution.[15]

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as Capabus, which runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large on-board electric double-layer capacitors, which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any bus stop (under so-called electric umbrellas), and fully charged in the terminus.

A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them is route 11 in Shanghai.[16] In 2009, Sinautec Automobile Technologies,[17] based in Arlington, VA, and its Chinese partner, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company[18] are testing with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems.[19] Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 watt-hours per kilogram.

The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly, every 3 miles (4.8 km), allowing opportunities for quick recharging. The trick is to turn some bus stops along the route into charging stations. At these stations, a collector on the top of the bus rises a few feet and touches an overhead charging line. Within a couple of minutes, the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels. A third generation of the product, will give 20 miles (32 km) of range per charge or better. [15] Such a bus was delivered in Sofia, Bulgaria in May 2014 for 9 months' test. It covers 23 km in 2 charges.[20]

Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $200,000. Also, the buses use 40 percent less electricity compared to an electric trolley bus, mainly because they are lighter and have the regenerative braking benefits. The ultracapacitors are made of activated carbon, and have an energy density of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison, a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram), but the ultracapacitor bus is also cheaper than lithium-ion battery buses, about 40 percent less expensive, with a far superior reliability rating.[15][19]

There is also a plug-in hybrid version, which also uses ultracaps.

Future developments

Sinautec is in discussions with MIT's Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far, they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of the energy density of a lithium-ion battery.[21]

Future developments includes the use of inductive charging under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each bus stop and at each stop light along the way would be used.

School buses

In 2014, the first production-model all-electric school bus was delivered[22] to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The Class-A school bus was built by Trans Tech Bus, using an electric powertrain control system developed by Motiv Power Systems, of Foster City, California. The bus was one of four the district ordered. The first round of SST-e buses (as they are called) is partly funded by the AB 118 Air Quality Improvement Program administered by the California Air Resources Board.

The Trans Tech/Motiv vehicle has passed all KCUSD and California Highway Patrol inspections and certifications. Although some diesel hybrids are in use, this is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.

The first all-electric school bus in the state of California pausing outside the California capitol building in Sacramento.

Since 2015, the Canadian manufacturer Lion Bus offers a full size school bus, eLion, with a body made out of composites. It is a regular production version that is built and shipped in volume since early 2016, with around 50 units sold until 2017.[23]

Makers and models

Transit use

For information on where trolleybuses are in use, see Trolleybus usage by country and List of trolleybus systems.

Transit authorities that use battery buses or other types of all-electric buses, other than trolleybuses:

Asia

Malaysia

India

  • India's first electric bus was launched in Bengaluru in 2014.[31]
  • In October 2016, Ashok Leyland, launched First 100% India-made electric bus. The series has been named Circuit and it can carry 35 to 65 persons at a time.

China

BYD K8A,K9FE,C9,C8,K6,T8SA,T3 in Bengbu, Anhui,China
Beijing's electric bus fleet in service during the 2008 Olympics.

As of 2016, 156,000 buses are being put into service per year in China.[32]

Japan

Community Bus "Hamurun"

South Korea

Seoul's "Peanut Bus" at Mt. Namsan.
  • Seoul has 15 electric buses nicknamed "Peanut Bus" for their shape, transferring people from subway stations in downtown to the N Seoul Tower, circulating Mt. Namsan.[45]
  • Seoul's Gangnam District will have 11 electric buses in operation from February 2013 and 270 electric buses by the end of 2013, increasing to 400 buses by 2014.[46] At least 3,500 electric buses will be introduced in phases until 2020, which will account for half of Seoul's bus fleet.[47]
  • Gumi will have the world's first wireless electric bus, known as Online Electric Vehicle, in operation from July 2013 developed by KAIST. Electricity is wirelessly fed into the bus from the tracks.[1][48]
  • Pohang will have automatically battery switching electric buses in operation from July 2013. Unlike conventional plug-in charging buses, the battery pack is automatically swapped with a fully charged one before complete drainage.[49]

Europe

Belarus

Belarusian electrobus E-433 on test in Moscow
  • Е433 «Vitovt Max Electro» (Minsk)[50]
  • E420
  • E321

Finland

  • Espoo Cobus EL2500 (bus 11 Friisilä-Tapiola Centre)
  • Espoo (Linkker 2 vehicles, Bus 11 line Tapiola centre-Friisilä)[51]

France

Great Britain

  • 51 electric buses for the 507 and 521 bus routes in London, delivered jointly by BYD and ADL.[53]
  • Strathclyde Partnership for Transport runs battery-powered electric buses on one route in Glasgow, between George Square and the Transport Museum.[54]
  • Bristol: Route 72 from City Centre to Frenchay UWE campus[55]
  • Durham: Cathedral and City Centre loop[56][57]
  • Milton Keynes: Route 7[58]
  • Greater Manchester: Stagecoach plans to buy 105 electric buses for use in the Greater Manchester area by 2020.[59]

Italy

Netherlands

A VDL Citea Electric charging at the bus station of West (Terschelling, NL).
  • 43 fully electric VDL 18 meter buses are deployed in Eindhoven, driving a daily distance of 400 km each. The Eindhoven operation is currently the biggest all-electric bus operation of Europe (2017). At the end of 2017, VDL will have a fleet of over 200 fully electric vehicles driving in the Netherlands and Germany, with over 5,000,000 km done and no technical breakdowns.
  • 6 all-electric BYD buses in April 2013 on the island of Schiermonnikoog. Right now, there are many electric buses driving in the Netherlands. Starting 11 December 2016, with the new bus schedule for 2017, Hermes started running 43 buses to the bus transport of Eindhoven. Arriva started running 16 electric buses on Vlieland, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog, and several more in Limburg. Utrecht already had electric buses on route 2, and trolley buses have been operating for decades in the city of Arnhem.

Poland

Russia

Russian electrobus LiAZ-6274 in Moscow
  • In 2014 in Chelyabinsk began to run electric buses (hybrid trolleybus and electric car). Moves up to 30 kilometers on routes unequipped wires to distant parts of the city.[65]
  • In 2018 in Moscow was presented and officially run for the first time a city electric bus. Moscow Government has subscribed contracts with GAZ and Kamaz automobile companies to provide the city with 200 electric buses. After 2021 only electric vehicles will be purchased.[66]

Serbia

  • In 2016 GSP Belgrade, the public transport operator of city of Belgrade, launched dedicated electric bus line equipped exclusively with 5 electric buses.[67] The line has a total length of 7.9 kilometres one-way and 13 bus stops.

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

ABB TOSA Energy Transfer System

North America

Canada

British Columbia
Ontario
Québec
  • Réseau de transport de la Capitale, Quebec City's public transit authority has integrated 8 electric buses to its fleet in 2008 to serve the Old City.[79] The Tecnobus Gulliver buses can carry up to 20 passengers and runs on $3.25 worth of electricity per day.[80]
  • Montreal, bus fleet going all-electric or hybrid by 2029.[81] 2017 - Cité-Mobilité project : 3 electric bus on line 36 with high-speed charging.[82]

United States

California

There is a Californian mandate (Zero Emission Bus, in short, ZBus) that 15% of new buses after 2011 be electric.[84] The ZBus Regulation is part of the Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, which is also referred to as the Public Transit Agencies Regulation.[85][86]

South America

Aruba

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Uruguay

See also

References

  1. 1 2 OLEV Archived December 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ "Electric Buses Are Hurting the Oil Industry". 23 April 2018 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  3. ↑ "The Morrison Electric Automobile & The William Morrison Co". www.american-automobiles.com. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
  4. ↑ "Are Electric Buses the Future of Transportation? - GOGO Charters". 16 August 2017.
  5. ↑ Groom, Nichola (11 December 2017). "U.S. transit agencies cautious on electric buses despite bold forecasts". Reuters. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  6. ↑ http://www.linkkerbus.com/naytasivu/Lightweight+bus+construction/5
  7. ↑ "Electric Bus - Zero-Emission Bus - EV Bus". www.proterra.com.
  8. ↑ Large-capacity, flash-charging, battery-powered pilot bus takes to the street.
  9. ↑ "Current collectors for electric busses". www.schunk-sbi.com. Schunk Carbon Technology.
  10. ↑ "A Giant Charger That Juices Up Electric Buses in Three Minutes".
  11. ↑ Ultrafast Electric Bus Charging, Opbrid
  12. 1 2 "Autonomous Buses Will Revolutionize Public Transportation, but at What Cost? - GOGO Charters". 25 September 2017.
  13. ↑ http://www.electric-fuel.com
  14. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
  15. 1 2 3 "Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses". Technology Review. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  16. ↑ (in Chinese, archived page)
  17. ↑ "SINAUTEC, Automobile Technology, LLC". Sinautecus.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  18. ↑ "Aowei Technology". Aowei.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  19. 1 2 "Ultracapacitor Buses Work... As Long as You have Lots of Quick-Charge Stations". TreeHugger. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  20. ↑ "Sofia – Chariot Motors". www.chariot-electricbus.com.
  21. ↑ "Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses". Technology Review. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  22. ↑ Dechert, Sandy (March 5, 2014). "New All-Electric School Bus Saves California District $10,000+ Per Year". Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  23. ↑ http://lionbuses.com/en/lion-store/
  24. ↑ "取代柴油巴士打造零碳环境．8电动巴士布城开跑". 2017-08-29.
  25. ↑ "东姑安南：明年中运作·5电动巴士川行布城". 2017-12-11.
  26. ↑ "世遗区开动．甲电动巴士8月开跑". 2015-07-03.
  27. ↑ "精明巴士2年花4253万．邓章钦：考量需求才推新路线". 2017-10-04.
  28. ↑ "全国首座城市 环保电动车 进驻亚庇". 2017-11-11.
  29. ↑ "川行哥市市区．丹电动巴士来了！". 2017-11-02.
  30. ↑ "砂内阁敲定 电动巴士3年内上路". 2018-02-02.
  31. ↑ "India's first electric bus launched in Bangalore - The Times of India". The Times Of India.
  32. ↑ "China Electric Bus Sales Still Exploding - CleanTechnica". cleantechnica.com.
  33. ↑ "市公共交通集团有限公司比亚迪牌纯电动成交公示—蚌埠市政府信息公开网". zwgk.bengbu.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  34. ↑ "Chinese carmaker BYD's Changsha facility becomes the country's leading new energy vehicle base". AMTonline. 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  35. ↑ "比亚迪k9纯电动大巴海口运行状况良好_中国电动汽车网站资讯频道" (in Chinese). Ddc.net.cn. 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  36. ↑ First Thailand Orders for Long-range BYD e6 EV". Global Renewable News. 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  37. ↑ Hanley, Steve. "Shenzhen Completes Switch To Fully Electric Bus Fleet". CleanTechnica. Sustainable Enterprises Media Inc. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  38. ↑ 比亚迪天津建纯电动公交基地_汽车_凤凰网 (in Chinese). Auto.ifeng.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  39. ↑ 陕西：西安首批比亚迪电动公交车投入运营 －中国客车信息网(客车资讯 客车新闻 客车动态 客车门户 客车企业 客车产品) (in Chinese). Chinabus.info. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  40. ↑ "Zonda New Energy BRT City Bus served Yancheng". ZondaBus. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  41. ↑ http://www.sohu.com/a/144585924_482259 (in Chinese).蚌埠关于比亚迪牌纯电动公交车采购项目公示. Sohu. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  42. ↑ "【EVバス運行開始】定期路線として全国初の運用開始". Response. (in Japanese). 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  43. ↑ 墨田区内循環バス「すみまるくん」「すみりんちゃん」、3月20日運行開始　／東京. Yahoo! Japan News (in Japanese). 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  44. ↑ Viaintermedia.com. "Electric/Hybrid - Mitsubishi to supply two electric buses in Kitakyushu City, Japan - Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism".
  45. ↑ "Quick Links". CNN.
  46. ↑ "남산 전기버스 강남 노선으로 확대".
  47. ↑ RPM9 (28 June 2010). "친환경 전기버스 서울시내 달린다".
  48. ↑ "달리며 충전하는 전기버스, 세계 첫 운행".
  49. ↑ "[브레이크뉴스] 포항시, 전기버스 시범 사업 본격 추진". 31 January 2013.
  50. ↑ Петрович, Виталий. "На улицах Минска курсируют электробусы. Что о них говорят пассажиры? - Авто onliner.by". Onliner.by.
  51. ↑ "Ensimmäiset kotimaiset pikaladattavat sähköbussit lähtevät vuoden vaihteessa liikenteeseen Espoon linjalle 11". www.espoo.fi.
  52. ↑ La RATP inaugure sa première ligne de bus standard 100% électrique Template:Frr
  53. ↑ "BYD Scores Europe's Largest Electric Bus Fleet Order". insideevs.com.
  54. ↑ http://www.spt.co.uk/documents/SP280314_agenda8.pdf
  55. ↑ http://www.firstgroup.com/about-us/news/first-west-england-launches-revolutionary-electric-buses
  56. ↑ http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/electric-buses-planned-for
  57. ↑ publictransportexperience blogspot.com/2016/09/dropped-at-Durham
  58. ↑ http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/highways-and-transport-hub/bus&taxi/bus-projects/electric-bus
  59. ↑ Cox, Charlotte (2018-08-29). "Stagecoach will roll out 105 electric buses across region - on one condition". men. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  60. ↑ ""Elektryki" już na Trakcie Królewskim ("E-buses" on Royal Route)". ZTM (Warsaw Municipal Transport Authority) (in Polish). 30 June 2015.
  61. ↑ "Autobusy z pantografem (Buses with pantograph)". ZTM (Warsaw Municipal Transport Authority) (in Polish). 16 November 2016.
  62. ↑ "Kolejnych dziesięć elektryków dla stolicy (Further ten e-buses for Capital)". ZTM (Warsaw Municipal Transport Authority) (in Polish). 18 July 2017.
  63. ↑ Urbanowicz, Witold (10 October 2017). "Zielona Góra z elektrykami Ursusa i przegubami Mercedesa". www.transport-publiczny.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  64. ↑ "Stalowa Wola kupuje elektryczne Solarisy". www.transport-publiczny.pl (in Polish). 27 September 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  65. ↑ "В Челябинске начал курсировать электробус".
  66. ↑ "Moscow electrical bus".
  67. ↑ "Belgrade gets public transport line with electric buses". www.balkangreenenergynews.com. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
  68. ↑ http://www.emtmalaga.es/inter/emt/interior_detalle.jsp?id=2460&tipo=20. Retrieved November 6, 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  69. ↑ http://www.noticiasdeautobus.es/2008/06/18/el-ayuntamiento-refuerza-la-escuadra-de-la-emt-con-210-nuevos-autobuses/ Archived 2008-12-09 at the Wayback Machine. (in Spanish)
  70. ↑ http://www.energie-cites.eu/db/figueres1_577_en.pdf
  71. 1 2 Periodista Digital. "El autobús eléctrico de El Ejido es el 1º de la comunidad y el 2º en España". Reporterodigital.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  72. ↑ "Our Products - Tecnobus - Autobus e minibus per il trasporto pubblico". Tecnobus.it. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  73. ↑ "News and Media - Volvo Group". news.volvogroup.com.
  74. ↑ "Bussen som går på el".
  75. ↑ TOSA2013 The project aims to introduce a new system of mass transport with electric “flash” recharging of the buses at selected stops (overhead conductive charging)
  76. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-22. (in Chamorro)
  77. ↑ ""First Fully Electric Double Decker Bus in North American Unveiled Today"". Victoria Buzz (2016-10-13). Retrieved 2017-08-16.
  78. ↑ Business Wire (2012-05-04). "City of Windsor First in North America to Launch BYD Environmentally-Friendly Electric Buses". Business Wire. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  79. ↑ "L'Écolobus sillonne les rues de la ville". Québec Hebdo. Québec. June 13, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  80. ↑ "Écolobus". Réseau de transport de la Capitale (in French). Québec. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  81. ↑ "Bus hybride". 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  82. ↑ "Cité mobilité". STM (in French). Québec. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  83. ↑ "Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Electric and Hybrid Electric Propulsion as an Alternative Fuel". Transit-safety.fta.dot.gov. 2001-12-15. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  84. ↑ Yoney, Domenick (2009-02-08). "Proterra touring California with fast-charging electric bus — Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  85. ↑ "Zero Emission Buses". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  86. ↑ "Transit Top Page: Public Transit Agencies". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  87. ↑ "Aruba Partners with BYD in Zero-Emissions Initiative, Energy Independence by 2020<002594.SZ>". Reuters.com. 2013-06-11. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
  88. ↑ "Sao Paulo, Brazil, Mayor Confirms Plan for BYD Electric Buses". finance.yahoo.com. 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  89. 1 2 "BYD K9 Electric Buses Drive in San Diego-news-www.chinabuses.org". Chinabuses.org. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  90. ↑ "Future Rapid Transportation System Unveiled in Bogotá". Bloomberg.com. 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  91. ↑ "BYD bringing electric buses to Uruguay; targeting more than 500 by 2015". Green Car Congress. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.