艮

See also: 良, 民, and ☶

艮	U+826E, 艮 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-826E

← 艭
[U+826D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

良 →
[U+826F]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

艮 (radical 138, 艮+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 日女 (AV), four-corner 7773₂, composition ⿸⿰𠄌彐⿺乀丿)

Kangxi radical #138, ⾉.

Derived characters

Index:Chinese radical/艮
根痕狠恨垠銀限眼𡯣鞎䫀珢

References

KangXi: page 1013, character 22
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30596
Dae Jaweon: page 1472, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3170, character 1
Unihan data for U+826E

Chinese

simp. and trad.		艮
variant forms		𥃩㫔

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 艮
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu Slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
艱	*krɯːn
齦	kʰrɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼	*ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝	*ɡrɯːn
限	*ɡrɯːnʔ
硍	*ɡrɯːnʔ
豤	kʰɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪	ɡlɯːnʔ, kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根	*kɯːn
跟	*kɯːn
珢	kɯːn, kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮	*kɯːns
茛	*kɯːns
墾	*kʰɯːnʔ
懇	*kʰɯːnʔ
垠	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn
痕	*ɡɯːn
拫	*ɡɯːn
鞎	*ɡɯːn
很	*ɡɯːnʔ
恨	*ɡɯːns
銀	*ŋrɯn
檭	*ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kɯːns) : 目 (“eye”) + 匕.

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gèn (gen⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄣˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gan³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ken
Min Nan (POJ): kùn / kìn

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: gèn
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄣˋ
  - Wade–Giles: kên⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genn
  - IPA ^(key): /kən⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gan³
  - Yale: gan
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gan³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gen³
  - IPA ^(key): /kɐn³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ken
  - Hakka Romanization System: gen
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gen⁴
  - IPA: /ken⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kùn
  - Tâi-lô: kùn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kuxn
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kun⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kun¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kun²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kìn
  - Tâi-lô: kìn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kixn
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin²¹/

Middle Chinese: /kən^H/▼

Rime
Character	艮
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	痕 (53)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古恨切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kən^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kən^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kən^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kən^H/
Li Rong	/kən^H/
Wang Li	/kən^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kən^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gèn

Old Chinese▼
(Zhengzhang): /*kɯːns/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	艮
Reading #	1/1
No.	3924
Phonetic component	艮
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	艮
Old Chinese	/*kɯːns/

Definitions

艮

one of the Eight Trigrams 八卦, symbolizing mountains (☶)
A surname.

Compounds

儒艮 (rúgèn)

艮嶽／艮岳

艮苦冰涼／艮苦冰凉

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gěn (gen³)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄣˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: gěn
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄣˇ
  - Wade–Giles: kên³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geen
  - IPA ^(key): /kən²¹⁴/

Definitions

艮

(dialectal Mandarin) blunt; straightforward
- 這人真艮。 / 这人真艮。 ― Zhè rén zhēn gěn. ― That fellow is really blunt.
- 他說的話太艮。 / 他说的话太艮。 ― Tā shuō de huà tài gěn. ― He put it too sharply.
(dialectal Mandarin) tough, chewy
- 艮蘿蔔不好吃。 / 艮萝卜不好吃。 ― Gěn luóbo bù hǎochī. ― Tough radishes are not good for eating.

Japanese

Kanji

艮

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

northeast

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon)
Kan-on: こん (kon)
Kan’yō-on: ごん (gon)
Kun: うしとら (ushitora, 艮)

Etymology

丑 (ushi) +‎ 寅 (tora)

Noun

艮 (hiragana うしとら, rōmaji ushitora)

(obsolete) northeast

Korean

Hanja

艮 (eum 간 (gan))

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Vietnamese

Han character

艮: Hán Nôm readings: cấn, cản, ngắn, ngăn, ngấn, ngẩn, ngổn, ngần

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