Bogotá Formation

The Bogotá Formation (Spanish: Formación Bogotá, E1-2b, Tpb, Pgb) is a geological formation of the Eastern Hills and Bogotá savanna on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale and siltstone formation, with sandstone beds intercalated, dates to the Paleogene period; Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene epochs, with an age range of 61.66 to 52.5 Ma, spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. The thickness of the Bogotá Formation ranges from 169 metres (554 ft) near Tunja to 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) near Bogotá. Fossils of the ungulate Etayoa bacatensis have been found in the Bogotá Formation, as well as numerous reptiles, unnamed as of 2017.

Bogotá Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Paleocene-Early Eocene (Peligran-Casamayoran)
61.66–52.5 Ma
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesRegadera Formation
OverliesCacho Formation
Thickness169–1,415 m (554–4,642 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone, shale, siltstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates4°29′18.4″N 74°08′08.5″W
RegionBogotá savanna & Eastern Hills,
Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forBogotá
Named byHettner
LocationCiudad Bolívar, Bogotá
Year defined1892
Coordinates4°29′18.4″N 74°08′08.5″W
Approximate paleocoordinates2.1°N 62.4°W / 2.1; -62.4
RegionCundinamarca
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
50 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Etymology

The formation was first described by Hettner in 1892,[1] then by Hubach in 1931, 1945 and 1957, and named in 1963 by Julivert after the Colombian capital Bogotá and its savanna.[2]

Description
The Bogotá Formation was deposited during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, here indicated as LPTM

Lithologies

The Bogotá Formation consists mainly of grayish-red, locally purplish, commonly greenish-gray, generally poorly stratified mudstone and silty claystone. Lithic arenite sandstone lenses, ranging from fine- to medium-grained, generally friable and variegated, are local constituents. Carbonaceous material is present as thin beds of low-grade argillaceous coal, north of Bogotá.[3][4] Fossil remains of Etaoya bacatensis, named after Colombian geologist Fernando Etayo and the indigenous name for the Bogotá savanna, Bacatá,[5] have been found in Ciudad Bolívar, close to the type locality of the Bogotá Formation.[6] Additionally, macroflora of Palaeophytocrene hammenii, named after Dutch botanist Thomas van der Hammen,[7] and pollen of Foveotriletes margaritae, Proxapertites operculatus and Foveotricolpites perforatus have been found, used for dating the formation.[1] Other pollen and flora, as Ulmoideipites krempii, Carpolithus, Anemocardium margaritae, and Hickeycarpum peltatum have been found in the Bogotá Formation.[8] The abundant paleosols of the Bogotá Formation show an increase in chemical weathering across the Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) transition; the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.[9]

Later analysis has found several other species, such as pleurodire turtles, found at the Doña Juana dump,[10] dyrosaurid mesoeucrocodylians, boid snakes, dipnoan fishes, frogs, lizards, sebecid crocodyliforms and 11 fossils of mammals.[11] The find of a derived snake in the Lower Eocene section of the formation represents the oldest New World record.[12] The finds of iguanians, including the fossil record of hoplocercines, and boine, caenophidian, and ungaliophiine snakes, indicate a tropical forest environment, present just before the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).[13] The faunal distribution has been correlated to the Carodnia-, Amphidolops-, and Wainka-bearing Peñas Coloradas Formation of the Golfo San Jorge Basin in Patagonia, Argentina.[14]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Bogotá Formation, with a thickness of 169 metres (554 ft) close to Tunja to 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) near Bogotá,[15][16] overlies the Cacho Formation and is overlain by the Regadera Formation. The age has been estimated to be Late Paleocene to Early Eocene.[17] The middle part of the succession has been dated using detrital zircons at 56.2 ± 1.6 Ma.[3][18] The spread of ages based on zircons has been reported from 60.96 ± 0.7 to 53.6 ± 1.1 Ma.[19] The Bogotá Formation is laterally equivalent with the shales of the Socha Formation, the San Fernando Formation, the El Limbo Formation,[17] Los Cuervos Formation,[20] and the fossil-rich Cerrejón Formation of La Guajira.[11]

Outcrops
Type locality of the Bogotá Formation in the south of the Bogotá savanna

The Bogotá Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the synclinals of the Río Frío, Checua-Lenguazaque, Sesquilé, Sisga, Subachoque,[21] around Lake Suesca, in the Tenza Valley, and in the synclinals of Teusacá and Usme.[2][22][23] In the Usme Synclinal, the formation has a thickness of 436.5 metres (1,432 ft).[24] The campus of the Universidad La Javeriana has the Bogotá Formation as solid basement rock.[25]

The Bogotá Formation forms the footwall of the eastward compressional Chicamocha Fault,[21] and the footwall of the westward thrusting Bogotá Fault.[22]

Regional correlations
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
MaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes
0.01Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		alluviumOverburden
1Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		GuayaboSoatá
Sabana		NecesidadGuayaboGigante
Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		[26][27][28][29]
2.6Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		Subachoque
5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3
Foreland		MarichuelaCaimánHonda[28][30]
13.5LanghianRegional floodingLeónhiatusCajaLeónLacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		Seal[29][31]
16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		Reservoir[30][29]
17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal
19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir
21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal
23Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		C5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[27][30]
25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal
28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[27][30][32]
32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)Seal
Source		[32]
35Late Eocene
MiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		Reservoir[29][33]
40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus
45
50Early Eocene
SochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		Seal
Source		[29][33]
55Late PaleocenePETM
2000 ppm CO2		Los CuervosBogotáGualanday
60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		Reservoir[26][27][30][29][34]
65Maastrichtian
KT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		Reservoir[26][29]
72CampanianEnd of riftingColón-Mito Juan[29][35]
83SantonianVilleta/Güagüaquí
86Coniacian
89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachetáhiatusRestricted marine (all)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		Source[26][29][36]
93Cenomanian
Rift 2
100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		Reservoir[30][36]
113Aptian
CapachoFómequeMotemaYavíOpen marine (Fómeque)800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		Source (Fóm)[27][29][37]
125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		Reservoir[26]
129Hauterivian
Rift 1Tibú-
Mercedes		Las JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		Reservoir (LJun)[26]
133ValanginianRío NegroCáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		Restricted marine (Macanal)2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		Source (Mac)[27][38]
140BerriasianGirón
145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJordánArcabucoBuenavista
Batá
SaldañaAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		"Jurassic"[30][39]
150Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		hiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		[40]
201Late Triassic
MucuchachiPayandé[30]
235Early Triassic
Pangeahiatus"Paleozoic"
250Permian
300Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogenyCerro Neiva
()		[41]
340Early CarboniferousFossil fish
Romer's gap		Cuche
(355-385)		Farallones
()		Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360Late Devonian
Passive margin 1Río Cachirí
(360-419)		Ambicá
()		Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		[38][42][43][44][45]
390Early Devonian
High biodiversityFloresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet		Shallow marine (Floresta)600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410Late SilurianSilurian mystery
425Early Silurianalign=centercolspan=6 bgcolor=darkgrey align=center | hiatus
440Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro
(450-490)		Duda
()
470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá		Guape
()		Río Nevado
()		Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
[46][47][48]
488Late Cambrian
Regional intrusionsChicamocha
(490-515)		Quetame
()		Ariarí
()		SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		San Isidro
()		[49][50]
515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[48][51]
542Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro
()		Yellow: allochtonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochtonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement[52][53]
600Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga
(600-1400)		pre-Guaviare[49]
800
Snowball Earth[54]
1000Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogenyAriarí
(1000)		La Urraca
(1030-1100)		[55][56][57][58]
1300Rondônia-Juruá orogenypre-AriaríParguaza
(1300-1400)		Garzón
(1180-1550)		[59]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga[60]
1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi
(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón[61]
1800
Tapajós orogenyMitú
(1800)		[59][61]
1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mitú[59]
2200Columbia
2530Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny[59]
3100Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

See also
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes and references

Notes
  1. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[62], García González et al. (2009),[63] and geological report of Villavicencio[64]
  2. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[62] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[65]

References
  1. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.59
  2. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.57
  3. Bayona et al., 2010, p.5
  4. McLaughlin, 1970, p.15
  5. Villarroel, 1987, p.242
  6. Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks.org
  7. Stull et al., 2012
  8. Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
  9. Morón et al., 2013
  10. Cadena, 2014, p.334
  11. Bloch et al., 2008
  12. Head et al., 2011
  13. Head et al., 2012
  14. Woodburne et al., 2014, p.60
  15. Bayona et al., 2013, p.8
  16. Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5
  17. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.60
  18. Bayona et al., 2012, p.104
  19. Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
  20. Figures Bayona et al.
  21. Plancha 227, 1998
  22. Plancha 246, 1998
  23. Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
  24. Bayona et al., 2010, p.10
  25. García & Alfaro, 2001, p.5
  26. García González et al., 2009, p.27
  27. García González et al., 2009, p.50
  28. García González et al., 2009, p.85
  29. Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  30. Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  31. Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  32. Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  33. Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  34. Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  35. Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  36. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  37. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  38. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  39. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  40. Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  41. Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  42. Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  43. Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  44. Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  45. Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  46. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  47. Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  48. Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  49. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  50. Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  51. Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  52. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  53. Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  54. Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  55. Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  56. Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  57. Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  58. Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  59. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  60. Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  61. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  62. Duarte et al., 2019
  63. García González et al., 2009
  64. Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  65. García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

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