Guaduas Formation

The Guaduas Formation (Spanish: Formación Guaduas, K2P1G, K2E1G, KPgg, KTg, TKg, Ktg) is a geological formation of the Middle Magdalena Basin and the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale with coalbed formation dates to the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene periods; Maastrichtian-Paleocene epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 1,090 metres (3,580 ft). Fossils of Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi, Berhamniphyllum sp. and Archaeopaliurus boyacensis have been found in coalbeds in Zipaquirá and Tasco, Boyacá.

Guaduas Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Paleocene
~68–60 Ma
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesCacho Formation
OverliesGuadalupe Gp.
 Arenisca Labor-Tierna Fm.
Thicknessup to 1,090 metres (3,580 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale
OtherSandstone, coal
Location
Coordinates5°05′N 74°36′W
RegionMiddle Magdalena Basin
Magdalena River Valley
Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forGuaduas
Named byHubach
LocationGuaduas
Year defined1931
Coordinates5°05′N 74°36′W
Approximate paleocoordinates0.6°N 52.5°W / 0.6; -52.5
RegionCundinamarca, Boyacá
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
65 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Etymology

The formation was first described by Hettner in 1894 and named in 1931 by Hubach after Guaduas, Cundinamarca, former northern territory of the Panche.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Guaduas Formation consists mainly of shales with intercalated sandstone beds. The formation contains coalbeds that are widely explored in the area.[2] Fossil remains of Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi, Berhamniphyllum sp. and Archaeopaliurus boyacensis have been found in coalbeds in Zipaquirá and Tasco, Boyacá.[3][4][5]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Guaduas Formation unconformably[6] overlies the Arenisca Labor-Tierna Formation of the Guadalupe Group and is overlain by the Cacho Formation. The age has been estimated to be Upper Maastrichtian-Lower Paleocene, spanning the K-T boundary.[7] The Guaduas Formation is thicker in Cundinamarca than in Boyacá. This has been explained by a decrease in subsidence and a higher amount of erosion in the northern area of original deposition.[8] The lateral thickness variations are thought to be the result of the movement of the Soapaga Fault.[9] The formation has been deposited in a coastal plain setting.[4]

Outcrops
Type locality of the Guaduas Formation to the west of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Guaduas Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, the Ocetá Páramo and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges, such as Granada,[10] the Dintel Synclinal north of Facatativá,[11] the Suesca Synclinal,[12] east of Junín,[13] and surrounding Lake Tota.[14] The northeast-southwest Canocas Fault crosscuts the Guaduas Formation near San Cayetano.[15] The synclinals of the Río Frío, Neusa, Zipaquirá, Checua-Lenguazaque, Sesquilé, Sisga, Subachoque, Teusacá and Usme and Soacha are composed of the Guaduas Formation.[2] The Suba Hills are entirely composed of the Guaduas Formation.[16] The formation also has outcrops in the Sumapaz Páramo.[17]

Regional correlations
Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
AgePaleomapVMMGuaduas-VélezW Emerald BeltVilleta anticlinalChiquinquirá-
Arcabuco		Tunja-
Duitama		Altiplano CundiboyacenseEl Cocuy
MaastrichtianUmirCórdobaSecaerodedGuaduasColón-Mito Juan
UmirGuadalupe
CampanianCórdoba
Oliní
SantonianLa LunaCimarrona - La TablaLa Luna
ConiacianOliníConejoChipaque
Güagüaquí
Loma GordaundefinedLa Frontera
TuronianHonditaLa FronteraOtanche
CenomanianSimitíhiatusLa CoronaSimijacaCapacho
Pacho Fm.Hiló - PachoChuruvitaUneAguardiente
AlbianHilóChiquinquiráTibasosaUne
TablazoTablazoCapotes - La Palma - SimitíSimitíTibú-Mercedes
AptianCapotesSocotá - El PeñónPajaFómeque
PajaPajaEl PeñónTrincherasRío Negro
La Naveta
Barremian
HauterivianMuzo
Cáqueza
Las Juntas
RosablancaRitoque
ValanginianRitoqueFuratenaÚtica - MurcaRosablancaGirónMacanal
Rosablanca
BerriasianCumbreCumbreLos MediosGuavio
TamborArcabucoCumbre
Sources
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
MaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes
0.01Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		alluviumOverburden
1Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		GuayaboSoatá
Sabana		NecesidadGuayaboGigante
Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		[18][19][20][21]
2.6Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		Subachoque
5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3
Foreland		MarichuelaCaimánHonda[20][22]
13.5LanghianRegional floodingLeónhiatusCajaLeónLacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		Seal[21][23]
16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		Reservoir[22][21]
17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal
19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir
21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal
23Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		C5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[19][22]
25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal
28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[19][22][24]
32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)Seal
Source		[24]
35Late Eocene
MiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		Reservoir[21][25]
40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus
45
50Early Eocene
SochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		Seal
Source		[21][25]
55Late PaleocenePETM
2000 ppm CO2		Los CuervosBogotáGualanday
60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		Reservoir[18][19][22][21][26]
65Maastrichtian
KT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		Reservoir[18][21]
72CampanianEnd of riftingColón-Mito Juan[21][27]
83SantonianVilleta/Güagüaquí
86Coniacian
89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachetáhiatusRestricted marine (all)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		Source[18][21][28]
93Cenomanian
Rift 2
100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		Reservoir[22][28]
113Aptian
CapachoFómequeMotemaYavíOpen marine (Fómeque)800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		Source (Fóm)[19][21][29]
125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		Reservoir[18]
129Hauterivian
Rift 1Tibú-
Mercedes		Las JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		Reservoir (LJun)[18]
133ValanginianRío NegroCáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		Restricted marine (Macanal)2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		Source (Mac)[19][30]
140BerriasianGirón
145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJordánArcabucoBuenavista
Batá
SaldañaAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		"Jurassic"[22][31]
150Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		hiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		[32]
201Late Triassic
MucuchachiPayandé[22]
235Early Triassic
Pangeahiatus"Paleozoic"
250Permian
300Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogenyCerro Neiva
()		[33]
340Early CarboniferousFossil fish
Romer's gap		Cuche
(355-385)		Farallones
()		Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360Late Devonian
Passive margin 1Río Cachirí
(360-419)		Ambicá
()		Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		[30][34][35][36][37]
390Early Devonian
High biodiversityFloresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet		Shallow marine (Floresta)600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410Late SilurianSilurian mystery
425Early Silurianalign=centercolspan=6 bgcolor=darkgrey align=center | hiatus
440Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro
(450-490)		Duda
()
470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá		Guape
()		Río Nevado
()		Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
[38][39][40]
488Late Cambrian
Regional intrusionsChicamocha
(490-515)		Quetame
()		Ariarí
()		SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		San Isidro
()		[41][42]
515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[40][43]
542Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro
()		Yellow: allochtonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochtonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement[44][45]
600Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga
(600-1400)		pre-Guaviare[41]
800
Snowball Earth[46]
1000Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogenyAriarí
(1000)		La Urraca
(1030-1100)		[47][48][49][50]
1300Rondônia-Juruá orogenypre-AriaríParguaza
(1300-1400)		Garzón
(1180-1550)		[51]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga[52]
1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi
(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón[53]
1800
Tapajós orogenyMitú
(1800)		[51][53]
1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mitú[51]
2200Columbia
2530Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny[51]
3100Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]
  • Coal of the Guaduas Formation
    Ocetá Páramo
  • Coal mining in the Guaduas Formation
    Ocetá Páramo

See also
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes and references

Notes
  1. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[54], García González et al. (2009),[55] and geological report of Villavicencio[56]
  2. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[54] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[57]

References
  1. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.51
  2. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.52
  3. Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi at fossilworks.org
  4. Berhamniphyllum sp. & Archaeopaliurus boyacensis at fossilworks.org
  5. 'Archaeopaliurus boyacensis' in the Paleobiology Database
  6. Villamil, 2012, p.208
  7. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
  8. Mariño & Amaya, 2016, p.B9
  9. Amaya et al., 2010
  10. Plancha 246, 1998
  11. Plancha 227, 1998
  12. Plancha 190, 2009
  13. Plancha 191, 1998
  14. Plancha 192, 1998
  15. Planchas 171 & 191
  16. Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
  17. (in Spanish) Geología y geomorfología - Salida de Campo: Región Llanos Orientales
  18. García González et al., 2009, p.27
  19. García González et al., 2009, p.50
  20. García González et al., 2009, p.85
  21. Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  22. Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  23. Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  24. Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  25. Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  26. Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  27. Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  28. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  29. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  30. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  31. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  32. Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  33. Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  34. Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  35. Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  36. Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  37. Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  38. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  39. Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  40. Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  41. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  42. Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  43. Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  44. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  45. Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  46. Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  47. Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  48. Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  49. Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  50. Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  51. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  52. Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  53. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  54. Duarte et al., 2019
  55. García González et al., 2009
  56. Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  57. García González et al., 2009, p.60

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