States and union territories of India

The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] During the British Raj, the preceding (Mughal) administrative structure was mostly kept, and India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held de facto sovereignty (suzerainty) over the princely states.

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[14] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:

• Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay (formerly Bombay Province), East Punjab, Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Berar), Madras, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal.
• The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan (formerly Rajputana Agency), Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin.
• The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur, Tripura, and Vindhya Pradesh.
• The only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the union government.

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[15]

The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé. The enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal.[16]

In the same year, India liberated the Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portugal. This short-lived de facto free state comprised the previous Portuguese enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli. In 1961, it was annexed by India as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[17][18][19][20]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[21] As a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to form Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956. Kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. Mysore State was re-organized with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Gulbarga from Hyderabad State and the Coorg State. The Laccadive Islands, Aminidivi Islands and Minicoy Island which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep.

Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer State and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal.

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[22] Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963.[23] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[24] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[25][26]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. North-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[27] Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[28] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[29]

In November 2000, three new states were created; namely, Chhattisgarh from eastern Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal from northwest Uttar Pradesh (renamed Uttarakhand in 2007) and Jharkhand from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 and Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 respectively.[30][31][32][33] Orissa was renamed as Odisha and Pondicherry was renamed as Puducherry in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 as ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[34][35]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[36]

In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[37][38][39]

• ^Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[54][55][56] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[57] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[42]

^Note 3 Jammu and Kashmir has 42,241 km² of area administered by India and 13,297 km² of area controlled by Pakistan as Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The Government of India is of the view that this territory legally belongs to India according to the Instrument of Accession signed by contemporary ruler of Jammu and Kashmir. The Instrument of Accession is a legal document executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, ruler of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947. By executing this document under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, Maharaja Hari Singh agreed to accede to the Dominion of India.

^Note 4 Ladakh has 59,146 km² of area administered by India and 72,971 km² of area controlled by Pakistan under Gilgit-Baltistan, which is claimed by India as part of Ladakh. Additionally, it has 5,180 km² of area controlled by the People's Republic of China under Trans-Karakoram Tract and 37,555 km² of area controlled by the People's Republic of China under Aksai Chin, which is claimed by India as part of Ladakh.

The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of autonomous councils to administer areas which have been given autonomy within their respective states. [61] Most of these autonomous areas are located in Northeast India.