Las Juntas Formation

Las Juntas Formation
Stratigraphic range: Hauterivian
~132–130 Ma

PreЄ

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S

D

C

P

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K

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Las Juntas Formation; Stratigraphic range: Hauterivian; ~132–130 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Cáqueza Group
Sub-units	Arenisca de Almeida Mb.; Lutitas Intermedias Mb.; Arenisca de El Volador Mb.
Underlies	Fómeque Fm., Apón Fm.
Overlies	Macanal Formation
Thickness	up to 910 m (2,990 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Shale
Location
Coordinates	5°00′49″N 73°27′27″W
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense & Tenza Valley; Eastern Ranges; Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Cerro Las Juntas
Named by	Rodríguez & Ulloa
Location	Guateque
Year defined	1979
Coordinates	5°00′49″N 73°27′27″W
Region	Boyacá
Country	Colombia

The Las Juntas Formation or Las Juntas Sandstone (Spanish: (Formación) Areniscas de Las Juntas, Kiaj, Kialj, K1j) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The Las Juntas Formation is found in the departments Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Casanare. The predominantly sandstone formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Hauterivian epoch, and has a maximum thickness of 910 metres (2,990 ft).

Etymology

The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodríguez and Ulloa after Cerro Las Juntas, Guateque, Tenza Valley, Boyacá.[1][2]

Description

Lithologies

The Las Juntas Formation has a maximum thickness of 910 metres (2,990 ft) and is characterised by a sequence of sandstones with interbedded shales.[1]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Las Juntas Formation, the uppermost unit of the Cáqueza Group, overlies the Macanal Formation and is overlain by the Fómeque Formation and the Apón Formation in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.[3] The formation is subdivided into three members, from old to younger; Arenisca de El Volador, Lutitas Intermedias and Arenisca de Almeida. The age has been estimated to be Hauterivian. The formation has been deposited in a near shore deltaic environment,[1][2] with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield.[4] The formation represents a regressive sequence in the present-day Eastern Ranges, as the Rosablanca Formation in the Middle Magdalena Valley.[5]

Outcrops

Type locality of the Las Juntas Formation in the Tenza Valley east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Las Juntas Formation is apart from its type locality east of Guateque, found in Chingaza National Park,[1] in the El Cochal Synclinal east of the Ocetá Páramo,[6] between Lake Tota and Labranzagrande,[7] other parts of the Tenza Valley such as close to Macanal and Almeida.[8]

The Támara Fault thrusts the Las Juntas Formation southeastward on top of the Tertiary San Fernando and Diablo Formations,[9] and the Chámeza Fault thrusts the older Macanal Formation on top of the Las Juntas Formation around Chámeza, Casanare.[10]

Regional correlations

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense		El Cocuy
Maastrichtian	Umir	Córdoba		Seca		eroded		Guaduas				Colón-Mito Juan
Maastrichtian				Umir				Guadalupe
Campanian				Córdoba
Campanian				Oliní
Santonian	La Luna	Cimarrona - La Tabla										La Luna
Coniacian		Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
Coniacian		Güagüaquí	Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian		Güagüaquí	Hondita	La Frontera	Otanche		La Frontera
Cenomanian	Simití	hiatus		La Corona			Simijaca					Capacho
Cenomanian				Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho	Churuvita	Une			Aguardiente
Albian				Hiló			Hiló - Pacho	Chiquinquirá	Tibasosa	Une		Aguardiente
Albian	Tablazo			Tablazo			Capotes - La Palma - Simití	Simití		Une		Tibú-Mercedes
Aptian	Tablazo			Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque		Tibú-Mercedes
	Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras					Río Negro
						La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian					Muzo					Cáqueza	Las Juntas
Hauterivian	Rosablanca				Muzo			Ritoque			Las Juntas
Valanginian				Ritoque	Furatena	Útica - Murca		Rosablanca	Girón		Macanal
Valanginian				Rosablanca	Furatena			Rosablanca			Macanal
Berriasian	Cumbre			Cumbre				Los Medios			Guavio
Berriasian	Tambor			Arcabuco				Cumbre			Guavio
Sources

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Paleomap	Regional events	Catatumbo	Cordillera	proximal Llanos	distal Llanos	Putumayo	VSM	Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene		Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene		Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations	Guayabo	Soatá Sabana	Necesidad	Guayabo	Gigante Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		[11][12][13][14]
2.6	Pliocene		Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque			Gigante Neiva
5.3	Messinian		Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela			Caimán	Honda				[13][15]
13.5	Langhian		Regional flooding	León	hiatus	Caja	León	Caimán		Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	[14][16]
16.2	Burdigalian		Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2	C1		Carbonera C1		Ospina		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	[15][14]
17.3				C2		Carbonera C2				Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19				C3		Carbonera C3				Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene		Pebas wetlands	C4		Carbonera C4			Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene		Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep	C5		Carbonera C5		Orito		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	[12][15]
25	Late Oligocene			C6		Carbonera C6		Orito		Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene			C7		C7		Pepino	Gualanday	Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	[12][15][17]
32	Oligo-Eocene			C8	Usme	C8	onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	[17]
35	Late Eocene			Mirador	Usme	Mirador				Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	[14][18]
40	Middle Eocene				Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene			Socha		Los Cuervos				Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	[14][18]
55	Late Paleocene		PETM 2000 ppm CO₂	Los Cuervos	Bogotá	Los Cuervos			Gualanday	Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene		SALMA	Barco	Guaduas	Barco		Rumiyaco	Gualanday	Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	[11][12][15][14][19]
65	Maastrichtian		KT extinction	Catatumbo	Guadalupe				Monserrate	Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	[11][14]
72	Campanian		End of rifting	Colón-Mito Juan					Monserrate				[14][20]
83	Santonian							Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian		Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event	La Luna	Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	[11][14][21]
93	Cenomanian		Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian				Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	[15][21]
113	Aptian			Capacho	Fómeque			Motema	Yaví	Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	[12][14][22]
125	Barremian		High biodiversity	Aguardiente	Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	[11]
129	Hauterivian		Rift 1	Tibú- Mercedes	Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	[11]
133	Valanginian			Río Negro	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	[12][23]
140	Berriasian			Girón	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian		Break-up of Pangea	Jordán	Arcabuco	Buenavista Batá		Saldaña		Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	[15][24]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic		Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Montebel Noreán	hiatus		Saldaña		Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		[25]
201	Late Triassic		Passive margin 2	Mucuchachi	Montebel Noreán			Payandé					[15]
235	Early Triassic		Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian		Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous		Famatinian orogeny						Cerro Neiva ()				[26]
340	Early Carboniferous		Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Cerro Neiva ()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian		Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Ambicá ()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		[23][27][28][29][30]
390	Early Devonian		High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet					Ambicá ()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian		Silurian mystery	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet
425	Early Silurian	align=center	Silurian mystery	colspan=6 bgcolor=darkgrey align=center \| hiatus
440	Late Ordovician		Rich fauna in Bolivia	San Pedro (450-490)		Duda ()
470	Early Ordovician		First fossils	San Pedro (450-490)	Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá	Guape ()		Río Nevado ()	Hígado () Agua Blanca Venado (470-475)				[31][32][33]
488	Late Cambrian		Regional intrusions	Chicamocha (490-515)	Quetame ()	Ariarí ()		SJ del Guaviare (490-590)	San Isidro ()				[34][35]
515	Early Cambrian		Cambrian explosion		Quetame ()				San Isidro ()				[33][36]
542	Ediacaran		Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		El Barro ()	Yellow: allochtonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochtonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	[37][38]
600	Neoproterozoic		Cariri Velhos orogeny	Bucaramanga (600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					[34]
800	Neoproterozoic		Snowball Earth										[39]
1000	Mesoproterozoic		Sunsás orogeny			Ariarí (1000)			La Urraca (1030-1100)				[40][41][42][43]
1300			Rondônia-Juruá orogeny			pre-Ariarí	Parguaza (1300-1400)		Garzón (1180-1550)				[44]
1400				pre-Bucaramanga					Garzón (1180-1550)				[45]
1600	Paleoproterozoic						Maimachi (1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				[46]
1800			Tapajós orogeny				Mitú (1800)						[44][46]
1950			Transamazonic orogeny				pre-Mitú						[44]
2200			Columbia
2530	Archean		Carajas-Imataca orogeny										[44]
3100	Archean		Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

Notes

based on Duarte et al. (2019)[47], García González et al. (2009),[48] and geological report of Villavicencio[49]
based on Duarte et al. (2019)[47] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[50]

References

Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.52
Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.47
Villamil, 2012, p.168
Villamil, 2012, p.165
Villamil, 2012, p.166
Plancha 172, 1998
Plancha 192, 1998
Plancha 210, 2010
Plancha 193, 1992
Plancha 211, 2009
García González et al., 2009, p.27
García González et al., 2009, p.50
García González et al., 2009, p.85
Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
Duarte et al., 2019
García González et al., 2009
Pulido & Gómez, 2001
García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

Acosta Garay, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2002. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-26.
Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José, and Orlando Solano Silva. 2000. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–120. INGEOMINAS.
Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).

Maps

Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo. 1992. Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos, and Erasmo Rodríguez. 2009. Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.

External links

Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.

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[50] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)[47], García González et al. (2009),[48] and geological report of Villavicencio[49]

[52] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)[47] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[50]

[Acosta2002_p52-1] Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.52

[Rodriguez2000_p47-2] Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.47

[Villamil_p168-3] Villamil, 2012, p.168

[Villamil_p165-4] Villamil, 2012, p.165

[Villamil_p166-5] Villamil, 2012, p.166

[Plancha172-6] Plancha 172, 1998

[Plancha192-7] Plancha 192, 1998

[Plancha210-8] Plancha 210, 2010

[Plancha193-9] Plancha 193, 1992

[Plancha211-10] Plancha 211, 2009

[UISANH2009_p27-11] García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-12] García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-13] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-14] Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-15] Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-16] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-17] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-18] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-19] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-20] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-21] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-22] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-23] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-24] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-25] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-26] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-27] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-28] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-29] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-30] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-31] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-32] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-33] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-34] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-35] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-36] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-37] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-38] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-39] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-40] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-41] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-42] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-43] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-44] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-45] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-46] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-47] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-48] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-49] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-51] García González et al., 2009, p.60