Duployan shorthand

The Duployan shorthand, or Duployan stenography (French: Sténographie Duployé), was created by Father Émile Duployé in 1860 for writing French. Since then, it has been expanded and adapted for writing English, German, Spanish, Romanian, and Chinook Jargon.[1] The Duployan stenography is classified as a geometric, alphabetic stenography and is written left-to-right in connected stenographic style. The Duployan shorthands, including Chinook writing, Pernin's Universal Phonography, Perrault's English Shorthand, the Sloan-Duployan Modern Shorthand, and Romanian stenography, were included as a single script in version 7.0 of the Unicode Standard / ISO 10646[1][2][3]

Duployan shorthand
Type
light-line geometric stenographic alphabet
LanguagesFrench, English, German, Spanish, Romanian, Chinook Jargon, Lillooet, Thompson, Okanagan
CreatorÉmile Duployé
Published
1868 (Pernin: 1877; Sloan: 1883; Ellis: 1888; LeJeune: 1891)
Statushistoric and hobbyist usage
Child systems
Malone's Script Phonography
DirectionLeft-to-right
ISO 15924Dupl, 755
Unicode alias
Duployan
Unicode range
U+1BC00–U+1BC9F Duployan
U+1BCA0–U+1BCAF Shorthand Format Controls
Final Accepted Script Proposal

Typology and structure

Duployan is classified as a geometric stenography, in that the prototype for letterforms are based on lines and circles, instead of ellipses. It is alphabetic, with both consonant and vowel signs in equal prominence. Writing is in a left-to-right direction, proceeding down the page, as in common European writing. Most Duployan letters will attach to adjacent letters, allowing a word (or words) to be written in a single stroke, without lifting the pen.[1]

Consonants

Consonant characters come in two basic styles: line consonants and arc consonants. All consonants have a shape, size, and stroke direction that do not change based on the surrounding characters. Both types of consonants are contrasted by orientation, length, and the presence of ancillary dots and dashes on or near the letter.

The line consonants come in five orientations: vertical, horizontal, left-to-right falling, left-to-right rising, and right-to-left falling; and in three lengths: short, long, and extended. Variations of some line consonants will have dots adjacent to the center of the line.

Arc consonants come in two arc lengths: half circle, and quarter circle. The half circle arcs have four orientations: left, right, top, and bottom half; and two lengths: regular and extended. Variations of the half circle arc consonants have dots inside and outside of the bowl, and dashes across the middle. The quarter arc consonants also have four orientations corresponding to the four quadrants of a circle, with both upwards and downwards strokes, and come in regular and extended lengths. The only variant quarter arc consonant is the addition of a dot (Duployan letter H) to the Duployan letter W to make the Duployan letter Wh.[1]

Émile Duployé

Vowels

Vowels characters also come in two basic styles: circle vowels, and orienting vowels. Vowels have only a general shape and size, but their orientation and exact appearance are usually dictated by the adjacent characters.

Circle vowels are written by creating a loop that starts from the preceding character acting as a tangent, continuing around the circle until reaching the tangent point of the following character, at which point the following letterform is written, with the two adjacent characters crossing to complete the "circle". Variants of the circle vowels have dots in the middle of the circle, or a protuberance in from the circle. Circle vowels may also take standard diacritic marks when used to write some languages.

Some circle vowels

Orienting vowels are written by rotating the vowel to match the incoming angle of the preceding character, then mirrored along the axis of that character to avoid the following character crossing. They come in two varieties, defined by whether they will tend toward the right or left if the adjacent characters will allow either. Nasal vowels are considered a special case of an orienting vowel, and will act as orienting vowels, except in the Chinook script, where nasals can appear as diacritics.[1]

Affixes and word signs

Many Duployan shorthands use small unattached marks, as well as various crossing and touching strokes, as markers for common prefixes and suffixes. Individual letters and letterlike symbols are also used in many Duployan shorthands to stand for common words and phrases. Overlapping two or more letters and signs can be used in some shorthands as word signs and abbreviations.[1]

Ligatures

Most Duployan scripts do not make use of true ligatures that are not just one of its constituent letters with a distinguishing mark. The Romanian stenography is fairly unusual in having a number of vowel ligatures, especially with the Romanian U.[1]

Connecting letters

Most Duployan letters cursively connect to any adjacent letters. Circle vowels will sometimes reduce to as small as a semi-circle in order to accommodate the incoming and outgoing strokes of adjacent letters, and orienting vowels will rotate to meet the preceding letter at a straight angle, while mirroring to present themselves to the following letter.

++=
P+A+T=pat
++=* E would normally sit on the left side of P, except that it must sit on the right to join with the T.
P+E+T=pet
+++=
J+A+I+N=shine
+++++=
P+E+Lh+T+E+N=pelten (Chinook)

Alphabetical order

Duployan does not have a widely agreed alphabetical order. A precursory order for the alphabet has been invented for the Unicode script proposal, however; and this order can basically be found in the order of the Unicode allocation (see Table of characters). This order places consonants before vowels, with similar type and size letters grouped roughly together.

Table of characters

This table lists the characters used in all of the Duployan shorthands along with their Unicode code points.[4][5] A basic alphabetization can be derived from the order of the letters. Letters with a name otherwise identical to a more universal letter will have a parenthetical denoting its shorthand of use: (Per) for Pernin's Universal Phonography, (Rom) for Romanian stenography, and (Sl) for Sloan-Duployan shorthand.

Spacing and line consonants
spacing consonantsshort line consonants
CodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetter
NameNameNameNameNameNameName
1BC001BC011BC021BC031BC041BC051BC06
HXPTFKL
long line consonantsextended line consonants
1BC071BC081BC091BC0A1BC0B1BC0C1BC0D1BC0E1BC0F1BC10
BDVGRPNDSFNKMRS
variant line consonants
1BC111BC121BC131BC141BC151BC161BC171BC18
ThDh (Sl)DhKkJ (Sl)hLLhRh

Arc consonants
half arc consonantshalf arc consonants (cross variants)
CodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetter
NameNameNameNameNameNameNameName
1BC191BC1A1BC1B1BC1C1BC1D1BC1E1BC1F1BC20
MNJSMNNMJMSJ
half arc consonants (dotted variants)large variant half arc consonants
1BC211BC221BC231BC241BC251BC261BC2F1BC301BC31
M + dotN + dotJ + dotJ + dotsS + dotS + dot belowJS + dotJNJNS
large half arc consonantslarge half arc consonants (cross variants)
1BC271BC281BC291BC2A1BC2B1BC2C1BC2D1BC2E
MSNSJSSSMNSNMSJMSSJS
downslope quarter arc consonantslarge downslope quarter arc consonants
1BC321BC331BC341BC351BC361BC371BC381BC391BC3A
STSTRSPSPRTSTRSWWhWR
upslope quarter arc consonantslarge upslope quarter arc consonants
1BC3B1BC3C1BC3D1BC3E1BC3F1BC40
SNSMKRSGRSSKSKR

Vowels
circle vowelsI / E
CodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetterCodeLetter
NameNameNameNameNameNameName
1BC411BC421BC431BC441BC451BC461BC47
AOw (Sl)OAOAouIE
non-orienting I/E variantsI/E variants
1BC481BC491BC4A1BC4B1BC4C1BC4D1BC4E1BC4F1BC50
Ieshort IUiEeEh (Sl)I (Rom)Ee (Sl)Long IYe
quarter circle vowelsOther 'U' vowels
1BC511BC521BC531BC541BC551BC561BC571BC581BC59
UEuXw / UhUNLong UU (Rom)UhU (Sl)Ooh
dotted circle vowelscompound W-vowels
1BC5A1BC5B1BC5C1BC5D1BC5E1BC5F1BC60
OwOuWaWoWiWeiWow
basic nasal vowelsvariant nasal vowels
1BC611BC621BC631BC641BC651BC661BC671BC681BC691BC6A
UnOnInAnAn (Per)Am (Per)En (Sl)An (Sl)On (Sl)uM

Affixes, marks, punctuation, and others
invariant attached affixes
CodeAffixCodeAffixCodeAffixCodeAffixCodeAffixCodeAffix
1BC701BC711BC721BC731BC741BC75
orienting attached affixes
1BC761BC771BC781BC791BC7A1BC7B1BC7C
high affixes
1BC801BC811BC821BC831BC841BC851BC861BC871BC88
low affixes
1BC901BC911BC921BC931BC941BC951BC961BC971BC981BC99
Other marks and symbols
CodeSymbolCodeSymbolCodeSymbol
NameNameName
1BC9C1BC9E1BC9F
Chinook Likalisti (eucharist) signDouble MarkChinook punctuation mark
Invisible Unicode format characters
CodeNameCodeNameCodeNameCodeNameCodeName
1BC9DDuployan Thick
Letter Selector		1BCA0Shorthand Format
Letter Overlap		1BCA1Shorthand Format
Continuing Overlap		1BCA2Shorthand Format
Down Step		1BCA3Shorthand Format
Up Step

French Duployan

The use of French Duployan shorthand has historically been heavier in areas of southern France and Switzerland, with the Prévost-Delaunay and Aimé-Paris shorthands more common in northern France and the Paris area.

French Duployan makes use of an extensive list of letter words, combined consonants, and affix marks, but does not cross letters to make abbreviations. Like most European shorthands, French Duployan omits vowels that can be guessed by a fluent speaker.[6][7]

Chinook writing
Introduction to the Wawa shorthand

The Chinook writing, or Wawa shorthand, or Chinuk pipa, was developed by Father Jean-Marie-Raphaël Le Jeune in the early 1890s for writing in Chinook Jargon, Lillooet, Thompson, Okanagan, and English, with the intended purpose of bringing literacy and church teaching to the first nations in the Catholic Diocese of Kamloops. The result was three decades' publication of the Chinook Jargon language Kamloops Wawa.[8]

The Chinook writing is notable by the absence of affixes and word signs, the phonological rigor – vowels were not omitted, even when predictable – and its use of W-vowels. Chinook writing is also notable in splitting a word into nominally syllabic units as well as using the only non-joining consonant characters in Duployan.[9][10]

Romanian stenography

The Romanian stenography was developed by Margaretta Sfințescu in the 1980s. Like French Duployan, Romanian stenography uses a large number of affix marks and word signs.[11]

English shorthands

Several adaptations of Duployan were developed for writing English, including those by Helen Pernin, J. Matthew Sloan, Denis Perrault, Carl Brandt, and George Galloway. The Pernin, Perrault, and Sloan shorthands are distinguished from other Duployan shorthands by the presence of the quarter-arc compound consonants. They also make use of affix marks, and omit redundant vowels.[12][13][14] Galloway and Brandt shorthands are not included in the Duployan Unicode proposal.[1]

Unlike other Duployan shorthands, Sloan-Duployan uses a thick, or heavy, stroke to indicate the addition of an "R" sound to a letter. Although not found in the other Duployan shorthands, contrastive thick and thin strokes are common in other shorthands, such as Pitman shorthand, where a heavy stroke would indicate a voiced consonant, and thin the unvoiced version of the same consonant.[12]

Unicode
See also: Duployan (Unicode block) and Shorthand Format Controls (Unicode block)

Duployan shorthand was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

Duployan[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+1BC0x 𛰀 𛰁 𛰂 𛰃 𛰄 𛰅 𛰆 𛰇 𛰈 𛰉 𛰊 𛰋 𛰌 𛰍 𛰎 𛰏
U+1BC1x 𛰐 𛰑 𛰒 𛰓 𛰔 𛰕 𛰖 𛰗 𛰘 𛰙 𛰚 𛰛 𛰜 𛰝 𛰞 𛰟
U+1BC2x 𛰠 𛰡 𛰢 𛰣 𛰤 𛰥 𛰦 𛰧 𛰨 𛰩 𛰪 𛰫 𛰬 𛰭 𛰮 𛰯
U+1BC3x 𛰰 𛰱 𛰲 𛰳 𛰴 𛰵 𛰶 𛰷 𛰸 𛰹 𛰺 𛰻 𛰼 𛰽 𛰾 𛰿
U+1BC4x 𛱀 𛱁 𛱂 𛱃 𛱄 𛱅 𛱆 𛱇 𛱈 𛱉 𛱊 𛱋 𛱌 𛱍 𛱎 𛱏
U+1BC5x 𛱐 𛱑 𛱒 𛱓 𛱔 𛱕 𛱖 𛱗 𛱘 𛱙 𛱚 𛱛 𛱜 𛱝 𛱞 𛱟
U+1BC6x 𛱠 𛱡 𛱢 𛱣 𛱤 𛱥 𛱦 𛱧 𛱨 𛱩 𛱪
U+1BC7x 𛱰 𛱱 𛱲 𛱳 𛱴 𛱵 𛱶 𛱷 𛱸 𛱹 𛱺 𛱻 𛱼
U+1BC8x 𛲀 𛲁 𛲂 𛲃 𛲄 𛲅 𛲆 𛲇 𛲈
U+1BC9x 𛲐 𛲑 𛲒 𛲓 𛲔 𛲕 𛲖 𛲗 𛲘 𛲙 𛲜 D T
 L S 		 𛲞 𛲟
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Shorthand Format Controls[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+1BCAx  𛲠   𛲡   𛲢   𛲣 
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

References
  1. Anderson, Van (2010-09-24). "N3895: Proposal to include Duployan script and Shorthand Format Controls in UCS" (PDF).
  2. Anderson, Van; Michael Everson (2011-05-30). "Resolving chart and collation order for the Duployan script" (PDF).
  3. "Resolutions of WG 2 meeting 58" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-10.
  4. "Duployan, Range: 1BC00–1BC9F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. 2016.
  5. "Shorthand Format Controls, Range: 1BCA0–1BCAF" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. 2016.
  6. Hautefeuille and Ramaude. Cours de Sténographie Duployé Fondamentale.
  7. "Stenographie Integrale" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-19.
  8. LeJeune, Jean Marie. "How the Shorthand was Introduced among the Indians".
  9. LeJeune, Jean Marie Raphael. "Chinook Rudiments". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09.
  10. LeJeune, Jean Marie Raphael. "Kamloops Wawa".
  11. Sfinţescu, Margaretta (1984). Curs De Stenografie.
  12. Sloan, J.M. (1882). Modern Shorthand. the Sloan-Duployan Phonographic Instructor. Ramsgate, England; St. John's, NL; Brisbane, QLD.
  13. Perrault, Denis R. (1918). Perrault-Duployan Complete Elementary Course of Stenography in Six Lessons. Montreal.
  14. Pernin, Helen M. (1902). Pernin's Universal Phonography. Detroit, MI.
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