Nanaimo
Nanaimo (/nəˈnaɪmoʊ/) is a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. As of the 2016 census, it had a population of 90,504. It is known as "The Harbour City". The city was previously known as the "Hub City", which has been attributed to its original layout design where the streets radiated out from the shoreline like the spokes of a wagon wheel, as well as its generally centralized location on Vancouver Island.[3][4] Nanaimo is also the headquarters of the Regional District of Nanaimo.
Nanaimo | |
|---|---|
| City of Nanaimo | |
 Nanaimo | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Nickname(s): Hub City, The Harbour City | |
  Nanaimo Location of Nanaimo in British Columbia | |
| Coordinates: 49°09′51″N 123°56′11″W | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Regional District | Nanaimo |
| Incorporated | 1874[1] |
| Government | |
| • Type | Elected city council |
| • Mayor | Leonard Krog |
| • Governing body | Nanaimo City Council |
| • MPs | Paul Manly (Green) |
| • MLAs | Sheila Malcolmson (BC NDP) Doug Routley (BC NDP) Michelle Stilwell (BC Liberals) |
| Area | |
| • City | 91.30 km2 (35.25 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,280.84 km2 (494.54 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 28 m (92 ft) |
| Population (2016) | |
| • City | 90,504 (ranked 62nd) |
| • Density | 918.0/km2 (2,378/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 88,799[2] |
| • Metro | 104,936 (ranked 35th) |
| • Metro density | 76.5/km2 (198/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−8 (PST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−7 (PDT) |
| Forward sortation area | V9R - V9V, V9X |
| Area code(s) | +1-250 |
| Website | www.nanaimo.ca |
History
The Indigenous peoples of the area that is now known as Nanaimo are the Snuneymuxw. An anglicised spelling and pronunciation of that word gave the city its current name.
The first Europeans to find Nanaimo Bay were those of the 1791 Spanish voyage of Juan Carrasco, under the command of Francisco de Eliza. They gave it the name Bocas de Winthuysen[4] after naval officer Francisco Javier Winthuysen y Pineda. When the Hudson's Bay Company established a settlement in 1852, they named it Colvile Town after HBC governor Andrew Colvile. In 1858 it became Nanaimo.[5]:184
_-_NARA_-_297757.tif.jpg)
An Internment camp for Ukrainian detainees, many of them local, was set up at a Provincial jail in Nanaimo from September 1914 to September 1915.[6]
In the 1940s, lumber supplanted coal as the main business although Minetown Days are still celebrated in the neighbouring community of Lantzville.[7]
The city has been called "The Harbour City" since the lead up to Expo 86.[8]
Nanaimo has had a succession of four distinct Chinatowns. The first, founded during the gold rush years of the 1860s, was the third largest in British Columbia.[9] In 1884, because of mounting racial tensions related to the Dunsmuir coal company's hiring of Chinese strikebreakers, the company helped move Chinatown to a location outside city limits.[10] In 1908, when two Chinese entrepreneurs bought the site and tried to raise rents, in response, and with the help of 4,000 shareholders from across Canada, the community combined forces and bought the site for the third Chinatown at a new location, focused on Pine Street. That third Chinatown, by then mostly derelict, burned down on 30 September 1960. A fourth Chinatown, also called Lower Chinatown or "new town", boomed for a while in the 1920s on Machleary Street.[9]
Location and geography
Located on the east coast of Vancouver Island, Nanaimo is about 111 kilometres (69 mi) northwest of Victoria, and 55 kilometres (34 mi) west of Vancouver, separated by the Strait of Georgia, and linked to Vancouver via the Horseshoe Bay BC Ferries terminal in West Vancouver and the Duke Point terminal to the Tsawwassen ferry terminal in Tsawwassen. As the site of the main ferry terminal, Nanaimo is the gateway to many other destinations both on the northern part of the island—Tofino, Comox Valley, Parksville, Campbell River, Port Alberni, Rathtrevor Beach Provincial Park—and off its coast—Newcastle Island, Protection Island, Gabriola Island, Valdes Island, and many other of the Gulf Islands.
Buttertubs Marsh is a bird sanctuary located in the middle of the city. The marsh covers approximately 100 acres (40 hectares). Within this is the 46 acre (18.7 hectare) "Buttertubs Marsh Conservation Area", owned by the Nature Trust of British Columbia.
Climate
Like much of coastal British Columbia, Nanaimo experiences a temperate climate with mild, rainy winters and warm, dry summers. Due to its relatively dry summers, the Köppen climate classification places it at the northernmost limits of the Csb or cool-summer Mediterranean zone.[11] Other climate classification systems, such as Trewartha, place it firmly in the Oceanic zone (Do).[12]
Nanaimo is usually shielded from the Aleutian Low's influence by the mountains of central Vancouver Island, so that summers are unusually dry for its latitude and location—though summer drying as a trend is found in the immediate lee of the coastal ranges as far north as Skagway, Alaska.
Heavy snowfall does occasionally occur during winter, with a record daily total of 0.74 metres (29.13 in) on 12 February 1975, but the mean maximum cover is only 0.2 metres (7.9 in).
The highest temperature ever recorded in Nanaimo was 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 16 July 1941.[13] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −20.0 °C (−4 °F) on 30 December 1968.[14]
| Climate data for Nanaimo Airport, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1892–present[lower-alpha 1] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
34.5 (94.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
5.3 (41.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −18.3 (−0.9) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−5 (23) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−20 (−4) |
−20 (−4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 187.9 (7.40) |
126.0 (4.96) |
113.0 (4.45) |
67.4 (2.65) |
54.3 (2.14) |
43.4 (1.71) |
25.4 (1.00) |
28.4 (1.12) |
35.8 (1.41) |
102.2 (4.02) |
197.2 (7.76) |
184.3 (7.26) |
1,165.4 (45.88) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 167.8 (6.61) |
115.2 (4.54) |
106.9 (4.21) |
67.2 (2.65) |
54.2 (2.13) |
43.4 (1.71) |
25.4 (1.00) |
28.4 (1.12) |
35.8 (1.41) |
101.2 (3.98) |
186.5 (7.34) |
166.1 (6.54) |
1,098.2 (43.24) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 21.0 (8.3) |
10.9 (4.3) |
6.2 (2.4) |
0.2 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.2 (0.5) |
10.7 (4.2) |
18.4 (7.2) |
68.7 (27.0) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 19.7 | 16.0 | 18.2 | 15.6 | 14.8 | 12.4 | 7.6 | 6.8 | 8.2 | 15.5 | 20.5 | 20.4 | 175.6 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 18.0 | 14.9 | 17.8 | 15.6 | 14.8 | 12.4 | 7.6 | 6.8 | 8.2 | 15.4 | 19.8 | 18.8 | 170.0 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 3.1 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 11.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 3pm) | 81.5 | 71.1 | 65.5 | 59.6 | 57.8 | 57.0 | 52.7 | 52.1 | 56.2 | 68.5 | 78.4 | 83.2 | 65.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 56.8 | 88.6 | 133.1 | 179.0 | 224.4 | 226.1 | 288.8 | 280.0 | 213.9 | 131.9 | 67.0 | 50.8 | 1,940.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 21.0 | 31.0 | 36.2 | 43.6 | 47.4 | 46.7 | 59.1 | 62.8 | 56.4 | 39.3 | 24.3 | 19.7 | 40.6 |
| Source: Environment Canada[13][14][15][16][17] | |||||||||||||
Transportation
Nanaimo is served by three airports: Nanaimo Airport (YCD) with services to Vancouver (YVR), Toronto (YYZ) and Calgary (YYC); Nanaimo Harbour Water Airport with services to Vancouver harbour, Vancouver Airport (YVR South Terminal) and Sechelt; and Nanaimo/Long Lake Water Airport. Nanaimo also has three BC Ferry terminals located at Departure Bay, Duke Point, and downtown. The downtown terminal services Gabriola Island while Departure Bay and Duke Point service Horseshoe Bay and Tsawwassen respectively. A private passenger ferry operates between Nanaimo Harbour and Protection Island. A seasonal passenger ferry operates between Swy-a-Lana Lagoon and Newcastle Island.
Highways 1, 19 and 19A traverse the city. Bus service in the city is provided by Nanaimo Regional Transit.
The Nanaimo Port Authority operates the inner Harbour Basin marina providing mooring for smaller vessels and the W. E. Mills Landing and Marina providing mooring for larger vessels.[18] The Port Authority also operates two terminal facilities one at Assembly Wharf (near the downtown core) and the second at Duke Point for cargo operations. In 2011 the Authority completed the addition of a $22 Million Cruise Ship Terminal at Assembly Wharf capable of handling large cruise ships including providing Canada Border Services Agency clearance.[19]
Demographics
The 2016 census reported that Nanaimo had a population of 90,504, an 8% increase since 2011. The size of the city's land area is 90.76 km², making the population density 997.2 people per km². The average age of a Nanaimoite is 45.5 years old, higher than the national median at 41.2.
In Nanaimo, there are 40,885 private dwellings, 39,165 which are occupied by usual residents (95.8% occupancy rate). The median value of these dwellings are $359,760, which is higher than the national median at $341,556. The average (after-tax) household income in Nanaimo is $48,469, lower than the national median at $54,089. The median individual income is $34,702, which is also lower than the national median ($38,977). The unemployment rate was 7.7%.[20]
According to the 2016 census, Nanaimo is approximately 82% European, 8.4% aboriginal, and has small visible minority groups including 2.2% South Asian, 2.6% Chinese, and 2% Southeast Asian.
As of 2011, more than half of Nanaimo's residents do not practice any religion (51.7%), considerably higher than the national ratio (23.9%). However, for those who do participate in religions, most are of a Christian faith (44.7%). There are also Sikh communities (1.1%) and Buddhist communities (0.6%).[21]
Nanaimo's population is predominately Anglophone. As of the 2016 census 86.7% of residents claimed English as their mother tongue. Other common first languages were Chinese Languages (2.0%), French (1.3%), German (1.2%) and Punjabi (1.0%).[20]
Economy
The original economic driver was coal mining; however, the forestry industry supplanted it in the early 1960s with the building of the MacMillan Bloedel pulp mill at Harmac in 1958, named after Harvey MacMillan. Today the pulp mill is owned by the employees and local investors[22] and injects well over half a million dollars a day into the local economy. The largest employer is the provincial government. The service, retail and tourism industries are also big contributors to the local economy.
Technological development on Nanaimo has been growing with companies such as "Inuktun" and the establishment of government-funded Innovation Island as a site to help Nanaimo-based technological start ups by giving them access to tools, education and venture capital.[23]
The average sale price of houses in Nanaimo for 2011 was approximately $350,000.[24] A recent surge of higher-density real estate development, centred in the Old City/Downtown area, as well as construction of a city-funded waterfront conference centre, has proven controversial. Proponents of these developments argue that they will bolster the city's economy, while critics worry that they will block waterfront views and increase traffic congestion. Concerns have also been raised about the waterfront conference centre's construction running over its proposed budget. Nanaimo has also been experiencing job growth in the technology sector.
Media outlets
Nanaimo is served by two newspapers—the Harbour City Star with approximately 37,000 copies once per week, and the Nanaimo News Bulletin (33,000 copies twice a week—audited), which is owned by Black Press. On 29 January 2016, its third newspaper, the 141-year-old Nanaimo Daily News, shut down.[25] Nanaimo also hosts a bureau for CIVI-DT (CTV 2 Victoria, cable channel 12) and a satellite office for CHEK-DT (Independent, cable channel 6).
Nanaimo is also served by the Jim Pattison Group's CHWF-FM (The Wolf) and CKWV-FM (The Wave), as well as CHLY-FM, an independent community campus radio station and Vista Radio's CKAY-FM (Coast FM). CBC Radio One is heard over CBU from Vancouver, providing Nanaimo with local programming from Vancouver instead of from Victoria.
Politics
Federal
In the House of Commons of Canada, Nanaimo is represented by Paul Manly of the Green Party, representing the riding of Nanaimo—Ladysmith, as a result of a by-election in May 2019. The city was split into two separate ridings, Nanaimo—Cowichan (Jean Crowder, New Democratic Party), which includes South Nanaimo and Cassidy, and Nanaimo—Alberni (James Lunney, Independent elected as a Conservative), which includes North Nanaimo and Lantzville, until the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.
Provincial
In the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Nanaimo is represented by the ridings of Nanaimo (Sheila Malcolmson, BC NDP) and Nanaimo-North Cowichan (Doug Routley, BC NDP). Leonard Krog resigned in 2018 to accept the position of Mayor of Nanaimo. In response, Sheila Malcolmson resigned from federal politics and successfully ran for the vacated position.
Civic
The mayor of Nanaimo is currently Leonard Krog, who replaced Bill Mackay in 2018.
The most well-known mayor Nanaimo ever had was Frank J. Ney, who instigated Nanaimo's well-known bathtub races, which he regularly attended dressed as a pirate. There is a statue to commemorate Ney—dressed in his pirate costume—at Swy-a-Lana Lagoon, which is on the Nanaimo waterfront. Ney was also an MLA for the Social Credit party while he was also mayor.[26] An elementary school has been named in his honour.
Mark Bate became Nanaimo's first mayor in 1875. He served an additional 15 1-year terms as mayor (1875–1879, 1881–1886, 1888–1889, and 1898–1900).[27]
Open government
The city's planning department has, over the past five years, steadily produced enough municipal data to warrant a Time magazine article on open-government. Nanaimo has been dubbed "the capital of Google Earth".[28] Working directly with Google, the city fed it a wealth of information about its buildings, property lines, utilities and streets. The result is earth.nanaimo.ca, a wealth of city data viewed through the Google Earth 3D mapping program.[29] Their Open Data Catalogue is available at data.nanaimo.ca.[30]
Education
Nanaimo has over 30 elementary and secondary schools, most of which are public and are operated by School District 68 Nanaimo-Ladysmith.
Aspengrove School is a JrK-grade 12 Independent (private) school accredited as an International Baccalaureate World School and offers the IB Primary Years, IB Middle Years and IB Diploma programme and received a 10 out of 10 by the IB Organization (IBO) in 2011.
The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates two Francophone schools, école Océane primary school and the école secondaire de Nanaimo.[31]
The main campus of Vancouver Island University is located in Nanaimo, which brings many international students, mostly East Asian, to the city.
Museums
The Nanaimo Art Gallery is a public art museum located downtown at 150 Commercial Street. In addition to contemporary exhibitions by local, national and international artists, the Gallery operates Art Lab which offers year-round art-based programs for learners of all ages. The Gallery also holds a collection of artwork, operates The Gallery Store, which features work by local artists and artisans, and runs Artists in the Schools, a program that operates across three school districts.[32]
The Nanaimo Museum is a public historical museum located downtown on the traditional territory of the Snuneymuxw First Nation at 100 Museum Way.
The Vancouver Island Military Museum is a public military historical museum located at 100 Cameron Road.
Arts
The Port Theatre in downtown Nanaimo hosts many performers and shows during the year.[33][34] Smaller, local theatre companies such as in Other Words Theatre, Western Edge Theatre and Schmooze Productions perform at the Nanaimo Centre Stage. Nanaimo also began running a fringe theatre festival in 2011.
A huge component of the underground music scene in Nanaimo is from the student body of Vancouver Island University. The Nanaimo Blues Society has organized and presented five Summertime Blues festivals. These outdoor blues festivals have been held in downtown Nanaimo featuring local, provincial, national and internationally renowned blues musicians.
The Nanaimo Concert Band, known as the oldest continuous community band in Canada, was established in 1872. They maintain a regular schedule of concerts.
The Music Department at Vancouver Island University offers a Bachelor of Music in Jazz Studies. Faculty members include guitarist Pat Coleman, and composer Pat Carpenter.[35]
The Nanaimo Conservatory of Music, a non-profit, charitable organization has been offering classical music lessons and producing concerts since 1977.
Other prominent musicians in Nanaimo include classical trumpeter Paul Rathke and jazz composer and author Andrew Homzy.
Culture
The Nanaimo bar, which is a no-bake cookie bar with custard filling, is a Canadian dessert named after Nanaimo.
Nanaimo hosts the annual Nanaimo Marine Festival. Part of the festival includes the bathtub race. The race starts in the Nanaimo harbour downtown, goes around Entrance Island, north west to Winchelsea Islands by Nanoose Bay and finish in Departure Bay back in Nanaimo. Until the 1990s the race alternated between racing from Nanaimo to Vancouver and from Vancouver to Nanaimo.[36]
Sports
- Nanaimo is home to the largest sports club on Vancouver Island, Nanaimo United Football Club. NUFC is home to over 1700 members, and is one of the oldest sports clubs in Canada (formed in 1903).
- Nanaimo is home to North America's first legal, purpose-made bungee jumping bridge, operated by WildPlay Element Parks.[37][38]
- Nanaimo is home to the Canadian Junior Football League's Vancouver Island Raiders, who play at Caledonia Park.
- Nanaimo is home to the British Columbia Hockey League's Nanaimo Clippers and to the Western Lacrosse Association's Nanaimo Timbermen, both of which play at the Frank Crane Arena.
- Nanaimo is home to the Nanaimo Buccaneers of the Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League, who play at the Nanaimo Ice Centre.
- The Nanaimo Pirates, of the B.C. Premier Baseball League (BCPBL), play at Serauxmen Stadium.
- Football Nanaimo plays at Pioneer Park.
- Nanaimo is home to the Senior A lacrosse team the Timbermen of the Western Lacrosse Association. Nanaimo is also home to the Junior A Timbermen and the Intermediate A Timbermen.
- Nanaimo is home to the Nanaimo Hornets Rugby Football Club. Is part of the British Columbia Rugby Union, Established in 1888 is the second oldest Rugby Club in Western Canada, Home ground and club is situated in Pioneer Park since 1968.[39]
Notable residents
- Terry Beech, politician
- Alfred George Richard "Red" Carr, played 8 seasons of senior hockey before he played NHL Hockey in 1943 for the Toronto Maple Leafs and was posthumously inducted to the Nanaimo Sports Hall of Fam. Father of Gene Carr.
- Gene Carr, NHL Hockey player for St. Louis Blues, New York Rangers, L.A. Kings, Pittsburgh Penguins and Atlanta Flames
- Justin Chatwin, actor
- Jimmy Claxton, baseball pitcher, born in nearby Wellington, who broke the US baseball colour line
- Raymond Collishaw, one of the highest scoring British Aces of World War I, ranking overall third in the British Empire with 60 confirmed kills
- Allison Crowe, singer-songwriter and pianist
- John DeSantis, actor, best known for his role of Lurch on The New Addams Family
- Jodelle Ferland, actress
- David Gogo, blues guitarist
- Paul Gogo, keyboardist for the rock band Trooper
- Ashleigh Harrington, actress
- Christopher Hart, actor and magician, best known for his role of the disembodied hand Thing in The Addams Family film series
- Ingrid Jensen, jazz trumpeter
- Susan Juby, author
- Diana Krall, jazz pianist and vocalist
- Aggie Kukulowicz, Canadian NHL player, Russian language interpreter (resident of Gabriola Island)[40]
- Tim Lander, poet
- Susan Morgan, Oregon politician, was born here
- Pamela Leila Rai, Olympic medallist swimming
- Steve Smith, professional downhill mountain biker
- Shane Sutcliffe, boxer
- Phil Olsen, Olympian javelin
- Kirsten Sweetland, triathlete
- May Tully, actress, writer, director, producer on vaudeville, silent films
Sister cities
Nanaimo has one sister city:
See also
References
- "Nanaimo Municipal Hall". City of Nanaimo. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
- "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses: British Columbia". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- Peterson, Jan (2003). Hub City: Nanaimo, 1886–1920. Surrey, BC: Heritage House Publishing Company. ISBN 9781894384667. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- "Nanaimo's Historical Development" (PDF). Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, ISBN 0-7748-0636-2
- "Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World Wars, Library and Archives Canada".
- Nanaimo Info Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine – History
- https://www.nanaimobulletin.com/news/mayor-recognizes-25-years-of-harbour-city/
- "Introduction Archived 16 February 2015 at WebCite" (Archive). Nanaimo Chinatowns Project, Malaspina University-College. Retrieved on 15 February 2015.
- "Chinese Community" (Archive). Vancouver Island University. Retrieved on 15 February 2015.
- Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
- "GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL ZONING FOR THE GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2000". fao.org.
- "July 1941". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- "Nanaimo A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "January 1893". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- "February 1893". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- "April 2016". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- "Nanaimo Port Authority". Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- "Nanaimo cruise ship terminal nearing completion Vancouver Sun". Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Nanaimo, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Nanaimo, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey Profile - Census subdivision". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- "Harmac". harmacpacific.com.
- "Innovation Island - Business, Science & Technology Resources, Vancouver Island". innovationisland.ca.
- "Nanaimo real estate profile. - Move To Nanaimo". movetonanaimo.com.
- "Nanaimo Daily News to cease operations 29 Jan". Nanaimo Daily News. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- "Frank J. Ney Fonds". Nanaimo Archives. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
- Past Mayors of Nanaimo
- Shaw, Rob (10 March 2008). "Postcard from Nanaimo: How Google Earth Ate Our Town". Time. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
- earth.nanaimo.ca
- data.nanaimo.ca
- "Carte des écoles". Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britanique. Retrieved on 22 January 2015.
- "Nanaimo Art Gallery—Home". Retrieved 26 October 2010.
- "The Port Theater—Index". Retrieved 26 October 2010.
- "Nanaimo Arts Council". Retrieved 26 October 2010.
- "Vancouver Island University Jazz Programme".
- The Race - Nanaimo Marine Festival
- "Ziplining & Bungee Jumping". hellobc.com. 5 May 2013.
- "First Legal Bridge Bungy in North America - Wild Play Element Parks Nanaimo, Nanaimo Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor". tripadvisor.ca.
- http://www.nanaimohornetsrugby.com
- Rhode, Michael (1 October 2008). "Hockey loses good friend". Nanaimo Daily News. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- http://www.saga-saitama.or.jp/english/sister_cities/index.php
- Extreme high and low temperatures are from Nanaimo (January 1892 to February 1947) and Nanaimo Airport (March 1947 to present).
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nanaimo, British Columbia. |
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Nanaimo. |
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