免

See also: 兔
免 U+514D, 免
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-514D
← 兌
[U+514C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 兎 →
[U+514E]
免 U+FA32, 免
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA32
← 僧
[U+FA31] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勉 →
[U+FA33]
免 U+2F80E, 免
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80E
← 𠘺
[U+2F80D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 兔 →
[U+2F80F]

Translingual
Japanese 免
Simplified 免
Traditional 免

Alternative forms

A variant form with 刀 rather than ⺈ on top exists.

There is another variant, in which the left handed stroke ㇓ is written as two separate components. This variant is adopted by Japanese shinjitai.

Han character

免 (radical 10, 儿+5 in Chinese, 儿+6 in Japanese, 7 strokes in Chinese, 8 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓日竹山 (NAHU), four-corner 27416, composition ⿱⺈⿸⿻口丿乚(GHTK) or ⿳⺈𫩏儿(JV) or ⿱刀⿸⿻口丿乚(U+FA32))

References
  • KangXi: page 124, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1358
  • Dae Jaweon: page 264, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 270, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+514D

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 免

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 免
Bronze inscriptions

b12515

b12516

b12517

b12518

b12519

b12520

Transcribed ancient scripts

L34720

L34721

L34722

L34723

L34724

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (免) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
免 *mronʔ
娩 *mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns
勉 *mronʔ
俛 *mronʔ
鮸 *mronʔ
冕 *mronʔ
絻 *mronʔ, *moːn, *muns
婏 *m̥ʰos
浼 *muːlʔ
鞔 *moːn
悗 *moːn
嬎 *m̥ʰons
晚 *monʔ
挽 *monʔ
輓 *monʔ, *mons
脕 *monʔ, *mons, *muns
莬 *muns

Pictogram (象形) – a man in a hat. Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 冕 (OC *mronʔ) refers to the original word.

Pronunciation 1
Note:
  • miang2/miêng2 - literary (including “there is no need”, miêng2 - Chaozhou);
  • ming2/mêng2 - vernacular (mêng2 - Jieyang).
Rime
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 仙 (79)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 亡辨切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /mˠiᴇnX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /mᵚiɛnX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /miænX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /mianX/
Li
Rong		 /mjɛnX/
Wang
Li		 /mĭɛnX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /mi̯ɛnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 miǎn
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 miǎn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ mjenX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*mr[o][r]ʔ/
English avoid

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
No. 9065
Phonetic
component		 免
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 免
Old
Chinese		 /*mronʔ/

Definitions

免

  1. to take off; to remove from the body
  2. to release; to set free
  3. to excuse from; to exempt
  4. to discharge; to waive; to forgive
  5. to dismiss from office
  6. to be not allowed; to be forbidden to
  7. (Min Nan) it is not necessary; there is no need
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 不用 (“need not”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 不必, 無須, 毋庸
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不必, 毋須, 無須, 無須乎
Mandarin Beijing 甭, 不用, 甭用
Taiwan 不用
Shenyang 甭
Jinan 甭
Xi'an 不用
Wuhan 不消, 用不著
Chengdu 不消
Kunming 不用
Yangzhou 用不著
Hefei 不用
Cantonese Guangzhou 唔使
Hong Kong 唔使
Taishan 唔使
Dongguan 唔使
Yangjiang 無使, 使乜
Gan Nanchang 不消, 用不著
Hakka Meixian 毋使
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 毋使
Liudui (S. Sixian) 毋使
Hsinchu (Hailu) 毋使
Dongshi (Dabu) 毋使
Hsinchu (Raoping) 毋使
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 毋使
Jin Taiyuan 不用
Min Bei Jian'ou 伓讓
Min Dong Fuzhou 伓使
Matsu 伓使
Min Nan Xiamen 毋免, 免, 毋使
Quanzhou 毋免, 免
Zhangzhou 毋免, 免, 毋使
Taipei 毋免, 免
Kaohsiung 毋免, 免
Penang 毋免, 免
Chaozhou 免用, 免
Wu Shanghai 勿要
Suzhou 用勿著
Wenzhou 覅用, 否用
Xiang Changsha 不消
Shuangfeng 不消, 不要

Compounds
Derived terms from 免

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

免

  1. (historical) Alternative form of 絻 (“a kind of mourning apparel”).
  2. bud

Compounds
Derived terms from 免

Japanese

Kanji
免

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Noun

免 (hiragana めん, rōmaji men)

  1. dismissal, being made to quit

Korean

Hanja

免 • (myeon, mun) (hangeul 면, 문, revised myeon, mun, McCune–Reischauer myŏn, mun, Yale myen, mwun)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

免 (miễn, mấy, mến, mém, mễm)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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