Bangladesh Bank

On 7 April 1972, after the Independence War and the eventual independence of Bangladesh, the Government of Bangladesh passed the Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 127 of 1972), reorganising the Dhaka branch of the State Bank of Pakistan as Bangladesh Bank, the country's central bank and apex regulatory body for the country's monetary and financial system.

The 1972 Mujib government pursued a pro-socialist agenda. In 1972, the government decided to nationalise all banks to channel funds to the public sector and to prioritise credit to those sectors that sought to reconstruct the war-torn country – mainly industry and agriculture.[6] However, government control of the wrong sectors prevented these banks from functioning well. This was compounded by the fact that loans were handed out to the public sector without commercial considerations; banks had poor capital lease, provided poor customer service and lacked all market-based monetary instruments. Because loans were given out without commercial considerations, and because they took a long time to call a non-performing loan, and once they did, recovery under the erstwhile judicial system was so expensive, loan recovery was abysmally poor.[6][7] While the government made a point of intervening everywhere, it did not set up a proper regulatory system to diagnose such problems and correct them. Hence, banking concepts like profitability and liquidity were alien to bank managers, and capital adequacy took a backseat.[7]

In 1982, the first reform program was initiated, wherein the government denationalised two of the six nationalised commercial banks and permitted private local banks to compete in the banking sector. In 1986, a National Commission on Money, Banking and Credit was appointed[7] to deal with the problems of the banking sector, and a number of steps were taken for the recovery targets for the nationalised commercial banks and development financial institutions and prohibiting defaulters from getting new loans. Yet the efficiency of the banking sector could not be improved.[6]

The Financial Sector Adjustment Credit (FSAC) and Financial Sector Reform Programme (FSRP) were formed in 1990, upon contracts with the World Bank. These programs sought to remove government distortions and lessen the financial repression.[7] Policies made use of the McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis, which stated that removing distortions augments efficiency in the credit market and increases competition.[6] The policies therefore involved banks providing loans on a commercial basis, enhancing bank efficiency and limiting government control to monetary policy only. FSRP forced banks to have a minimum capital adequacy, to systematically classify loans and to implement modern computerised systems, including those that handle accounting. It forced the central bank to free up interest rates, revise financial laws and increase supervision in the credit market. The government also developed the capital market, which was also performing poorly.

FSRP expired in 1996. Afterwards, the Government of Bangladesh formed a Bank Reform Committee (BRC), whose recommendations were largely unaddressed by the then-government.

At present it has ten offices located at Motijheel, Sadarghat, Chittagong, Khulna, Bogra, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Barisal, Rangpur and Mymensingh in Bangladesh; total manpower stood at 5807 (officials 3981, subordinate staff 1826) as of 31 March 2015.

The Bangladesh Bank performs all the functions that a central bank in any country is expected to perform. Such functions include maintaining price stability through economic and monetary policy measures, managing the country's foreign exchange and gold reserve, and regulating the banking sector of the country. Like all other central banks, Bangladesh Bank is both the government's banker and the banker's bank, a "lender of last resort". Bangladesh Bank, like most other central banks, exercises a monopoly over the issue of currency and banknotes. Except for the one, two, and five taka notes and coins which are the responsibility of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of Bangladesh. The major functional areas include :

• Formulation and implementation of monetary and credit policies.
• Regulation and supervision of banks and non-bank financial institutions, promotion and development of domestic financial markets.
• Management of the country's international reserves.
• Issuance of currency notes.
• Regulation and supervision of the payment system.
• Acting as banker to the government .
• Money laundering prevention.
• Collection and furnishing of credit information.
• Implementation of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act.
• Managing a deposit insurance scheme .

The bank's highest official is the governor (currently Fazle Kabir). His seat is in Motijheel, Dhaka. The governor chairs the board of directors. The executive staff, also headed by the governor, is responsible for the bank's day-to-day affairs.

Bangladesh Bank also has a number of departments under it, namely Debt Management, Law, and so on, each headed by one or more general managers.[8] The Bank has 10 physical branches: Mymensingh, Motijheel, Sadarghat, Barisal, Khulna, Sylhet, Bogra, Rajshahi, Rangpur and Chittagong; each is headed by a general manager or executive director. Headquarters are located in the Bangladesh Bank Building in Motijheel, which has two general managers.

Bangladesh Bank publishes a range of periodical publications, research papers, and reports that contain monetary and banking developments, economic reviews, as well as various other statistical data. These include:

• Annual Report
• Bangladesh Bank Quarterly
• Monetary Policy Review
• CSR Initiatives in Banks
• BBTA Journal : Thoughts on Banking and Finance
• Annual Report on Green Banking
• Import Payments
• Financial Stability Assessment Report

Since its conception, the Bangladesh Bank has had 11 governors:[11]

• A.N.M. Hamidullah (18 January 1972 – 18 November 1974)
• A.K. Naziruddin Ahmed (19 November 1974 – 13 July 1976)
• M. Nurul Islam (13 July 1976 – 12 April 1987)
• Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri (12 April 1987 – 19 December 1992)
• Khorshed Alam (20 December 1992 – 21 November 1996)
• Lutfar Rahman Sarkar (21 November 1996 – 21 November 1998)
• Mohammed Farashuddin (24 November 1998 – 22 November 2001)
• Fakhruddin Ahmed (29 November 2001 – 30 April 2005)
• Salehuddin Ahmed (1 May 2005 – 30 April 2009)
• Atiur Rahman (1 May 2009 – 15 March 2016)
• Fazle Kabir (20 March 2016 – present)

Bangladesh Bank Award is introduced in 2000.[12] The winners are:

1. Rehman Sobhan (2000)[13]
2. Nurul Islam (2009)[13]
3. Mosharraf Hossain (2011)[14]
4. Muzaffar Ahmed and Swadesh Ranjan Bose (2013)[12]
5. Azizur Rahman Khan and Mahbub Hossain (2017)[15]

• Bangladesh Bank robbery
• Economy of Bangladesh
• Bangladesh Bank Library