< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/iz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ís, *éy.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /iz/

Pronoun

*iz

  1. he, she, it, they; 3rd person personal pronoun

Inflection
Declension of *iz (irregular)
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *iz *īz *sī *ijôz *it *ijō
Accusative *inǭ *inz *ijǭ *ijōz *it *ijō
Genitive *es *ezǫ̂ *ezōz *ezǫ̂ *es *ezǫ̂
Dative *immai *imaz *ezōi *imaz *immai *imaz
Instrumental *inō *imiz *ezō *imiz *inō *imiz


Descendants
  • Old English: ī- (“self; same”, prefix)
  • Old Frisian: er
    • West Frisian: er
  • Old High German: ēr (see there for a more detailed tree)
    • Middle High German: ër
      • Alemannic German: er, är, aer, er, ër
      • Bavarian: er
      • Central Franconian: er
        • Hunsrik: er, ëyer
      • East Central German: er, ar, ea
      • German: er
      • East Franconian: er, ea, ar
      • Rhine Franconian: er, ér, éa
        • Pennsylvania German: er
      • Yiddish: ער‎ (er)
  • Old Norse: es, er
    • Old Swedish: ær
  • Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)
  • Crimean Gothic: ies
From inflected forms

Nominative

  1. *sī (singular feminine) (< *sih₂)
  2. *it (singular neuter) (< *íd) (see there for further descendants)
  3. *īz (plural masculine) (< *éyes)
  4. *ijôz (plural feminine) (< *íh₂es)
  5. *ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)

Accusative

  1. *inǭ (singular masculine) (< *ím)
  2. *ijǭ (singular feminine) (< [Term?])
  3. *it (singular neuter) (< *íd) (see there for further descendants)
  4. *inz (plural masculine) (< *íns)
  5. *ijōz (plural feminine) (< [Term?])
  6. *ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)

Genitive

  1. *es (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésyo)
  2. *ezōz (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂s)
  3. *ezǫ̂ (plural, all genders) (< *éysom)

Dative

  1. *immai (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésmey)
  2. *ezōi (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂ey)
  3. *imaz (plural, all genders) (< [Term?])
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