Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad (/ˈəhmədɑːbɑːd/ (listen), pronounced as Amdavad in Gujarati[11]) is the largest city and former capital of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,633,927 (as per 2011 population census) makes it the fifth-most populous city in India,[7] and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India.[12][13] Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River, 23 km (14 mi) from the state capital Gandhinagar, which is its twin city.[14]

Ahmedabad

Amdavad
Metropolis
Clockwise from top left:
Sabarmati Ashram, Hutheesing Temple, Motera Stadium, Sabarmati Riverfront , Kankaria Lake.
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad
Coordinates: 23.03°N 72.58°E / 23.03; 72.58
Country India
StateGujarat
DistrictAhmedabad
Establishment
  • in 11th century as Ashawal
  • on 26 February 1411 as Ahmedabad
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyAMC
 • MayorBijal Patel (BJP)[1]
 • Deputy MayorDinesh Makwana[2]
 • Municipal commissionerVijay Nehra
 • Police CommissionerAshish Bhatia [3]
Area
 • Metropolis464.16 km2 (179.21 sq mi)
 • Urban1,866 km2 (720 sq mi)
Area rank1st in Gujarat
Elevation53 m (174 ft)
Population
 (2011)[7]
 • Metropolis5,633,927
 • Rank5th
 • Density12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi)
 • Urban6,357,693
Demonym(s)Ahmedabadi, Amdavadi (in Gujarati)
Language
 • OfficialGujarati
 • Additional officialHindi and English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Pincode(s)
380 0XX
Area code(s)079
Vehicle registrationGJ-01 (west), GJ-27 (East),, GJ-38 Bavla (Rural)
Sex ratio1.11[9] ♂/♀
Literacy rate89.62[7]
Metropolis GDP/PPP$64 billion
Websiteahmedabadcity.gov.in
Source: Census of India.[10]

Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. It is the second-largest producer of cotton in India, and its stock exchange is the country's second oldest. Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad. A newly-built Sardar Patel Stadium at Motera can accommodate 110,000 spectators . The effects of liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city's economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce, communication and construction.[15] Ahmedabad's increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries resulting in recent development of skyscrapers.[16]

In 2010 Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes's list of fastest growing cities of the decade.[17] In 2012, The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India's best city to live in.[18] As of 2017, Ahmedabad's estimated gross domestic product was $68 billion (PPP dollars).[19]

Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[20] In July 2017, the Historic City of Ahmedabad or Old Ahmedabad, was declared as India's first UNESCO World Heritage City.[21]

History

The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Ashaval .[22] At that time, Karna, the Chaulukya ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval,[23] and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati.[24] Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka. Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century. However, by the earlier 15th century, the local Rajput Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I, thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty.[25] This area finally came under the control of his grandson Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. who while at the banks of Sabarmati liked the forested area for a new capital city and laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after the four saints in the area by the name Ahmed.[26] According to other sources, he named it after himself.[27][28] Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411[29] (at 1.20 pm, Thursday, the second day of Dhu al-Qi'dah, Hijri year 813[30]) at Manek Burj. He chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411.[31]

City Walls of Ahmedabad, 1866

In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km (6.2 mi) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements.[32] In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah, fled to Diu.[33] Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686.[34] Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the Marathas.[35]

During the period of Maratha Empire governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda.[36] In 1780, during the First Anglo-Maratha War, a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war. The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War.[26] A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858.[26] Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai (then Bombay) was established by the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI), enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city.[26] Over time, the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname "Manchester of the East".[37]

Ahmedabad and its environs, ca 1914

The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established two ashrams – the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now Sabarmati Ashram) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 – which would become centres of nationalist activities.[26][38] During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the First World War. In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March. The city's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the Quit India Movement. Following independence and the partition of India in 1947, the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947, Ahmedabad was the focus for settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan,[39] who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.

By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares.[40] It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat state after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960.[41] During this period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for higher education, science and technology.[42] Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. Many countries sought to emulate India's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan".

Sabarmati Ashram, established by Mahatma Gandhi

In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built, well-planned city of Gandhinagar. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development. The 1974 Nav Nirman agitation – a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the L.D. College of Engineering in Ahmedabad – snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel, then chief minister of Gujarat.[43] In the 1980s, a reservation policy was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes.[44] The city suffered some of the impact of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and causing much damage.[45] The following year, a three-day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the 2002 Gujarat riots, spread to Ahmedabad; refugee camps were set up around the city.[46]

The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people.[47] Militant group Harkat-ul-Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks.[48]

Demographics

Population
Population growth of Ahmedabad 
CensusPop. %±
1871116,900
—
1901185,900
—
1911216,80016.6%
1921270,00024.5%
1931313,80016.2%
1941595,20089.7%
1951788,30032.4%
19611,149,90045.9%
19711,950,00069.6%
19812,515,20029.0%
19913,312,20031.7%
20014,525,01336.6%
20115,633,92724.5%
sources:[7][49]

At the 2011 Census of India Ahmedabad had a population of 5,633,927, making it the fifth most populous city in India.[7] The urban agglomeration centred upon Ahmedabad, then having a population of 6,357,693, now estimated at 7,650,000, is the seventh most populous urban agglomeration in India.[12][13] The city had a literacy rate of 89.62%; 93.96% of the men and 84.81% of the women were literate.[7] Ahmedabad's sex ratio in 2011 was 897 women per 1000 men.[7] According to the census for the Ninth Plan, there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad. Of those, 5.41% (1663 families) live below the poverty line.[50] Approximately 440,000 people live in slums within the city.[51] In 2008, there were 2273 registered non-resident Indians living in Ahmedabad.[52] In 2010, Forbes magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest-growing city in India, and listed it as third fastest-growing in the world after the Chinese cities of Chengdu and Chongqing.[53] In 2011, it was rated India's best megacity to live in by leading market research firm IMRB.[54] According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report of 2003, Ahmedabad has the lowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million.[55] In December 2011 market research firm IMRB declared Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in, when compared to India's other megacities.[56] Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by "community organisations" (i.e. cooperatives), and according to Vrajlal Sapovadia, professor of the B.K. School of Business Management, "the spatial growth of the city is to [an] extent [a] contribution of these organisations".[57] Ahmedabad Cantonment provides residential zones for Indian Army officials.[58]

Poverty

In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad's wealth faced competition from automation and from domestic specialty looms. Several prominent mills closed down, leaving between 40,000 and 50,000 people without a source of income, and many moved into informal settlements in the city center. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), the governing and administrative body of the city, simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. In the 1990s, newly emerging pharmaceutical, chemical, and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor, so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums.[59]

Ahmedabad has been relatively successful in its efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. The urban poverty rate has declined from 28% in 1993–1994 to 10% in 2011–2012.[59] This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organizations (CSOs) representing poor residents. Through several projects and programs (see below), the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums. However, there are challenges that remain, and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, improved water, and electricity. Riots, often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. Finally, the conception of pro-poor, inclusive development is being overshadowed by a national initiative promoting the creation of 'global cities' of capital investment and technological innovation. This has shifted priorities towards constructing new housing and attracting private development rather than servicing the urban poor.[59]

Informal Housing/Slums

As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing. The other 34% lives in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the total housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained basically constant, and this has led to densification of both formal and informal housing and a more economical use of existing space. The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25.6% of the total population in 1991 and decreased to 4.5% in 2011, but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations. There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population who lives in slum settlements, and a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents.[59]

Slum Networking Project

In the 1990s, the AMC faced increased slum populations. They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water, sewage, and electricity, but because of tenure issues they were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the AMC partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately 13,000 households.[59] This project, also known as Parivartan (Change), involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure (including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting) and community development (i.e. the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training).[60] In addition, participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years. The project cost a total of Rs. 4350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed Rs. 600 million, NGOs provided Rs. 90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project.[60] Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12% of the cost of upgrading their home.[59]

This project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents' working hours, since most worked out of their homes. It also reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness, and increased children's rates of school attendance.[61] The SNP received the 2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practice to improve the living Environment.[62] However, concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure. Additionally, trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks.[59]

Religion and ethnicity
Religions in Ahmedabad City (2011)[63]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 81.56%
Islam
 
 13.51%
Jainism
 
 3.62%
Christianity
 
 0.85%
Sikhism
 
 0.24%
Other or not stated
 
 0.24%

According to the 2011 census, Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81.56% of the population followed by Muslims (13.51%), Jains (3.62%), Christians (0.85%) and Sikhs (0.24%).[63] Buddhists, people following other religions and those who didn't state any religion make up the remainder.

  • Its (Marian) cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahmedabad (Latin Rite; established 1949), a suffragan of the Metropolitan of Gandhinagar.[64]
  • Ahmedabad is home to a large population of Vanias (i.e., traders), belonging to the Vaishnava sect of Hinduism and various sects of Jainism.
  • Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are native Gujaratis. The city is home to some 2000 Parsis and some 125 members of the Bene Israel Jewish community.[65] There is also one synagogue in the city.[66][67]

Geography
19th century painted cloth map of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad lies at 23.03°N 72.58°E / 23.03; 72.58 in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of 464 km2 (179 sq mi).[4] The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment, the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of Maninagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Qutb-ud-din, in 1451.[68]

According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).[69]

Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of Bhadra. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship.[70] A Pol (pronounced as pole) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion.[71][72] This is a list of Pols in the old walled city[71] of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India. Heritage of these Pols[73] has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in UNESCO's Tentative Lists, in selection criteria II, III and IV.[74] The secretary-general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12000 homes of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses.[75] The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center. The first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol.[76] Old city also houses the main railway station, the main post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Sabarmati, facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the relatively modern Nehru Bridge. The western part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road, C. G. Road and Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway.[77]

There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions.

Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront being developed along the banks of Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad, India. Proposed in the 1960s, the construction began in 2005

Climate

Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is 43 °C (109 °F), and the average minimum is 24 °C (75 °F). From November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C (86 °F), the average minimum is 13 °C (55 °F), and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres (31 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 18 and 19 May 2016 which was 50 °C (122 °F).[78]

Climate data for Ahmedabad (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.1
(97.0)		 40.6
(105.1)		 43.9
(111.0)		 46.2
(115.2)		 50.0
(122.0)		 47.2
(117.0)		 42.2
(108.0)		 40.4
(104.7)		 41.7
(107.1)		 42.8
(109.0)		 38.9
(102.0)		 35.6
(96.1)		 50.0
(122.0)
Average high °C (°F) 28.1
(82.6)		 30.8
(87.4)		 35.8
(96.4)		 39.6
(103.3)		 41.6
(106.9)		 38.8
(101.8)		 33.6
(92.5)		 32.0
(89.6)		 33.8
(92.8)		 35.7
(96.3)		 32.9
(91.2)		 29.5
(85.1)		 34.3
(93.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4)		 22.5
(72.5)		 27.6
(81.7)		 31.7
(89.1)		 34.3
(93.7)		 33.1
(91.6)		 29.7
(85.5)		 28.5
(83.3)		 29.2
(84.6)		 28.5
(83.3)		 24.8
(76.6)		 21.4
(70.5)		 27.6
(81.7)
Average low °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3)		 14.3
(57.7)		 19.5
(67.1)		 23.9
(75.0)		 27.0
(80.6)		 27.5
(81.5)		 25.9
(78.6)		 25.0
(77.0)		 24.7
(76.5)		 21.4
(70.5)		 16.7
(62.1)		 13.4
(56.1)		 21.0
(69.8)
Record low °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9)		 2.2
(36.0)		 9.4
(48.9)		 12.8
(55.0)		 19.1
(66.4)		 19.4
(66.9)		 20.4
(68.7)		 21.2
(70.2)		 17.2
(63.0)		 12.6
(54.7)		 8.3
(46.9)		 3.6
(38.5)		 2.2
(36.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.0
(0.04)		 0.8
(0.03)		 0.6
(0.02)		 2.4
(0.09)		 7.0
(0.28)		 80.0
(3.15)		 291.2
(11.46)		 266.2
(10.48)		 86.8
(3.42)		 11.7
(0.46)		 2.3
(0.09)		 1.0
(0.04)		 751
(29.56)
Average rainy days 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 3.9 11.5 10.7 5.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 33.7
Average relative humidity (%) 49 43 37 41 47 62 77 81 71 53 48 50 55
Mean monthly sunshine hours 287.3 274.3 277.5 297.2 329.6 238.3 130.1 111.4 220.6 290.7 274.1 288.6 3,019.7
Source #1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[79][80]
Source #2: NOAA (sun and humidity 1971–1990),[81] IEM ASOS (May record high)[82]

Following a heat wave in May 2010, reaching 46.8 °C (116.2 °F), which claimed hundreds of lives,[83] the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan.[84] Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and co-ordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations, the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health.[85] It also focuses on community participation, building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat, training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat-related illnesses, and co-ordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit.[86]

Cityscape
Sidi Saiyyed Mosque
Birds eye view Ahmedabad old city


Early in Ahmedabad's history, under Ahmed Shah, builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style.[87] Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion.[87] Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or haveli from this era have carvings.[71] A Pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad.

After independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad. Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn, who designed the IIM-A; Le Corbusier, who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owner's Association Building, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed the administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome.[88][89] B. V. Doshi came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the School of Architecture. His local works include Sangath, Amdavad ni Gufa and the School of Architecture. Charles Correa, who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde, and the Indian Textile Industries Research Association.[90][91] Christopher Charles Benninger's first work, the Alliance Française, is located in the Ellis Bridge area.[92] Anant Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn's IIM-A campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD.[93]

A side walk at the Sabarmati Riverfront

Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden, Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after the College of Law situated close to it. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden, Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden.[94] Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes, caracals, Asiatic wolves and chinkara.[95]

Kankaria Lake, Ahmedabad

The Kankaria Lake, built in 1451 AD, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad.[96] In earlier days, it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj-e-Kutub.[97] Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010, another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).[98] Vastrapur lake is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad. Beautified by local authorities in 2002, it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens.[99] Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares. It is home for cormorants, painted storks and spoonbills.[100] During the evening time, many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll.[101] There is a recently developed Naroda lake[102] and the world's largest collection of antique cars in KathWada at IB farm (Dastan Farm).[103] AMC has also developed the Sabarmati Riverfront.[104]

Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site, the Ahmedabad City Police is going to install outdoor Air purifiers at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air.[105]

Civic administration
Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district, administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas the corporation is headed by the Mayor of Ahmedabad. The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote, and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The current Mayor, Bijal Patel, was appointed on 14 June 2018.[1] The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are: water and sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire services, public transport and the city's infrastructure.[4] AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for "the Best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3."[106] Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour.[107]

The city is divided into six zones constituting 64 wards. Ahmedabad district is divided into a number of talukas (administrative divisions) including Ahmedabad taluka Barwala, Dholka, Dhandhuka, Detroj, Sanand, Bavla, Ranpur, Mandal, Viramgam and Daskroi.[108] The city's urban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).

  • The city is represented by two elected members of parliament in the Lok Sabha (lower house of Indian Parliament) and 21 members of the Legislative Assembly at the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha.
  • The Gujarat High Court is located in the Ahmedabad, making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat.[109] Law enforcement and public safety is maintained by the Ahmedabad City Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.[110]

Public services
  • Health services are primarily provided at Ahmedabad civil hospital, the largest civil hospital in Asia.[111] Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised.[112]
  • Electricity in the city is generated and distributed by Torrent Power Limited, owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company, which was previously a state-run corporation.[113]

Culture
Navaratri celebrations in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad observes a wide range of festivals. Popular celebrations and observances include Uttarayan, an annual kite-flying day on 14 and 15 January. Nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city. The festival of lights, Deepavali, is celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house, decorating the floors with rangoli, and the lighting of firecrackers. The annual Rath Yatra procession on the Ashadh-sud-bij date of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple and the procession of Tajia during the Muslim holy month of Muharram are important events.[114][115]

One of the most popular forms of meal in Ahmedabad is a typical Gujarati thali which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900.[116] It consists of roti (Chapati), dal, rice and shaak (cooked vegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Sweet dishes include laddoo, mango, and vedhmi. Dhoklas, theplas and dhebras are also very popular dishes in Ahmedabad.[117] Beverages include buttermilk and tea. Drinking alcohol is forbidden in Ahmedabad.[118]

There are many restaurants, which serve a wide array of Indian and international cuisines. Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as a strong tradition of vegetarianism is maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities.[119] The first all-vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad.[120] KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen,[121][122] as does McDonald's.[123][124] Ahmedabad has a quite a few restaurants serving typical Mughlai non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, Kalupur and Jamalpur.[125]

Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon. However, it is better known for its food stalls in the evening, which sell local street food. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath.[126] Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their folk art. The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie-dyed bandhinis, while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi (also known as mojri) footwear. Idols of Ganesha and other religious icons are made in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area. In 2019, there is swing in the trend and people are adopting more Eco friendly Ganesha statue.[127] The shops at the Law Garden sell mirror work handicraft.[94]

Hutheesing Jain Temple

Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature: Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha. Saptak School of Music festival is held in the first week of the new year. This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar.[128][129]

The Sanskar Kendra, one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier, is a city museum depicting its history, art, culture and architecture. The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs, documents and other articles relating to Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel. The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments and textiles.[130] The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Turkish. There is Vechaar Utensils Museum which has of stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc and German silver tools.[131][132]

Shreyas Foundation has four museums on the same campus. Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) has art forms and artefacts from communities of Gujarat. Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museum has a collection of toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat. Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries.[133][134][135]

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and Smt. Mrinalini Sarabhai

L D Institute of Indology houses about 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books, making it the largest collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and decorative art, paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet.[136] N C Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India.[137]

In 1949 Darpana Academy of Performing Arts was established by the eminent scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and world renowned Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai, and thus Ahmemedabad city became the center of Indian classical dance.

Education
Gujarat university, Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad had a literacy rate of 79.89% in 2001 which rose to 89.62 percent in 2011. As of 2011, literacy rate among male and female were 93.96 and 84.81 percent respectively.[138]

Among the several universities in Ahmedabad, Gujarat University is the largest and claims to be the oldest;[139] although the Gujarat Vidyapith was established in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi – it received no charter from the British Raj, becoming a deemed university only in 1963.[140] A large number of colleges in the city are affiliated with Gujarat University. Gujarat Technological University, CEPT University, Nirma University, and Ahmedabad University all date from this century. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University has over 100,000 students enrolled on its distance learning courses.[141][142]

Ahmedabad is also home to the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, which was ranked first among management institutes in the country by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2018.[143]

Established in 1947 by the scientist Vikram Sarabhai, the oldest of the research institutes in Ahmedabad, the Physical Research Laboratory is active in space science, astronomy, high-energy physics and many other areas of research.[144] The Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, established in 1949 by Mrinalini Sarabhai, was listed by UNESCO as an institution active in the "Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage".[145][146]

Schools in Ahmedabad are run either by the municipal corporation, or privately by entities, trusts and corporations. The majority of schools are affiliated with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education, Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, International Baccalaureate and National Institute of Open School.

Media
Broadcasting tower of the Ahmedabad Doordarshan

Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India, Indian Express, DNA, The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro.[147] Newspapers in other languages include Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat Samachar, Sandesh, Rajasthan Patrika, Sambhaav, and Aankhodekhi.[147] The city is home to the historic Navajivan Publishing House, which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.[148]

The state-owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on the medium wave and FM bands (96.7 MHz) in the city.[149] It competes with five private local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), My fm (94.3 MHz), Radio One (95.0 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz) and Mirchi Love (104 MHz). Gyan Vani (104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio station run under media co-operation model.[150] In March 2012 Gujarat University started campus radio service on 90.8 MHz which was first kind of it in state and fifth in India.[151]

The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels, while three multi system operators—InCablenet, Siti Cable and GTPL—provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels via cable.[152] Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as Jio, BSNL Mobile, Airtel, and Vodafone Idea.[153]

Economy
Torrent Power thermal power station at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad

The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at US$64 billion in 2014.[154][155] The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012.[156] In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May 1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill, the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited,[157] followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as Calico Mills, Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills. By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city.[158] The textile industry further expanded rapidly during the First World War, and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement, which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods.[159] Ahmedabad was known as the "Manchester of the East" for its textile industry.[38] The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India.[15] The automobile industry is also important to the city; after Tata's Nano project, Ford and Suzuki are planning to establish plants near Ahmedabad while the Groundbreaking ceremony for Peugeot has already been performed.[160][161][162]

The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange, located in the Ambavadi area of the city, is India's second oldest stock exchange.[163] Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India — Zydus Cadila and Torrent Pharmaceuticals – are based in the city. The Nirma group of industries, which runs a large number of detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city also houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group, a multinational trading and infrastructure development company.[164] The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city.[165] The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad, with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city.[166] A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country.[167] The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India.[168] Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as: Rasna, Wagh Bakri, Nirma, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Biopharmaceuticals. Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat.[169] Many cotton manufacturing units are currently running in and around Ahmedabad.[170][171][172][173][174] Textiles are one of the major industries of the city.[175] Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates.[176]

Transport
Sabarmati Railway Station
Ahmedabad BRTS
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad

Railway

Ahmedabad is one of six operating divisions in the Western Railway zone.[177] Railway lines connect the city to elsewhere in Gujarat and India. Ahmedabad railway station, locally known as Kalupur station, is the main terminus with 11 others.[178]

Ahmedabad Metro

The mass-transit metro system, Gujarat Metro for the cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar has been under construction since March 2015.[179][180] The North-South and East-West corridors are expected to be completed by 2019.[181][182] The first phase of the Ahmedabad metro is 40 km long; 6.5 km is underground and the remaining stretch is elevated.[183] Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the first section between Vastral Gam and Apparel Park on 4 March 2019.[184]

Road

National Highway 48 passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with Delhi and Mumbai. The National Highway 147 also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar. It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1, a 94 km (58 mi)-long expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project.[185]

In 2001, Ahmedabad was ranked as the most-polluted city in India, out of 85 cities, by the Central Pollution Control Board. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of ₹10,000 to convert all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner-burning compressed natural gas to reduce pollution. As a result, in 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th-most polluted city in India.[186]

Ahmedabad BRTS

Janmarg is a bus rapid transit system in the city. It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiary of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and others.[187][188] Inaugurated in October 2009, the network expanded to 89 kilometres (55 mi) by December 2015 with daily ridership of 132,000 passengers.[189] The Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS), maintained by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, runs the public bus service in the city.[190] Currently more than 750 AMTS buses serve the city.[190] Ahmedabad BRTS also runs 50 electric buses apart from CNG and diesel busses.[191]

Airport

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre, provides domestic and international flights for both Ahmedabad and the capital Gandhinagar.[192] It is the busiest airport in Gujarat and the seventh-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic.[193] The Dholera International Airport is proposed near Fedara. It will be the largest airport in India with a total area of 7,500 hectares.[194]

Sports

Cricket is one of the popular sports in the city.[195] Sardar Patel Stadium (also known as Motera Stadium), built in 1982, hosts both one day internationals and test matches. It has a seating capacity of 54,000.[196] It hosted the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups.[197] Ahmedabad also has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's Sports Club of Gujarat which is the home ground of the Gujarat cricket team that plays in the Ranji Trophy tournament.[198]

Other popular sports are field hockey, badminton, tennis, squash and golf. Ahmedabad currently has three golf courses.[199] Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex is being developed by the AMC to promote various indoor sports.[200] Recently Ahmedabad hosted national level games for roller skating and table tennis.[201] Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city, with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on Formula One concepts.[202][203]

Sabarmati Marathon is organised every year in December–January since 2011 which have different categories like full and half marathon, 7 km dream run, 5 km run for visually challenged and 5 km wheelchair run.[204] In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games.[205] The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup is held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia (a renovated Kankaria football ground). Geet Sethi, a five-time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, was raised in Ahmedabad.[206]

International relations
Sister Cities

See also
  • List of people from Ahmedabad
  • List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad
  • Timeline of Ahmedabad

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Further reading
  • Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose. History of Interior Design in India Vol 1 : Ahmedabad (2007) ISBN 81-904096-0-3
  • Kenneth L. Gillion (1968). Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History. University of California Press.
  • Altekar, Anant Sadashiv. A history of important ancient towns and cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (from the earliest times down to the Moslem conquest). ASIN B0008B2NGA.
  • Crook, Nigel (1993). India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563172-2.
  • Rajan, K. V. Soundra (1989). Ahmadabad. Archaeological Survey of India.
  • Forrest, George William. Cities of India. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0-543-93823-9.
  • Gandhi, R (1990). "Patel: A Life". Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad. ASIN B0006EYQ0A. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Michell, George (2003). Ahmadabad. Art Media Resources. ISBN 81-85026-03-3.
  • Spodek, Howard (2011). Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth-Century India. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35587-4.
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