Muda language

There are over 2,000 Muda speakers in Nanlianshan Village Community 南联山村委会[3] (formerly Nanlianshan District, 南联山乡, now part of Gasa Township 嘎洒镇), Jinghong City, Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).[4]

Muda
Native toChina
Native speakers
2,000 (2007)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ymd
Glottologmuda1235[2]

Muda (木达 or 母打) is a Loloish language of China.

Classification

Xu (1991) classifies Muda as a Ha-Ya language (see Hani languages).

Hsiu (2018)[5] classifies Muda as an Akha language containing a Bisoid substratum, with the substrate language being an early split from Bisoid. Muda has Cl- consonant clusters like various Bisoid languages, Siloid languages, and Jinuo, while words of Bisoid origin include 'leg', 'house', and 'smoke'.

Phonology

Muda has the complex consonant onsets /pl, pʰl, bl, ml, pj, pʰj, bj, mj/ (Xu 1991:34).

Vocabulary

The following vocabulary of Muda is from Xu (1991).

English glossChinese glossMudaPage
White白pʰlu˥35
Full满blaŋ˧35
Pus脓blaŋ˥36
Arrow箭mla˧˩36
Broom扫帚pʰjɔ˥36
Bee蜜蜂bja˧˩36
Lose, to遗失bjo̠˧36
Fly, to飞jɔ˧36
Monkey猴子mjo̠˧˩36
Many多mja˧˩36
Foot脚kʰɯ˥37
Six六ko̠˧˩37
Gallbladder胆kʰɯ˥37
Star星星gɯ˥37
Copper铜gɯ˧˩37
Tendon筋gu˧˩37
Manure粪cçʰe˧˩38
Root (classifier)根（量词）cçʰaŋ˧˩38
Wide宽ɟje˥38
Drop, to掉ɟja˧38
Day (time)天（日子）naŋ˧38
Soft软nø̠˧˩38
Cook, to煮tɕa̠˧˩38
Sour酸tɕʰɛ˥38
Narrow窄tɕu̠˧˩38
Lick, to舔tɕʰy˥38
Stick (classifier)条tɕa̠˧38
Cry, weep哭ɴo˥39
Steal, to偷qʰø˧˩39
Bitter苦qʰa˧˩39
Smoke (fog)烟（雾）qʰø˧˩39
Nine九ɢø˧˩39
Curved弯ɢaŋ˧˩39
Play, to玩耍ɢa˧39
Enter, to进aŋ˥40
Horse马maŋ˧˩40
Open (door)开（门）pʰaŋ˧40
Sell, to卖aŋ˧˩40
Throat喉咙kʰaŋ˧˩-40
Dark暗jaŋ˥40
Pus脓blaŋ˥40
Full满blaŋ˧40
Money钱kʰaŋ˥40
Bear狗熊xum˥40
Otter水獭ɕum˥40
Iron铁ɕʰum˥41
Pile (of soil)堆（土）blum˥41
House房屋ʑum˥41
Roast, to烤lum˥41
Round圆laŋ˧41
Surround, to包围laŋ˥41
Pond池塘laŋ˧-41
Axe斧子dzɨ˧41
Woman女人mi˧˩41
Louse虱子ɕɛ˥-41
Goose鹅gɛ̠˧-41
Push, to推dɛ˧˩41
Edge边上dzɛ˥-41
Eagle老鹰dzɛ˥41
Saddle鞍子qɔ̠˧41
Shallow浅tɛ̠˧41
Change, to改pʰa˧41
Winnow (rice), to簸（米）ja˥41
See, to看见mɔ˥41
Mosquito蚊子gɔ˧˩41
Change, to变pʰa˥41
Stick (classifier)条tɕa̠˧41
Leg腿bɔ˥-41
Store, to铺qʰɔ˧˩41

References
  1. Muda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Muda". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. 景洪市嘎洒镇南联山村委会
  4. Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). 缅彝语几种音类的演变. Minzu Yuwen.
  5. Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.
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