Demonym

A demonym (/ˈdɛmənɪm/; from Greek δῆμος, dêmos, "people, tribe" and όνομα, ónoma, "name") or gentilic (from Latin gentilis, "of a clan, or gens")[1] is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, usually derived from the name of the place or that of an ethnic group.[2] As a sub-field of anthroponymy, the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino, for someone from the city of Cochabamba; American for a person from the country called the United States of America; and Swahili, for a person of the Swahili coast.

Demonyms do not always clearly distinguish place of origin or ethnicity from place of residence or citizenship, and many demonyms overlap with the ethnonym for the ethnically dominant group of a region. Thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Briton or, informally, a Brit. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, "Québécois(e)" is commonly used in English for a native of Quebec (though "Quebecker" is also available).

In English, demonyms are always capitalized.[3] Often, they are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek, though significant exceptions exist; for instance, the adjectival form of Spain is "Spanish", but the demonym is "Spaniard".

English commonly uses national demonyms such as "Ethiopian" or "Guatemalan", but the usage of local demonyms such as "Chicagoan", "Okie", or "Parisian", is rare. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether. [4][5][6] Often, in practice, the demonym for states, provinces or cities is simply the name of the place, treated as an adjective; for instance, Kennewick Man, Saskatchewan Open, and New York minute, but Russian olive, the Australian Open, and Chinese checkers.

Etymology

National Geographic attributes the term "demonym" to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990.[7] The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals.[8] However, in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals)[9] Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988),[2] which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.[10][11]

List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations

List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities

Suffixation

Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic, or Germanic suffixes, such as:

-(a)n

Continents and regions

Countries

States and provinces

Cities

-ian

Countries

States, provinces, counties, and cities

-anian
  • Guam → Guamanian
  • Mawlamyine → Mawlamanian

-nian
  • Bendigo → Bendigonian
  • Buffalo → Buffalonian
  • Manchester → Mancunian
  • Naga → Naganian
  • Panama → Panamanian
  • Sligo → Sligonian
  • Tampa → Tampanian
  • Tobago → Tobagonian
  • Toronto → Torontonian
  • Torquay → Torquinian
  • Trinidad & Tobago → Trinbagonian
  • Wa → Wanian

-in(e)
  • Argentina → Argentine (and less commonly as "Argentinian" or "Argentinean")
  • Byzantium → Byzantine
  • Florence → Florentine (also Latin "Florentia")
  • The Levant → Levantine
  • Montenegro → Montenegrin
  • Palatinate → Palatine
  • Philippines → Philippine or Filipino (feminine: Filipina, see below)
  • Philistia → Philistine

-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a

as adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)o (sometimes using a final -a instead of -o for a female, following the Spanish suffix standard -e(ñ/n)a)

Countries and regions

Cities

-ite

-(e)r

Often used for European locations and Canadian locations

-(i)sh

(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym, or place-name.)

"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.

  • Åland → Ålandish people
  • Bangka Island → Bangkish
  • Britain, Great Britain and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland → British people (demonym "Briton")
  • Cornwall → Cornish people (demonym "Cornishman, Cornishwoman")
  • Denmark → Danish people (demonym "Dane")
  • England → English people (demonym "Englishman, Englishwoman")
  • Finland → Finnish people (demonym "Finn" or "Finnic")
  • Flanders → Flemish people (demonym "Fleming")
  • Ireland → Irish people (demonym "Irishman, Irishwoman")
  • Kent → Kentish people
  • Kurdistan → Kurdish people (demonym "Kurd")
  • Luxembourg → Luxembourgish people (demonym "Luxembourger")
  • Northern Ireland → Northern Irish people
  • Poland → Polish people (demonym "Pole")
  • Scotland → Scottish people (demonym "Scot" or "Scotsman, Scotswoman")
  • Spain → Spanish people (demonym "Spaniard")
  • Sweden → Swedish people (demonym "Swede")
  • Turkey → Turkish people (demonym "Turk")
  • Wales → Welsh people (demonym "Welshman, Welshwoman")

-ien

-ene

Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations.

-ensian
  • Inverness (UK) → Invernessian
  • Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensian
  • Leeds (UK) → Leodensian
  • Reading (UK) → Readingensian

-ard
  • Spain → Spaniard (also "Spanish")
  • Savoy → Savoyard
  • Montagne → Montagnard
  • Shafter, CA → Shaftard

-ese, -nese or -lese
  • Abruzzo → Abruzzese
  • Ajman → Ajmanese
  • Aragon → Aragonese
  • Aceh → Acehnese
  • Assam → Assamese
  • Bali → Balinese
  • Bedenggaluh → Bedenggaluhese
  • Bengal/Bangladesh → Bengalese (also Bengali or Bangladeshi see below)
  • Benin → Beninese (also Beninois)
  • Bern → Bernese
  • Bearn → Bearnese
  • Bhutan → Bhutanese
  • Bologna → Bolognese
  • Burkina Faso → Burkinese (also Burkinabé)
  • Calabria → Calabrese
  • Cirebon, West Java → Cirebonese
  • China → Chinese
  • Congo → Congolese
  • Da Lat → Dalatese
  • East Timor → East Timorese
  • Faroe Islands → Faroese
  • Emirate of Fujairah → Fujairahnese
  • Gabon → Gabonese (also Gabonais/-aise)
  • Genoa → Genovese or Genoese
  • Grenadines → Grenadinese
  • Guangdong (Canton) → Cantonese
  • Guyana → Guyanese
  • Hainan → Hainanese
  • Hong Kong → Hongkongese
  • Hunan → Hunanese
  • Japan → Japanese (also Nipponese)
  • Java → Javanese (also Javan)
  • Kawthaung → Kawthaunggese
  • Kelantan → Kelantanese
  • Kokang → Kokanggese
  • Lebanon → Lebanese
  • Leon → Leonese
  • Macao → Macanese
  • Malta → Maltese
  • Manila → Manilese
  • Marshall Islands → Marshallese
  • Milan → Milanese
  • Myanmar/Burma → Burmese (though see below; irregular forms)
  • Nanjing (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese
  • Navarre → Navarrese
  • Negeri Sembilan → Negeri Sembilanese
  • Pahang → Pahangese (also Pahangite)
  • Pa Laung → Palaunggese
  • Pa'O → Paonese
  • Piedmont → Piedmontese
  • Pittsburgh → Pittsburghese (as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent/dialect)
  • Portugal → Portuguese
  • Rakhine State → Arakanese
  • Ras Al Khaimah → Khaimahnese
  • Rwanda → Rwandese (also Rwandan)
  • Saba → Sabanese
  • Sagaing Region → Sagainggese
  • San Marino → Sammarinese
  • Sark → Sarkese
  • Sassari → Sassarese
  • Senegal → Senegalese
  • Shan State → Shanese
  • Shanghai → Shanghaiese
  • Emirate of Sharjah → Sharjahnese
  • Siam → Siamese
  • Sikkim → Sikkimese
  • (South) Sudan → (South) Sudanese
  • Suriname → Surinamese
  • Taiwan → Taiwanese
  • Taunggyi → Taunggese
  • Tegal, Central Java → Tegalese
  • Togo → Togolese
  • Turin → Torinese
  • Umm Al Quwain → Quwainese
  • Vienna → Viennese
  • Vietnam → Vietnamese

"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety. Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese". Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix -ese, which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis, designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e), which is at least in part a relative (< lat. -ensis or -iscus, or rather both).

-i(e)

Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales. -i is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii). -ie is rather used for English places.

-ic
  • Finland → Finnic (rather used for the group of peoples and languages situated along the Baltic See, in contrast to Finnish)
  • Antarctica → Antarctic
  • Greenland → Greenlandic (also Greenlander)
  • Iceland → Icelandic (also Icelander)
  • Iran → Iranic (also Iranian and Irani)
  • Slav → Slavic

-iot or -iote
  • Chios → Chiot
  • Corfu → Corfiot
  • Cyprus → Cypriot ("Cyprian" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
  • Phanar → Phanariote

Used especially for Greek locations. Backformation from Cypriot, itself based in Greek -ώτης.

-k

-asque

Often used for French locations.

-(we)gian
  • Dawei → Dawegian
  • Galloway → Galwegian
  • Galway → Galwegian
  • Glasgow → Glaswegian
  • Magway Region → Magwegian
  • Norway → Norwegian

-onian

Often used for British and Irish locations.

-vian

-ois(e), -ais(e)
  • Benin → Beninois(e) (also Beninese)
  • Gabon → Gabonais(e) (also Gabonese)
  • Seychelles → Seychellois(e)
  • Quebec → Quebecois(e) (also Quebecker, most common within Canada)

While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.

From Latin or Latinization

Prefixation

It is much rarer to find Demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, Kiluba or Tshiluba. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji). On a country level:

  • Botswana → Motswana (singlular), Batswana (plural)
  • Burundi → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
  • Lesotho → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

In the Pacific, at least two countries use prefixation:

  • Kiribati → i-Kiribati (also Kiribatian)
  • Vanuatu → Ni-Vanuatu (also Vanuatuan)

Non-standard examples

Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. These demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed.

Formal

Informal

Ethnic demonyms

Fiction

Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell) or Gondorian for the people of Tolkien's fictional land of Gondor or Atlantean for Plato's island Atlantis.

Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons, and Venusian for those of Venus. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning "descendant"), as well as "Terran", "Terrene", "Tellurian", "Earther", "Earthican", "Terrestrial", and "Solarian" (from Sol, the sun).

Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians, from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels.

In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been created, non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's Rohirrim (from Rohan) and the Star Trek franchise's Klingons (with various names for their homeworld).

See also
  • List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions
    • List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Cuba
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
      • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
  • List of regional nicknames
  • Macedonia naming dispute
  • Nationality

-onym, especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonym

Notes
  1. Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians. Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.[12]

References
  1. "Dictionary". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  2. George H. Scheetz (1988). Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon. Schütz Verlag.
  3. "Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios". mansioningles.com.
  4. "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
  5. "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
  6. "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
  7. "Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name?". National Geographic Magazine. National Geographic Society (U.S.). 177: 170. February 1990.
  8. William Safire (1997-12-14). "On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998". The New York Times.
  9. What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). ISBN 978-0-8160-1983-0.
  10. "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press.
  11. "Aristotle's Constitution of Athens, edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive". p. 116.
  12. Press, AIP, Associated (2007). Stylebook and briefing on media law (42nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 112. ISBN 9780465004898.
  13. Gilbert, Simon (18 November 2014). "What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you". coventrytelegraph.
  14. "Savannahian". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  15. Finn, Robin (10 October 2014). "Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites". The New York Times.
  16. "Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log". Yale Press Log.
  17. "Corkonian". merriam-webster.com.
  18. "North West Evening Mail". nwemail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-05-31.
  19. Waterloo, City of (October 30, 2013). "Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest (prize = new bike). Entries accepted until Jan 31 http://bit.ly/19T4tJB". External link in |title= (help)
  20. "Angeleno". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  21. "Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35". malegislature.gov.
  22. Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included Massachusett, borrowed from the native Massachusett tribe, Massachusite, championed by the early English Brahmins, Massachusettsian, by analogy with other state demonyms, and Masshole, originally derogatory.
  23. "Is it a slur to call someone a Jock?". BBC.
  24. "Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 2018-07-03.

Sources
  • Roberts, Michael (2017). "The Semantics of Demonyms in English". The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 205–220.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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