Accession of Montenegro to the European Union

Montenegrin EU accession bid
Status Negotiating
Opened chapters 31
Closed chapters 3
Website
Statistics
EU averageMontenegro
PPP GDP ($M)552,7807,157
PPP per capita ($)40,60017,000 (2016 est.) [1]
Area (km2)165,04813,812
Population18,583,598625,000
Montenegro
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Montenegro
Constitution

Accession of Montenegro to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro started the process of Accession to the European Union in November 2005, when negotiations over a Stabilisation and Association Agreement began. In May 2006, Montenegro voted for independence in a referendum and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved. Serbia continued with the existing negotiations, and separate negotiations were launched with Montenegro in September 2006.[2][3] The Agreement was initialled on 15 March 2007 and officially signed on 15 October 2007. In 2010, the Commission issued a favourable opinion on Montenegro's application, identifying seven key priorities that would need to be addressed for negotiations to begin, and the Council granted it candidate status. In December 2011, the Council launched the accession process with a view to opening negotiations in June 2012. The accession negotiations with Montenegro subsequently began on 29 June 2012. With 31 chapters opened, the country enjoys a widespread support among EU members' officials, and accession of the country to the EU is considered possible by 2025. In its 2016 assessment of the accession progress, European Commission has identified Montenegro as having the highest level of preparation for membership among the negotiating states.

Montenegro is currently receiving EUR 507mn of developmental aid until 2020 from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.

Application

Montenegro officially applied to join the EU on 15 December 2008.[4] On 23 April 2009, the Council invited the European Commission to submit its opinion on the application. The Commission presented Montenegro with a questionnaire to assess its application on 22 July 2009.[5] On 9 December 2009, Montenegro delivered its answers to the EC questionnaire.[6] Negotiations on a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) between Montenegro and the European Union started in September 2006.[7] The agreement was officially signed on 15 October 2007, and on 1 May 2010 it came into force, after all the 27 member-states of EU had ratified the SAA.[8][9] The European Commission on 9 November 2010 recommended Montenegro as candidate country. This candidate status was officially granted on 17 December 2010.[10]

Montenegro is experiencing ecological, judicial and crime-related problems that may hinder its bid.[11] Montenegro signed an agreement with the Bulgarian government in December 2007 in which Bulgaria will assist Montenegro with its Euro-Atlantic and EU integration for the following three years.[12]

On 27 July 2010, the Montenegrin Parliament passed a non-discrimination law that includes sexual orientation and gender identity as prohibited grounds of discrimination. This was one of the requirements the country had to meet for EU membership.[13]

Montenegro's population is overwhelmingly pro-EU, with 76.2% being in favour according to polling and only 9.8% against, in October 2009.[14]

To work on these matter the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro has a special agency dedicated to accession to the EU, the Office for assistance to the Chief Negotiator. The goal of the office is to support the task of the Chief Negotiator for Montenegro’s Accession to EU, Aleksandar Drljević.

State of Stabilisation and Association Agreement ratification

Status of SAA ratification
Event Macedonia [15] Croatia [16] Albania [17] Montenegro [18][Note 1] Bosnia and
Herzegovina [20]		 Serbia [21][Note 2] Kosovo* [22][Note 3]
SAA negotiations start 2000-04-05 2000-11-24 2003-01-31 2005-10-10 2005-11-25 2005-10-10 2013-10-28[24]
SAA initialled 2000-11-24 2001-05-14 2006-02-28 2007-03-15 2007-12-04 2007-11-07 2014-07-25[25]
SAA/IA signature 2001-04-09 2001-10-29 2006-06-12 2007-10-15 2008-06-16 2008-04-29 2015-10-27[26]
Interim Agreement:
EC ratification 2001-04-27 2002-01-30 2006-06-12 2007-10-15 2008-06-16 2009-12-08 N/A [Note 4]
SAP state ratification 2001-04-27 2002-01-30 2006-10-09 2007-11-14 2008-06-20 2008-09-22 N/A [Note 4]
entry into force 2001-06-01 2002-03-01 2006-12-01 2008-01-01 2008-07-01 2010-02-01 N/A [Note 4]
Deposit of the instrument of ratification:
SAP state 2001-04-27 2002-01-30 2006-11-09 2007-11-13 2009-02-26 2008-09-22 2016-02-26
Austria 2002-09-06 2002-03-15 2008-05-21 2008-07-04 2009-09-04 2011-01-13 N/A
Belgium 2003-12-29 2003-12-17 2008-10-22 2010-03-29 2010-03-29 2012-03-20 N/A
Bulgaria entered the EU later 2008-05-30 2009-03-13 2010-08-12 N/A
Croatia entered the EU later N/A
Cyprus entered the EU later 2008-05-30 2008-11-20 2009-07-02 2010-11-26 N/A
Czech Republic entered the EU later 2008-05-07 2009-02-19 2009-07-23 2011-01-28 N/A
Denmark 2002-04-10 2002-05-08 2008-04-24 2008-06-25 2009-05-26 2011-03-04 N/A
Estonia entered the EU later 2007-10-17 2007-11-22 2008-09-11 2010-08-19 N/A
Finland 2004-01-06 2004-01-06 2007-11-29 2009-03-18 2009-04-07 2011-10-21 N/A
France 2003-06-04 2003-06-04 2009-02-12 2009-07-30 2011-02-10 2012-01-16 N/A
Germany 2002-06-20 2002-10-18 2009-02-19 2009-11-16 2009-08-14 2012-02-24 N/A
Greece 2003-08-27 2003-08-27 2009-02-26 2010-03-04 2010-09-20 2011-03-10 N/A
Hungary entered the EU later 2007-04-23 2008-05-14 2008-10-22 2010-11-16 N/A
Ireland 2002-05-06 2002-05-06 2007-06-11 2009-06-04 2009-06-04 2011-09-29 N/A
Italy 2003-10-30 2004-10-06 2008-01-07 2009-10-13 2010-09-08 2011-01-06 N/A
Latvia entered the EU later 2006-12-19 2008-10-17 2009-11-12 2011-05-30 N/A
Lithuania entered the EU later 2007-05-17 2009-03-04 2009-05-04 2013-06-26 N/A
Luxembourg 2003-07-28 2003-08-01 2007-07-04 2009-06-11 2010-12-22 2011-01-21 N/A
Malta entered the EU later 2008-04-21 2008-12-11 2010-01-07 2010-07-06 N/A
Netherlands 2002-09-09 2004-04-30 2007-12-10 2009-01-29 2009-09-30 2012-02-27 N/A
Poland entered the EU later 2007-04-14 2009-02-06 2010-04-07 2012-01-13 N/A
Portugal 2003-07-14 2003-07-14 2008-07-11 2008-09-23 2009-06-29 2011-03-04 N/A
Romania entered the EU later 2009-01-15 2010-01-08 2012-05-22 N/A
Slovakia entered the EU later 2007-07-20 2008-07-29 2009-03-17 2010-11-11 N/A
Slovenia entered the EU later 2007-01-18 2008-02-07 2009-03-10 2010-12-07 N/A
Spain 2002-10-04 2002-10-04 2007-05-03 2009-03-12 2010-06-15 2010-06-21 N/A
Sweden 2002-06-25 2003-03-27 2007-03-21 2009-03-11 2009-09-14 2011-04-15 N/A
United Kingdom 2002-12-17 2004-09-03 2007-10-16 2010-01-12 2010-04-20 2011-08-11 N/A
European Communities or
European Union and Euratom		 2004-02-25 2004-12-21 2009-02-26 2010-03-29 2015-04-30 2013-07-22 2016-02-24 [Note 5]
SAA entry into force 2004-04-01 2005-02-01 2009-04-01 2010-05-01 2015-06-01 2013-09-01 2016-04-01[30]
EU membership (SAA lapsed) (TBD) 2013-07-01 (TBD) (TBD) (TBD) (TBD) (TBD)

N/A: Not applicable.

  1. ↑ Montenegro started negotiations in November 2005 while a part of Serbia and Montenegro (SiM). Separate technical negotiations were conducted regarding issues of sub-state organizational competency. A mandate for direct negotiations with Montenegro was established in July 2006. Direct negotiations were initiated on 26 September 2006 and concluded on 1 December 2006.[19]
  2. ↑ Serbia started negotiations in November 2005 while part of SiM, with a modified mandate from July 2006.
  3. ↑ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states. The European Union remains divided on its policy towards Kosovo, with five EU member states not recognizing its independence. The EU launched a Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism for Kosovo on 6 November 2002 with the aim of aligning its policy with EU standards. On 10 October 2012 the European Commission found that there were no legal obstacles to Kosovo signing a SAA with the EU, as independence is not required for such an agreement.[23]
  4. 1 2 3 No Interim Agreement associated with Kosovo's SAA was concluded.[27]
  5. ↑ Kosovo's SAA was the first signed after the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, which conferred a legal personality to the EU. As a result, unlike previous SAAs Kosovo's is exclusively between it and the EU and Euratom, and the member states are not parties independently.[24][28][29]

Unilateral euro adoption

Montenegro has no currency of its own. As a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia following World War II, and later of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav dinar was the official currency in Montenegro. In November 1999, the government of Montenegro unilaterally designated the Deutsche Mark as its co-official currency with the dinar, and on 1 January 2001 the dinar officially ceased to be a legal tender in Montenegro.[31][32] When the euro was introduced and the Deutsche Mark yielded, Montenegro followed suit and began using the euro as well, with no objection from the European Central Bank (ECB).[33][34] The European Commission and the ECB have since voiced their discontent over Montenegro's unilateral use of the euro on several occasions.”[35] A statement attached to their Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read: "unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty."[36] The EU insists on the strict adherence to convergence criteria (such as spending at least 2 years in the ERMII system) which are not negotiable before euro adoption, but have not intervened to stop the unilateral adoption of the euro by Montenegro in 2002.[35][37]

The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process.[35] The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption "would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession."[36] Diplomats have suggested that it's unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country.[33][36] Radoje Žugić, Montenegro's Minister of Finance, has stated that "it would be extremely economically irrational to return to our own currency and then later to again go back to the euro."[38] Instead, he hopes that Montenegro will be permitted to keep the euro and has promised "the government of Montenegro, will adopt some certain elements, which should fulfil the conditions for further use of the euro; such as adopting fiscal rules."[38]

Negotiation progress

As of June 2018, there are currently two chapters waiting to be opened, twenty-eight chapters open, and five chapters that have been provisionally closed, including two chapters in which there is nothing to adopt.

Chapter and Accession Dates
ChapterScreening startedScreening completedChapter openedChapter closed
Overview33 out of 3333 out of 3331 out of 33 [39]3 out of 33 [39]
1. Free Movement of Goods2013-01-142013-03-062017-06-20–
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers2013-05-132013-06-072017-12-11[40]–
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services2012-10-232012-11-302017-12-11[41]–
4. Free Movement of Capital2013-01-182013-02-212014-06-24[42]–
5. Public Procurement2012-09-272012-11-192013-12-18–
6. Company Law2012-10-022012-11-222013-12-18–
7. Intellectual Property Law2012-10-112012-11-212014-03-31–
8. Competition Policy2012-10-032012-12-04––
9. Financial Services2013-04-172013-06-112015-06-22[43]–
10. Information Society & Media2012-12-062013-01-222014-03-31–
11. Agriculture & Rural Development2012-11-062012-12-132016-12-13–
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy2012-10-152013-02-012016-06-30–
13. Fisheries2013-03-142013-06-062016-06-30–
14. Transport Policy2013-04-222013-05-302015-12-21–
15. Energy2013-02-272013-04-112015-12-21–
16. Taxation2013-04-082013-04-302015-03-30–
17. Economic & Monetary Policy2013-01-102013-02-262018-06-25–
18. Statistics2013-06-032013-06-252014-12-16[44]–
19. Social Policy & Employment2013-01-232013-03-132016-12-13–
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy2012-10-252012-11-282013-12-18–
21. Trans-European Networks2013-04-222013-05-302015-06-22[43]–
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments2012-11-142012-12-182017-06-20–
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights2012-03-26[45]2012-05-312013-12-18–
24. Justice, Freedom & Security2012-03-28[45]2012-05-252013-12-18–
25. Science & Research2012-09-242012-09-252012-12-182012-12-18[46]
26. Education & Culture2012-09-262012-11-162013-04-152013-04-15[47]
27. Environment & Climate Change2013-02-042013-03-22––
28. Consumer & Health Protection2013-02-192013-04-162014-12-16[44]–
29. Customs Union2013-05-232013-06-212014-12-16[44]–
30. External Relations2013-05-142013-06-122015-03-302017-06-20
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy2013-05-172013-06-272014-06-24[42]–
32. Financial Control2013-05-162013-06-192014-06-24[42]–
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions2013-05-152013-06-262014-12-16[44]–
34. InstitutionsN/AN/AN/AN/A
35. Other IssuesN/AN/AN/AN/A
Latest EC Assessment
Acquis chapterStatus as of Spring 2018[48][49]Chapter Status
Overview2 chapters in early stage
2 chapters with some level of preparation
21 chapters which are moderately prepared
8 chapters with a good level of preparation
2 chapters with nothing to adopt		5 provisionally closed
26 open
2 not yet opened
1. Free Movement of GoodsModerately preparedOpen
2. Freedom of Movement For WorkersSome level of preparationOpen
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide ServicesModerately preparedOpen
4. Free Movement of CapitalModerately preparedOpen
5. Public ProcurementModerately preparedOpen
6. Company LawGood level of preparationOpen
7. Intellectual Property LawGood level of preparationOpen
8. Competition PolicyModerately preparedNot Yet Opened
9. Financial ServicesModerately preparedOpen
10. Information Society & MediaModerately preparedOpen
11. Agriculture & Rural DevelopmentModerately preparedOpen
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary PolicyModerately preparedOpen
13. FisheriesEarly stageOpen
14. Transport PolicyGood level of preparationOpen
15. EnergyGood level of preparationOpen
16. TaxationModerately preparedOpen
17. Economic & Monetary PolicyModerately preparedOpen
18. StatisticsModerately preparedOpen
19. Social Policy & EmploymentModerately preparedOpen
20. Enterprise & Industrial PolicyModerately preparedOpen
21. Trans-European NetworksModerately preparedOpen
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural InstrumentsModerately preparedOpen
23. Judiciary & Fundamental RightsModerately preparedOpen
24. Justice, Freedom & SecurityModerately preparedOpen
25. Science & ResearchGood level of preparationProvisionally closed
26. Education & CultureGood level of preparationProvisionally closed
27. Environment & Climate ChangeSome level of preparationNot Yet Opened
28. Consumer & Health ProtectionModerately preparedOpen
29. Customs UnionModerately preparedOpen
30. External RelationsGood level of preparationProvisionally closed
31. Foreign, Security & Defence PolicyGood level of preparationOpen
32. Financial ControlModerately preparedOpen
33. Financial & Budgetary ProvisionsEarly stageOpen
34. InstitutionsNothing to adoptNothing to adopt /
Provisionally closed
35. Other IssuesNothing to adoptNothing to adopt /
Provisionally closed
Past Assessments
Acquis chapterEC assessment at startEC Assessment in 2015[50]EC Assessment in 2016[51]EC Assessment in 2018[52][53]
1. Free Movement of GoodsConsiderable efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
2. Freedom of Movement For WorkersFurther efforts neededEarly stageSome level of preparationSome level of preparation
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide ServicesFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
4. Free Movement of CapitalFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
5. Public ProcurementFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
6. Company LawFurther efforts neededModerately preparedGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
7. Intellectual Property LawConsiderable efforts neededWell preparedGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
8. Competition PolicyFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
9. Financial ServicesFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
10. Information Society & MediaFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
11. Agriculture & Rural DevelopmentConsiderable efforts neededSome level of preparationModerately preparedModerately prepared
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary PolicyConsiderable efforts neededSome level of preparationModerately preparedModerately prepared
13. FisheriesConsiderable efforts neededEarly stageEarly stageEarly stage
14. Transport PolicyFurther efforts neededModerately preparedGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
15. EnergyFurther efforts neededModerately preparedGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
16. TaxationNo major difficulties expectedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
17. Economic & Monetary PolicyFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
18. StatisticsConsiderable efforts neededSome level of preparationSome level of preparationModerately prepared
19. Social Policy & EmploymentConsiderable efforts neededSome level of preparationSome level of preparationModerately prepared
20. Enterprise & Industrial PolicyNo major difficulties expectedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
21. Trans-European NetworksFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural InstrumentsConsiderable efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
23. Judiciary & Fundamental RightsConsiderable efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
24. Justice, Freedom & SecurityConsiderable efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
25. Science & ResearchNo major difficulties expectedGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
26. Education & CultureNo major difficulties expectedGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
27. Environment & Climate ChangeTotally incompatibleEarly stageSome level of preparationSome level of preparation
28. Consumer & Health ProtectionFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
29. Customs UnionNo major difficulties expectedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
30. External RelationsNo major difficulties expectedGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
31. Foreign, Security & Defence PolicyNo major difficulties expectedGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
32. Financial ControlConsiderable efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
33. Financial & Budgetary ProvisionsNo major difficulties expectedEarly stageEarly stageEarly stage
34. InstitutionsNothing to adoptNothing to adoptNothing to adoptNothing to adopt
35. Other IssuesNothing to adoptNothing to adoptNothing to adoptNothing to adopt
  totally incompatible
  early stage / very hard to adopt
  considerable efforts needed
  some level of preparation
  further efforts needed
  moderately prepared
  no major difficulties expected
  good level of preparation
  well prepared / well advanced

Visa liberalisation process

On 1 January 2008 the visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Montenegro and the EU entered into force.[54] Montenegro was added to the list of visa exempt nationals on 19 December 2009, allowing their citizens to enter the Schengen Area, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania without a visa when traveling with biometric passports.[55] Visa liberalisation process does not include travels to Ireland or the United Kingdom as these countries operate their own respective visa regimes outside of the Schengen Agreement.

Timeline

Timeline
Date Event
15 October 2007Montenegro signs the Stabilisation and Association Agreement.
15 December 2008Formal application for membership submitted.
22 July 2009Commission applied Questionnaire to the Montenegro.
9 December 2009Montenegro submits answers to the Commission's Questionnaire.
12 April 2010Montenegro submits additional answers to the Commission's Questionnaire.
9 November 2010European Commission replies to the answers of the Questionnaire with a positive opinion (Avis).
17 December 2010Montenegro receives official candidate status.
12 October 2011Commission recommends starting of negotiations.[56]
26 March 2012Screening started.
26 June 2012European Council sets a target date of 29 June for the beginning of accession negotiations.[57]
29 June 2012Accession negotiations begin with the screening process.[57]
18 December 2012Chapter on "Science and Research" is opened and closed.
15 April 2013The first accession conference is held in Brussels. Chapter on "Education and Culture" is opened and closed.
1 June 2013The second accession conference was planned to be held in Brussels in June.[58]
27 June 2013Screening completed.[59]
18 December 2013Five chapters are opened.[60]
31 March 2014Two chapters are opened.[61]
24 June 2014Three chapters are opened.[62][63]
16 December 2014Four chapters are opened.[64]
30 March 2015Two chapters are opened.[65]
22 June 2015Two chapters are opened.[43]
21 December 2015Two chapters are opened.[66]
30 June 2016Two chapters are opened.[67]
13 December 2016Two chapters are opened.
20 June 2017Two chapters are opened and one chapter is closed.[68]
11 December 2017Two chapters are opened.[69]
25 June 2018One chapter is opened.

Impact of joining

Member countries Population Area (km²) GDP
(billion US$)		 GDP
per capita (US$)		 Languages
 Montenegro 621,400 13,812 4.42 7,113 Montenegrin
EU28 507,890,191 4,381,376 17,267 33,998 24
EU28+1 508,511,591
(+0.12%)		 4,395,188
(+0.32%)		 17,271.420
(+0.026%)		 33,965
(−0.1%)		 25

See also

References

  1. ↑ World Factbook, CIA, accessed on 21 June 2017
  2. ↑ Enlargement Process – Montenegro Key Events Archived 22 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine., European Commission, accessed on 10 January 2007
  3. ↑ Germany prepares to take over EU presidency, Southeast European Times, 19 December 2006, accessed on 10 January 2007
  4. ↑ Montenegro formally applies to join European Union at the Wayback Machine (archive index) EUbusiness, 16 December 2008, archived on 26 April 2009 from the original Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ↑ "EC questionnaire to Montenegro" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  6. ↑ "Montenegro delivers answers to EC questionnaire". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  7. ↑ "Montenegro". European Commission. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  8. ↑ "SAA comes into force for Montenegro". Archived from the original on 3 May 2010.
  9. ↑ "Montenegro: Stabilisation and Association Agreement comes into force".
  10. ↑ ""Commission Opinion on Montenegro's application for membership of the European Union"" (PDF). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  11. ↑ "Ren: Kriminal prepreka Crnoj Gori". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  12. ↑ "Новини от България и света, актуална информация 24 часа в денонощието". News.bg. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  13. ↑ ILGA Europe:Montenegro fulfils EU membership requirement and protects LGBT people from discrimination. 19 August 2010.
  14. ↑ Političko javno mnjenje Crne Gore Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Centar Za Demokratiju i Ljudska Prava, October 2009
  15. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Macedonia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  16. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Croatia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  17. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Albania". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  18. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Montenegro". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  19. ↑ "EU, Montenegro complete negotiations on pre-membership deal to bring country closer to bloc". International Herald Tribune. The Associated Press. 2006-12-01. Archived from the original on 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
  20. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Bosnia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  21. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Serbia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  22. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Kosovo*". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
  23. ↑ "Feasibility Study for a Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo" (PDF). European Commission. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  24. 1 2 "EU starts the Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations with Kosovo". European Commission. 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
  25. ↑ "Stabilization and Association Agreement is initialled". Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Kosovo. 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  26. ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo signed". European Commission. 2015-10-27. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  27. ↑ "Kosovo to negotiate on Stabilisation and Association Agreement". 2013-10-27. Retrieved 2013-10-27.
  28. ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations successfully completed". European External Action Service. 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  29. ↑ "Kosovo Launches Crucial SAA Talks With EU". Balkan Insight. 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2013-10-28.
  30. ↑ "Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo (*), of the other part". EUR-Lex. 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
  31. ↑ Amerini, Amerini (2004). "Exchange rates in Western Balkan countries" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2006.
  32. ↑ Republic of Montenegro: Selected Issues. International Monetary Fund. February 2008. p. 34.
  33. 1 2 "EU to question Montenegro's use of euro". 8 October 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  34. ↑ "Montenegro's euro challenge". BBC. 3 January 2002. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
  35. 1 2 3 "EU warns Montenegro over Euro". B92. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  36. 1 2 3 "Montenegro heading for EU membership". 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  37. ↑ "EU prijeti Crnoj Gori ukidanjem eura: Niste sposobni za našu valutu" [EU threatens revoking the euro from Montenegro: You're not capable enough for our currency] (in Croatian). Index.hr. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  38. 1 2 "Montenegro's peculiar path to EU membership". 7 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  39. 1 2 "EU Accession Negotiations". 21 December 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015. As of 21 December 2015, twenty-two negotiating Chapters, including the rule of law Chapters, 23 – Judiciary and fundamental rights and 24 – Justice, freedom and security, have been opened, out which two Chapters (25 – Science and research and 26 – Education and culture) have been provisionally closed.
  40. ↑ https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/eu-advances-membership-talks-for-serbia-montenegro/
  41. ↑ https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/eu-advances-membership-talks-for-serbia-montenegro/
  42. 1 2 3 "EU otvorila još tri poglavlja u pregovorima s Crnom Gorom". 26 November 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  43. 1 2 3 https://eu2015.lv/news/media-releases/2391-sixth-meeting-of-the-accession-conference-with-montenegro-at-ministerial-level-2-new-chapters-opened
  44. 1 2 3 4 http://www.mvpei.gov.me/vijesti/144754/Potpredsjednik-Vlade-Igor-Luksic-na-Meduvladinoj-konferenciji-o-pristupanju-Crne-Gore-EU.html
  45. 1 2 "EU 'Screening' of Montenegro Starts in Brussels". 28 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  46. ↑ "Montenegro - Membership status". 27 June 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  47. ↑ "EU-Montenegro promote accession talks".
  48. ↑ https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20180417-montenegro-report.pdf
  49. ↑ http://www.delmne.ec.europa.eu/upload/images/poglavljaengbig.jpg
  50. ↑ http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2015/20151110_report_montenegro.pdf
  51. ↑ http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2016/20161109_report_montenegro.pdf
  52. ↑ https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20180417-montenegro-report.pdf
  53. ↑ http://www.delmne.ec.europa.eu/upload/images/poglavljaengbig.jpg
  54. ↑ "Montenegro - EU-Montenegro relations". European Commission. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  55. ↑ "EU lifts visa restrictions for Serbia". 30 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  56. ↑ "EU links Serbia's candidate status to Kosovo talks". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  57. 1 2 Council conclusions on Montenegro Archived 19 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  58. ↑ Montenegro opens and temporarily closes Chapter 26 for EU accession Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  59. ↑ "Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova i evropskih integracija Crne Gore - Sao…". 17 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  60. ↑ "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - EU-Montenegro: Important milestone in accession negotiations". europa.eu. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  61. ↑ "Saopštenje: Crna Gora otvorila poglavlja 7 i 10" [Press release: Montenegro opened chapters 7:10] (Press release) (in Montenegrin). Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova i evropskih integracija [Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European integration]. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  62. ↑ http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/genaff/143372.pdf%5Bdead+link%5D
  63. ↑ "Saopštenje: Ministar Ivanović učestvovao na sastanku Zajedničkog konsultativnog odbora civilnog društva EU – Crna Gora, na kome se diskutovalo u napretku Crne Gore u EU" [Press release: Minister Ivanovic took part in a meeting of the Joint Consultative Committee of EU civil society - Montenegro, where it was discussed in the progress of Montenegro in the EU] (Press release) (in Montenegrin). Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova i evropskih integracija [Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European integration]. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  64. ↑ EU has opened four new chapters in accession talks with Montenegro Archived 19 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Balkans.com Business News.
  65. ↑ "Montenegro opens 2 more chapters of EU entry talks". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  66. ↑ "Montenegro opens two EU accession chapters". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  67. ↑ "Accession conference with Montenegro: Talks opened on chapters 12 and 13 - Consilium". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  68. ↑ Archives, E. W. B. (20 June 2017). "Montenegro opens chapters 1 and 22, closes 30". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  69. ↑ "Detalji". www.mep.gov.me. Retrieved 2017-12-10.

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