2008 in spaceflight

2008 in spaceflight
	The first Automated Transfer Vehicle, Jules Verne approaches the ISS
Orbital launches
First	15 January
Last	25 December
Total	69
Successes	66
Failures	2
Partial failures	1
Catalogued	67
National firsts
Satellite	Venezuela; Vietnam
Space traveller	South Korea
Rockets
Maiden flights	Ariane 5ES; Long March 3C; PSLV-XL; Safir; Zenit-3SLB
Retirements	H-IIA 2024
Crewed flights
Orbital	7
Total travellers	37

The year 2008 contained several significant events in spaceflight, including the first flyby of Mercury by a spacecraft since 1975, the discovery of water ice on Mars by the Phoenix spacecraft, which landed in May, the first Chinese spacewalk in September, and the launch of the first Indian Lunar probe in October.

Overview

The internationally accepted definition of a spaceflight is any flight which crosses the Kármán line, 100 kilometres above sea level. The first recorded spaceflight launch of the year occurred on 11 January, when a Black Brant was launched on a suborbital trajectory from White Sands, with the LIDOS ultraviolet astronomy payload.[1] This was followed by the first orbital launch of the year on 15 January, by a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL, with the Thuraya 3 communications satellite.[2] The launch marked the return to flight for Sea Launch following the explosion of a Zenit-3SL on the launch pad the previous January during an attempt to launch the NSS-8 satellite.

The fourth Falcon 1 launches with RatSat

Five carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2008; the Ariane 5ES, Long March 3C, Zenit-3SLB, PSLV-XL, and the operational version of the Falcon 1, with an uprated Merlin-1C engine.[3] These were all derived from existing systems. The Blue Sparrow and Sejjil missiles also conducted their maiden flights, and the ATK Launch Vehicle made its only flight, but was destroyed by range safety after it went off course. In November, the baseline Proton-M was retired in favour of the Enhanced variant, first launched in 2007.

The first Vietnamese and Venezuelan satellites, Vinasat-1 and Venesat-1 respectively, were launched in 2008, while a failed Iranian launch was reported to have been that country's first indigenous orbital launch attempt. In September, SpaceX conducted the first successful orbital launch of a privately developed and funded liquid-fuelled carrier rocket, when the fourth Falcon 1 launched RatSat, following previous failures in 2006, 2007, and August.

Space exploration

The discovery of water ice on Mars

India launched its first Lunar probe, Chandraayan-1, on 22 October, with the spacecraft entering selenocentric orbit on 8 November. On 16 November, the Moon Impact Probe was released, and crashed into the Lunar surface. Although no other spacecraft were launched beyond geocentric orbit in 2008, several significant events occurred in interplanetary flights which had been launched in previous years. MESSENGER conducted flybys of Mercury in January and October, the first spacecraft to do so since Mariner 10 in 1975. Cassini continued to make flybys of the moons of Saturn, including several close passes of Enceladus, one at a distance of 25 kilometres.[4] In September Rosetta flew past the asteroid 2867 Šteins. On 25 May, the Phoenix spacecraft landed in the Green Valley on Mars, where it discovered water ice.[5] Phoenix exceeded its design life of 90 days, finally failing on 10 November. The Ulysses spacecraft, launched in 1990, was also retired in 2008.[6]

Crewed spaceflight

Seven crewed flights were launched in 2008, one by China, two by Russia and four by the United States. In April, Yi So-yeon became the first South Korean to fly in space, aboard Soyuz TMA-12. On the same flight, Sergey Volkov became the first second-generation cosmonaut. Yi returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-11, which nearly ended in disaster following a separation failure between the descent and service modules, resulting in a ballistic reentry.[7] In September, China conducted its third crewed mission, Shenzhou 7, from which Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming conducted the first Chinese spacewalk.[8] Soyuz TMA-13, launched in October, was the hundredth flight of the Soyuz programme to carry a crew at some point in its mission.[9]

Assembly of the International Space Station continued, with the delivery of the Columbus module by Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-122 in February. March saw the launch of the Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle, an uncrewed European spacecraft which was used to resupply the space station. Also in March, Space Shuttle Endeavour launched on STS-123 with the first component of the Japanese Experiment Module, the Experiment Logistics Module. STS-123 marked the final flight of the Spacelab programme, with a SpaceLab pallet used to carry the Canadian-built Dextre RMS extension. The second JEM component, the main pressurised module, was launched by STS-124, flown by Discovery in May. In November, Endeavour launched on the STS-126 logistics flight, with the Leonardo MPLM.

Launch failures

On 14 March, a Proton-M with a Briz-M upper stage launched AMC-14. Several hours later, on 15 March, the Briz-M engine cut off prematurely during a burn,[10] leaving the satellite in a medium Earth orbit. Following a small legal dispute,[11] the satellite was sold, and raised to a geosynchronous orbit by its manoeuvring thrusters, at the expense of a large amount of its fuel and hence operational life.

On 3 August, SpaceX launched the third Falcon 1. Due to residual thrust caused by the upgraded Merlin-1C engine which was being flown for the first time, the first stage recontacted the second during staging, resulting in the rocket failing to reach orbit. The Trailblazer, PreSat and NanoSail-D satellites were lost in the failure, as was a space burial capsule, containing the remains of several hundred people, including astronaut Gordon Cooper, actor James Doohan, writer and director John Meredyth Lucas and Apollo mission planner Mareta West.[12]

On 16 August, Iran launched a Safir, which though officially successful, was reported to have failed due to a second stage malfunction. The purpose of this launch is in doubt, as before the launch it was claimed that it would place the Omid into orbit, whilst following the launch, it was reported that a boilerplate payload had been launched.[13] Other reports indicated that the launch was only a suborbital test of the rocket.[14] If this was an orbital launch attempt, it was the first Iranian attempt to launch a satellite.

On 22 August, the inaugural launch of the Alliant Techsystems ALV X-1 was terminated 27 seconds after launch from Wallops Flight Facility when it veered off course. Both hypersonic physics experiments on board were destroyed.[15]

Summary of launches

The ATK Launch Vehicle, launched on a suborbital flight in August

In total, sixty nine orbital launches were made in 2008, with sixty seven reaching orbit, and two outright failures if the Iranian launch in August is counted.[3] This is an increase of one orbital launch attempt on 2007, with two more launches reaching orbit, which continues a trend of increasing launch rates seen since 2006. The final launch of the year was conducted on 25 December, by a Proton-M with three GLONASS navigation satellites for the Russian government.

Launch of an SM-3 missile to destroy USA-193

Suborbital spaceflight in 2008 saw a number of sounding rocket and missile launches. On 21 February, a RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 was used as an anti-satellite weapon to destroy the USA-193 satellite. USA-193 was a US spy satellite which had failed immediately after launch in 2006.[16][17]

By country

China conducted twelve orbital launches of a planned fifteen. Europe had intended to conduct seven launches of Ariane 5 rockets, and the maiden flight of the Vega rocket, however payload delays pushed one of the Arianes into 2009, and the Vega was delayed due to development issues. India had originally scheduled five to seven launches, however only three of these were conducted, mostly due to delays with the launch of Chandraayan-1. Japan scheduled three launches for 2008, of which one was launched; an H-IIA with WINDS in February. Russia and the former Soviet Union conducted twenty six launches, not including the international Sea and Land launch programmes, which conducted six. Fourteen launches were conducted by the United States, which had originally announced plans to launch many more, however technical issues with several rockets, particularly the Atlas V, Delta II and Falcon 1, caused a number of delays. The Atlas problems, combined with a series of delays to the launch of NRO L-26 on a Delta IV, resulted in just two of ten planned EELV launches being conducted.[3][18] Two of six planned Space Shuttle launches were also delayed to 2009, one due to problems with External Tank delivery, and another due to a major systems failure on the Hubble Space Telescope, which it was to have serviced. Israel was not reported to have scheduled, or conducted an orbital launch attempt.

List of launches

Date and time (UTC)	Rocket	Flight number	Launch site		LSP
	Payload (⚀ = CubeSat)	Operator	Orbit	Function	Decay (UTC)	Outcome
	Remarks
January
11 January 05:32[1]	Black Brant IX		White Sands LC-36		NASA
	LIDOS	JHU	Suborbital	UV Astronomy	05:42	Successful
	Apogee: 315 kilometres (196 mi)
15 January 11:49[2]	Zenit-3SL		Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
15 January 11:49[2]	Thuraya 3	Thuraya	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
17 January[19]	Jericho III		Palmachim		Israeli Air Force
17 January[19]		Israeli Air Force	Suborbital	Missile test	17 January	Successful
18 January 07:30[20]	Black Brant XII		Andøya		NASA
	SCIFER-2	Cornell/Dartmouth	Suborbital	Ionospheric research	18 January	Successful
	Apogee: 1,460 kilometres (910 mi)
21 January 03:45[2]	PSLV-CA		Satish Dhawan FLP		ISRO
21 January 03:45[2]	TecSAR (Polaris)	IAI	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	In orbit	Operational
25 January[21]	Shaheen-I		Sonmiani		Pakistan Army
25 January[21]		Pakistan Army	Suborbital	Missile test	25 January	Successful
28 January 00:18[2]	Proton-M / Briz-M		Baikonur Site 200/39		Roskosmos
28 January 00:18[2]	Ekspress AM-33	RSCC	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
31 January 19:14[22]	VS-30-Orion		Andøya		DLR/Andøya
	HotPay-2	University of Leeds	Suborbital	Ionospheric research	31 January	Successful
	Apogee: 380.6 kilometres (236.5 mi)
February
4 February[23]	Safir		Semnan		ISA
4 February[23]	Kavoshgar-1	ISA	Suborbital	Test flight	4 February	Successful
5 February 13:02:54[2]	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roscosmos
	Progress M-63	Roscosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS logistics	7 April 11:50[24]	Successful
	ISS flight 28P
6 February 09:14:40[25]	S-310		Uchinoura		JAXA
6 February 09:14:40[25]		JAXA	Suborbital	Ionospheric research	6 February	Successful
7 February 11:30[26]	VSB-30		Esrange		DLR / ESA
	TEXUS-44	DLR / ESA	Suborbital	Microgravity	7 February	Successful
	Apogee: 264 kilometres (164 mi)
7 February 19:45:30[2]	Space Shuttle Atlantis		Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
	STS-122	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	20 February 14:07:10[27]	Successful
	Columbus	ESA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	In orbit	Operational
	Crewed flight with seven astronauts
11 February 11:34[2]	Proton-M / Briz-M		Baikonur Site 200/39		International Launch Services
11 February 11:34[2]	Thor-5	Telenor	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
21 February 03:26[28]	RIM-161 Standard Missile 3		USS Lake Erie		U.S. Navy / MDA
	ASAT	MDA	Suborbital	Satellite intercept	03:29[28]	Successful
	Destroyed USA-193 satellite[16]
21 February 06:15[26]	VSB-30		Esrange		DLR / ESA
21 February 06:15[26]	TEXUS-45	DLR / ESA	Suborbital	Microgravity	21 February	Successful
23 February 08:55[2]	H-IIA 2024		Tanegashima LA-Y		Mitsubishi
23 February 08:55[2]	WINDS (Kizuna)	JAXA / NICT	Geosynchronous	Communications Technology	In orbit	Successful[29]
26 February 07:28[30]	K-15 Sagarika		INS Kalinga		Indian Navy
26 February 07:28[30]		Indian Navy	Suborbital	Missile test	26 February	Successful
March
9 March 04:03:07[2]	Ariane 5ES		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
	Jules Verne ATV	ESA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS logistics	29 September 13:31	Successful
	Maiden flight of Ariane 5ES and ATV
11 March 06:28:14[2]	Space Shuttle Endeavour		Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
	STS-123	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	27 March 00:39:08[31]	Successful
	Spacelab MD002[32]	NASA	Low Earth (STS/ISS)	ISS logistics	27 March 00:39:08[31]	Successful
	JEM ELM-PF	JAXA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	In orbit	Operational
	Dextre (SPDM)	MDA Corporation	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	In orbit	Operational
	Crewed flight with seven astronauts Final flight of Spacelab programme, pallet used to transport Dextre[32]
13 March 10:02[2]	Atlas V 411		Vandenberg SLC-3E		United Launch Alliance
	USA-200 (Improved Trumpet)[33]	NRO	Molniya[33]	ELINT[33]	In orbit	Operational
	NRO Launch 28, first Atlas V launch from Vandenberg
14 March 23:18:55[2][34]	Proton-M / Briz-M		Baikonur Site 200/39		International Launch Services
	AMC-14	SES Americom	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational Partial launch failure[3]
	Upper stage malfunction during second burn left spacecraft in wrong orbit[10][35] Initial recovery attempted but abandoned due to legal issues.[11][36] Later sold and recovery efforts restarted.[37]
15 March 06:10[38]	Delta II 7925-9.5		Cape Canaveral SLC-17A		United Launch Alliance
	USA-201 (GPS IIR-19/M6)[39]	US Air Force	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
	80th consecutive successful Delta II launch.[38]
19 March 22:47:59[40]	Zenit-3SL		Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
19 March 22:47:59[40]	DirecTV-11	DirecTV	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
23 March 04:45[41]	Agni 1		Integrated Test Range LC-4[41]		Indian Army
23 March 04:45[41]		SFC / DRDO	Suborbital	Missile test	23 March	Successful
27 March 17:15[42]	Kosmos-3M		Plesetsk Site 132/1		COSMOS International
27 March 17:15[42]	SAR-Lupe 4	Bundeswehr	Low Earth (SSO)	Reconnaissance	In orbit	Operational
28 March	VSB-30		Andøya		Andøya
28 March	Mini-DUSTY 14	Andøya	Suborbital	Ionospheric research	28 March	Successful
April
2 April 08:01[43]	LGM-30G Minuteman III		Vandenberg LF-09		U.S. Air Force
	GT-196GM	U.S. Air Force	Suborbital	Missile test	2 April	Successful
	Travelled 6,759 kilometres (4,200 mi) downrange[43]
8 April 11:16:39[24][44]	Soyuz-FG		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roscosmos
	Soyuz TMA-12	Roscosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS Expedition 17[44]	24 October 03:37[45]	Successful
	Crewed flight with three cosmonauts, including first South Korean in space[24] and first second-generation cosmonaut[46] Docked on 10 April at 12:57 GMT[44]
14 April 16:58[47]	Black Brant IX		White Sands LC-36		NASA
14 April 16:58[47]	SEE	UCB LASP	Suborbital	UV Astronomy[48]	17:08[47]	Successful
14 April 20:12:00[49]	Atlas V 421		Cape Canaveral SLC-41		United Launch Alliance
	ICO G1	ICO	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Heaviest single commercial satellite to be placed in GSO. Heaviest satellite to be launched by an Atlas rocket.[49]
15 April	Blue Sparrow		F-15 Eagle, Israel		Israeli Air Force
		Israeli Air Force	Suborbital	Test flight	15 April	Successful
	Maiden flight of Blue Sparrow.
16 April 17:01[50]	Pegasus-XL		Stargazer, Kwajalein Atoll		Orbital Sciences
16 April 17:01[50]	C/NOFS	STP/NASA	Low Earth	Electrodynamics	28 November 2015	Successful
18 April 22:17[51]	Ariane 5 ECA		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
	Vinasat-1	VNPT	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Star One C2	Star One	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	First Vietnamese satellite
19 April[52][53]	Shaheen-II		Sonmiani		Pakistan Army[54]
19 April[52][53]		Pakistan Army[54]	Suborbital	Missile test	19 April	Successful
21 April[55]	Shaheen-II		Sonmiani		Pakistan Army
21 April[55]		Pakistan Army	Suborbital	Missile test	21 April	Successful
25 April 15:35[56]	Long March 3C		Xichang LA-2		CNSA
	Tianlian I-01	CNSA	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Maiden flight of Long March 3C
26 April 22:16:02[57]	Soyuz-FG / Fregat		Baikonur Site 31/6		Starsem
26 April 22:16:02[57]	GIOVE-B	ESA	Medium Earth	Navigation Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
28 April 03:53:51[58][59]	PSLV-C		Satish Dhawan SLP		ISRO
	Cartosat-2A[60]	ISRO	Low Earth	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
	TWSAT[60]	ISRO	Low Earth	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
	CanX-2[61]	UTIAS	Low Earth	Technology demonstration[61]	In orbit	Operational
	Cute-1.7+APD II[62]	Tokodai	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	Delfi-C3[63]	Delft	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	AAUSAT-II[64]	Aalborg	Low Earth	Radiation[64]	In orbit	Operational
	COMPASS-1[65]	Aachen	Low Earth	Earth observation Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	SEEDS-2[66]	Nihon	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	CanX-6[67]	UTIAS/COM DEV	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	RUBIN-8[68]	OHB System	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	All payloads except CartoSat, TWSAT and RUBIN were CubeSats, launched under designation NSL-4, except CanX-6 which was NSL-5.[69] RUBIN-8 intentionally remained attached to upper stage
28 April 05:00[70]	Zenit-3SLB		Baikonur Site 45/1		Land Launch
	AMOS-3 (AMOS-60)	SCL	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	First Land Launch flight and maiden flight of Zenit-3SLB. Reached incorrect orbit due to carrier rocket underperformance.[71] Corrected by satellite through use of spare fuel, without affecting operational life.
May
1 May 05:30[72][73]	Black Brant IX		White Sands LC-36		NASA
1 May 05:30[72][73]		JHU	Suborbital	UV Astronomy	05:40	Successful
7 May 04:26[74][75]	Agni-III		Integrated Test Range LC-4		Indian Army
7 May 04:26[74][75]		SFC/DRDO	Suborbital	Missile test	04:41	Successful
8 May	UGM-133 Trident II		USS Nebraska		U.S. Navy
8 May		U.S. Navy	Suborbital	Missile test	8 May	Successful
8 May	UGM-133 Trident II		USS Nebraska		U.S. Navy
8 May		U.S. Navy	Suborbital	Missile test	8 May	Successful
14 May 20:22:54[76][77]	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roscosmos
	Progress M-64	Roscosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS logistics	8 September[78]	Successful
	ISS flight 29P
15 May 04:00[79][80][81]	VSB-30		Esrange		SSC/DLR
	MASER-11	SSC/ESA	Suborbital	Microgravity	15 May	Successful[81]
	Apogee: 252 kilometres (157 mi)[81]
21 May 09:43[82]	Zenit-3SL		Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
21 May 09:43[82]	Galaxy 18	Intelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
22 May 10:04[83][84]	LGM-30G Minuteman III		Vandenberg LF-10		U.S. Air Force
	GT-197GM	U.S. Air Force/NNSA[83]	Suborbital	Missile test	22 May	Successful
	Long range test[85]
23 May 05:00[86]	Prithvi		Integrated Test Range		Indian Army
		Indian Army[86]	Suborbital	Missile test	23 May	Successful
	User test[86]
23 May 15:20:09[87]	Rokot / Briz-KM		Plesetsk Site 133/3[70]		RVSN RF
	Kosmos 2437 (Rodnik)[88]	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2438 (Rodnik)[88]	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2439 (Rodnik)[88]	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Yubeleiny	NPO PM[89]	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
27 May 03:02[90]	Long March 4C		Taiyuan LC-1		CASC
27 May 03:02[90]	Fengyun 3A	CMA	Sun-synchronous	Weather[91]	In orbit	Operational
29 May	Tszyuylan-2		P629 Submarine, Yellow Sea		PLAN
29 May		PLAN	Suborbital	Missile test	29 May	Successful
31 May 21:02:12[92][93]	Space Shuttle Discovery		Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
	STS-124	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	14 June 15:15[94]	Successful
	JEM-PM	JAXA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	In orbit	Operational
	Crewed flight with seven astronauts
June
5 June 18:13	TR-SRBM		USS Tripoli, Kauai		U.S. Navy / MDA
		MDA	Suborbital	AEGIS target	5 June	Successful
	Destroyed after re-entry by endoatmospheric SM-2 missile launch
9 June 12:15[95]	Long March 3B[96]		Xichang LC-2		CASC
9 June 12:15[95]	Chinasat 9[98]	CNPT	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
11 June 16:05[99]	Delta II 7920H-10C		Cape Canaveral SLC-17B		United Launch Alliance
11 June 16:05[99]	FGST[100] (GLAST)[102]	NASA	Low Earth	Gamma-ray astronomy	In orbit	Operational
12 June 22:05:02[103]	Ariane 5 ECA		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
	Skynet 5C	MoD	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Turksat 3A	Turksat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
13 June	MRT		Barking Sands		U.S. Navy / MDA
		MDA	Suborbital	AEGIS target	13 June	Successful
	Used for simulated test, not intercepted
13 June	MRT		Barking Sands		U.S. Navy / MDA
		MDA	Suborbital	AEGIS target	13 June	Successful
	Used for simulated test, not intercepted
19 June 06:36 [104][105]	Kosmos-3M		Kapustin Yar Site 107		COSMOS International
	Orbcomm CDS-3	Orbcomm	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Spacecraft failure
	Orbcomm QL-1	Orbcomm	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational[106]
	Orbcomm QL-2	Orbcomm	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Spacecraft failure
	Orbcomm QL-3	Orbcomm	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational[106]
	Orbcomm QL-4	Orbcomm	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Spacecraft failure
	Orbcomm QL-5	Orbcomm	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Spacecraft failure
	Spacecraft affected by communications problems, four had failed by December 2009.[107]
20 June 07:46:25[104]	Delta II 7320		Vandenberg SLC-2W		United Launch Alliance
20 June 07:46:25[104]	Jason-2 (OSTM)	NASA	Low Earth	Oceanography	In orbit	Operational
26 June 02:16[108]	TRBM		C-17, Pacific Ocean		U.S. Air Force
		MDA	Suborbital	THAAD Target	26 June	Successful
	Intercepted after re-entry by THAAD launched from KMR at 02:22 GMT.[108][109][110]
26 June 19:57[111][112]	Black Brant XI		Wallops Island		NASA
26 June 19:57[111][112]		MDA[112]	Suborbital	Technology demonstration	26 June	Successful
26 June 23:59[113]	Proton-K / DM-2[114] (?? DM-3[37])		Baikonur Site 81/24		RVSN RF
26 June 23:59[113]	Kosmos 2440 (Prognoz)[37]	VKS	Geosynchronous	Missile defence[37]	In orbit	Operational
30 June[115]	Nike-Orion		Andøya		Andøya
30 June[115]	ECOMA 2008-1	Andøya / DLR	Suborbital	Aeronomy	30 June	Successful
July
7 July 21:30[115]	Nike-Orion		Andøya		Andøya
	ECOMA 2008-2	Andøya / DLR	Suborbital	Aeronomy	7 July	Successful
	Apogee: 125 kilometres (78 mi)
7 July 21:47[116]	Ariane 5 ECA		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
	Badr-6	Arabsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	ProtoStar-1[118]	ProtoStar	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
9 July[119]	Shahab-3[120]		Strait of Hormuz[119]		IRGC
		IRGC	Suborbital	Missile test	9 July	Successful
	Part of Great Prophet III exercise.[120]
9 July[119]	Shahab-2[121]		Strait of Hormuz[119]		IRGC
		IRGC	Suborbital	Missile test	9 July	Successful
	Part of Great Prophet III exercise,[120] missile type not confirmed.
9 July[119]	Shahab-1[121]		Strait of Hormuz[119]		IRGC
		IRGC	Suborbital	Missile test	9 July	Successful
	Part of Great Prophet III exercise,[120] missile type not confirmed.
10 July[122]	Shahab-3		Strait of Hormuz		IRGC
		IRGC	Suborbital	Missile test	10 July	Successful
	Part of Great Prophet III exercise, missile type not confirmed.
12 July 10:46[115]	Nike-Orion		Andøya[115]		Andøya
	ECOMA 2008-3	Andøya / DLR	Suborbital	Aeronomy[115]	12 July	Successful
	Apogee: 123 kilometres (76 mi)[115]
14 July 10:10[123]	Terrier-Orion[124]		Wallops Island LP-1		NASA
14 July 10:10[123]	SubTEC-II	NASA / Wallops	Suborbital	Technology demonstration	14 July	Successful
16 July 05:20:59 [125][126]	Zenit-3SL		Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
16 July 05:20:59 [125][126]	Echostar 11	Echostar	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
18 July 22:47[127]	UGM-27 Polaris (STARS		Kodiak Island		U.S. Air Force
	FTX-03	MDA	Suborbital	Target	18 July	Successful[128]
	Radar targeting test only, missile not intercepted
22 July 02:40:09 [129][130][131]	Kosmos-3M		Plesetsk Site 132/1		COSMOS International[129]
22 July 02:40:09 [129][130][131]	SAR-Lupe 5	Bundeswehr	Low Earth (SSO)	Reconnaissance	In orbit	Operational
26 July 18:31[132]	Soyuz-2.1b		Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN RF
	Kosmos 2441 (Persona)[132]	VKS	Low Earth (SSO)	Reconnaissance	In orbit	Spacecraft failure
	Spacecraft lost due to electrical malfunction[133]
August
1 August[134]	R-29		RFS Ryazan, Barents Sea[134]		VMF
1 August[134]		VMF	Suborbital	Missile test	1 August	Successful[134]
2 August 08:30[135][136]	S-520		Uchinoura		JAXA
		JAXA/Teikyo	Suborbital	Microgravity	2 August	Successful
	Apogee: 293 kilometres (182 mi)
3 August 03:34[137][138]	Falcon 1		Omelek		SpaceX
	Trailblazer	ORS / MDA	Intended: Low Earth	Technology demonstration	~T+140 seconds[139]	Launch failure[139]
	⚀ PreSat[140]	Santa Clara / NASA[140][141]	Intended: Low Earth	Biological
	⚀ NanoSail-D[140]	Santa Clara / NASA[140][142]	Intended: Low Earth	Solar sail
	Explorers[143]	Celestis	Intended: Low Earth	Space burial
	First and second stage recontact due to residual thrust.[137] PreSAT and NanoSail-D CubeSats, Celestis burial payload included remains of astronaut Gordon Cooper,[144] actor James Doohan,[145] writer and director John Meredyth Lucas,[146] and Apollo mission planner Mareta West[147]
13 August 08:01[148]	LGM-30G Minuteman III		Vandenberg		U.S. Air Force
	GT-195GM	U.S. Air Force	Suborbital	Missile test	13 August	Successful[148]
	Travelled about 6,790 kilometres (4,220 mi) downrange.[149]
14 August 20:44[104]	Ariane 5 ECA		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
	Superbird 7	SCC	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	AMC-21	SES Americom	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
16 August 19:32[150]	Safir[151]		Semnan		ISA
	DemoSat[152]	ISA	Intended: Low Earth[150]	Test flight	16 August	Launch failure[150]
	Reported to have been first Iranian orbital launch attempt. Officially successful, however no objects were left in orbit.[150] Unofficial reports of a second stage malfunction.[150] Also reported to have been a suborbital test, or an attempt to launch the Omid satellite, instead of an orbital test launch.
18 August 22:43[153][154][155]	Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced		Baikonur Site 200/39[155]		International Launch Services
18 August 22:43[153][154][155]	Inmarsat-4 F3[157]	Inmarsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
22 August 09:10[158]	ALV		MARS LP-0B		Alliant Techsystems
	SOAREX-VI	NASA	Suborbital	Technology demonstration	T+27 seconds[158]	Launch failure
	Hy-BoLT	NASA	Suborbital	Aerodynamics	T+27 seconds[158]	Launch failure
	Only flight of ALV, veered off course to the South and destroyed by RSO[159]
25 August[160]	UGM-133 Trident II		USS Louisiana, Pacific Ocean		U.S. Navy
25 August[160]		U.S. Navy	Suborbital	Missile test	25 August	Successful
25 August[160]	UGM-133 Trident II		USS Louisiana, Pacific Ocean		U.S. Navy
25 August[160]		U.S. Navy	Suborbital	Missile test	25 August	Successful
28 August[161]	RT-2PM Topol (RS-12M)		Plesetsk		RVSN RF
28 August[161]		RVSN RF	Suborbital	Missile test	28 August	Successful
29 August 07:15:58[162]	Dnepr		Baikonur Site 109/95		ISC Kosmotras
	Tachys (RapidEye-1)[163]	RapidEye / Planet Labs	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Successful[164]
	Mati (RapidEye-2)[163]	RapidEye / Planet Labs	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Successful[164]
	Choma (RapidEye-3)[163]	RapidEye / Planet Labs	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Successful[164]
	Choros (RapidEye-4)[163]	RapidEye / Planet Labs	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Successful[164]
	Trochia (RapidEye-5)[163]	RapidEye / Planet Labs	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Successful[164]
September
6 September 03:25[165]	Long March 2C		Taiyuan LC-1		CASC
	Huan Jing 1A	CNSA	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
	Huan Jing 1B	CNSA	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
6 September 18:50:57[166]	Delta II 7420		Vandenberg SLC-2W		United Launch Alliance
6 September 18:50:57[166]	GeoEye 1 (Orbview 5)	GeoEye	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
10 September 19:50:02[78]	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roscosmos
	Progress M-65	Roscosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS logistics	7 December 08:48:47[167]	Successful
	ISS flight 30P
18 September 02:05[168]			Kauai		MDA
		MDA	Suborbital	Target	18 September	Launch failure[168]
	Two THAAD intercept launches cancelled.[168]
18 September 14:45[169]	RSM-56 Bulava (R-30)		RFS Dmitri Donskoi, White Sea[170]		VMF
18 September 14:45[169]		VMF	Suborbital	Missile test	15:05[171]	Successful
19 September 21:48[163][172]	Proton-M / Briz-M		Baikonur Site 200/39		International Launch Services
19 September 21:48[163][172]	Nimiq-4[173]	Telesat Canada	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
24 September 06:57[174]	Chimera[174] (Minuteman/Minotaur II)		Vandenberg LF-06		Orbital Sciences
	NFIRE 2b	MDA	Suborbital	Target	24 September	Successful
	Tracked by NFIRE satellite
24 September 09:27:59[175]	Zenit-3SL		Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
24 September 09:27:59[175]	Galaxy 19	Intelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
25 September 08:49:37 [163][176]	Proton-M / DM-2[177]		Baikonur Site 81/24		RVSN RF
	Kosmos 2442 (GLONASS)[163][178]	VKS	Medium Earth	Navigation[179]	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2443 (GLONASS)[163][178]	VKS	Medium Earth	Navigation[179]	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2444 (GLONASS)[163][178]	VKS	Medium Earth	Navigation[179]	In orbit	Operational
25 September 13:10[163][180]	Long March 2F		Jiuquan LA-4/SLS-1		CASC
	Shenzhou 7	CNSA	Low Earth	Crewed flight	28 September 09:37:40[181]	Successful
	Ban Xing[181]	CNSA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	30 October 2009[183]	Successful
	Shenzhou 7-GC[181]	CNSA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	4 January 2010[185]	Successful
	Crewed flight with three yǔhángyuán, crew conducted first Chinese EVA Ban Xing deployed from Shenzhou on 27 September at 11:27 GMT, GC separated on 28 September at 08:48 to begin independent mission[181]
28 September 23:15[186]	Falcon 1		Omelek		SpaceX
	RatSat[181]	SpaceX	Low Earth	Boilerplate	In orbit	Successful[186][187]
	Launched boilerplate payload. First privately funded and developed liquid fuelled rocket to reach orbit.[187]
October
1 October 06:37:16	Dnepr		Dombarovskiy		ISC Kosmotras
1 October 06:37:16	THEOS	GISTDA	Low Earth	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
11 October[188]	R-29RMU Sineva		RFS Tula, Barents Sea		VMF
		VMF	Suborbital	Missile test	11 October	Successful
	Long-range test[188]
12 October 07:01[189]	Soyuz-FG		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roscosmos
	Soyuz TMA-13[191]	Roscosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS Expedition 18	8 April 2009 07:16	Successful
	Crewed flight with three cosmonauts, including a space tourist. 100th flight of the Soyuz programme to be crewed at some point in its mission[9]
12 October 07:24[192]	RT-2PM Topol (RS-12M)		Plesetsk		RVSN RF
12 October 07:24[192]		RVSN RF	Suborbital	Missile test	07:50[192]	Successful
12 October[193]	R-29R Vysota		RFS Zelenograd, Sea of Okhotsk[193]		VMF
12 October[193]		VMF	Suborbital	Missile test	12 October	Successful
12 October[193]	R-29RM Shtil		RFS Yekaterinburg, Barents Sea[193]		VMF
12 October[193]		VMF	Suborbital	Missile test	12 October	Successful
19 October 17:47:23[194]	Pegasus-XL/Star-27		Stargazer, Kwajalein Atoll		Orbital Sciences
19 October 17:47:23[194]	IBEX	NASA	High Earth	Solar	In orbit	Operational
20 October 08:39[195]	Black Brant IX		White Sands LC-36		NASA
20 October 08:39[195]		NRL	Suborbital	UV Astronomy[196]	08:49[195]	Successful
22 October 00:52:11[197]	PSLV-XL		Satish Dhawan SLP		ISRO
	Chandrayaan-1[198]	ISRO	Selenocentric	Lunar orbiter	In orbit	Partial spacecraft failure
	MIP	ISRO	Selenocentric	Lunar impactor	14 November	Successful
	First Indian lunar spacecraft,[199] failed on 28 August 2009 after less than half of planned mission duration, maiden flight of PSLV-XL
22 October 09:10[200]	RS-18 UR-100N		Baikonur		RVSN RF
22 October 09:10[200]		RVSN RF	Suborbital	Missile test	22 October	Successful
22 October 12:30[201]	Nike-Orion		Esrange		EuroLaunch
	REXUS-4	SSC / DLR	Suborbital	Student research	22 October	Successful
	Apogee: 175 kilometres (109 mi)
25 October 01:15[202]	Long March 4B		Taiyuan LC-2[203]		CASC
	Shijian 6E	CNSA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	Shijian 6F	CNSA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	First launch from Taiyuan LC-2[203]
25 October 02:28[204]	Delta II 7420-10		Vandenberg SLC-2W		United Launch Alliance
25 October 02:28[204]	COSMO-3	ASI[205]	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
29 October 16:53:53[206]	Long March 3B/E		Xichang LC-2		CASC
	VeneSat-1 (Simón Bolívar)	VMoST	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Successful; Partial spacecraft failure
	First Venezuelan satellite.[206] Lost in March 2020 due to the failure of both solar array drives.[207]
November
1 November[208]			Barking Sands		U.S. Navy
		U.S. Navy	Suborbital	Target	1 November	Successful
	Intercepted by SM-3 missile, part of Pacific Blitz exercise[208]
1 November[208]	RIM-161 Standard Missile 3		USS Paul Hamilton, Pacific Ocean[208]		U.S. Navy
		U.S. Navy[208]	Suborbital	Intercept test	1 November	Successful
	Intercepted target missile, part of Pacific Blitz exercise[208]
1 November[208]			Barking Sands		U.S. Navy
		U.S. Navy	Suborbital	Target	1 November	Successful
	Intercept by SM-3 missile failed. Part of Pacific Blitz exercise[208]
1 November[208]	RIM-161 Standard Missile 3		USS Hopper, Pacific Ocean[208]		U.S. Navy
		U.S. Navy[208]	Suborbital	Intercept test	1 November	Spacecraft failure
	Sensor fault resulted in failure to intercept target missile.[208] Part of Pacific Blitz exercise[208]
5 November 00:15[209]	Long March 2D[210]		Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center SLS-2[211]		CASC
	Chuang Xin 1B	CNSA	Low Earth	Weather	In orbit	Operational
	Shiyan Weixing 3[211]	CNSA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
5 November 09:00[212]	LGM-30G Minuteman III		Vandenberg		U.S. Air Force
	GT-198GM	U.S. Air Force	Suborbital	Missile test	5 November	Successful
	Travelled 6,740 kilometres (4,190 mi) downrange[212]
5 November 20:44	Proton-M / Briz-M		Baikonur Site 200/39		International Launch Services
	Astra 1M	SES Astra	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Final flight of standard Proton-M
12 November 05:56[213]	Shaurya[214]		Integrated Test Range LC-3[215]		DRDO
12 November 05:56[213]		Indian Army	Suborbital	Missile test	12 November	Successful
12 November[216]	Sejjil		Iran		IRGC AF
		IRGC AF	Suborbital	Missile test	12 November	Successful
	Maiden flight of Sejjil missile
13 November 09:06[217]	M51		CEL		FOST
13 November 09:06[217]		FOST	Suborbital	Missile test	13 November	Successful
14 November 15:50[218]	Soyuz-U		Plesetsk Site 16/2		RVSN RF
14 November 15:50[218]	Kosmos 2445 (Kobalt-M)	VKS	Low Earth	Optical imaging	23 February 2009[220] 16:15[221]	Successful
14 November	Black Brant IX		White Sands LC-36		NASA
14 November		NRL[222]	Suborbital	Solar[222]	14 November	Successful
15 November 00:55:39[223]	Space Shuttle Endeavour[224]		Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
	STS-126[226]	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	30 November 21:25:06[227]	Successful
	Leonardo MPLM	ASI / NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS logistics	30 November 21:25:06[227]	Successful
	PSSC	U.S. Air Force	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	17 February 2010 17:31[228]	Successful
	Crewed flight with seven astronauts, PSSC deployed from Shuttle at 20:33 GMT on 29 November and operated for 110 days.[229]
19 November 02:18[230][231]			Barking Sands		U.S. Navy
		U.S. Navy / JMSDF	Suborbital	Target	19 November	Successful
	Intercept by SM-3 missile failed
19 November 02:21[231]	RIM-161 Standard Missile 3		JDS Chōkai, Pacific Ocean		JMSDF
		JMSDF	Suborbital	Interceptor	19 November	Spacecraft failure
	Infrared sensor fault, failed to intercept target[232]
26 November 12:38:27[233]	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roscosmos
	Progress M-01M	Roscosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS logistics	8 February 2009 08:20[234]	Successful
	First flight of modernised Progress spacecraft, Kurs anomaly necessitated manual docking. ISS flight 31P
26 November 13:24[235]	RS-24 Yars		Plesetsk		RVSN RF
26 November 13:24[235]		RVSN RF	Suborbital	Missile test	26 November	Successful
26 November[236]	Kavoshgar-2		Semnan		ISA
	Kavoshgar-2	ISA	Suborbital	Test flight	26 November	Successful
	Payload recovered by parachute
28 November[237]	RSM-56 Bulava (R-30)		RFS Dmitri Donskoi, White Sea[238]		VMF
28 November[237]		VMF	Suborbital	Missile test	28 November	Successful
December
1 December 04:42[239]	Long March 2D		Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center SLS-2		CASC
1 December 04:42[239]	Yaogan-4	CNSA	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
2 December 05:00[240]	Molniya-M/2BL[241]		Plesetsk Site 16/2		RVSN RF
2 December 05:00[240]	Kosmos 2446 (Oko)	VKS	Molniya	Missile defence	In orbit	Operational
5 December 10:35:10[242]	VS-30-Orion		SvalRak		Andøya
	ICI-2[244]	Oslo	Suborbital	Auroral	10:45[242]	Successful
	Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)[242]
5 December 20:04[245]	UGM-27 Polaris (STARS)		Kodiak Island		U.S. Air Force
	FTG-05	MDA	Suborbital	Target	20:29[246]	Partial spacecraft failure
	Decoy target failed to deploy,[247] intercepted by GBI
5 December 20:21[245]	Ground Based Interceptor		Vandenberg		U.S. Air Force
	FTG-05	MDA	Suborbital	Target	20:29[246]	Successful
	Intercepted Polaris
10 December 13:43:00[248]	Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced		Baikonur Site 200/39		International Launch Services
10 December 13:43:00[248]	Ciel-2[104]	Ciel[249]	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
15 December 03:22[250]	Long March 4B		Taiyuan LC-2		CASC
15 December 03:22[250]	Yaogan-5	CNSA	Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	2 September 2014	Successful
20 December 22:35[251]	Ariane 5 ECA		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
	Hot Bird 9[104]	Eutelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Eutelsat W2M[104]	Eutelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Spacecraft failure[252]
23 December 00:54[253]	Long March 3A		Xichang LC-2		CASC
23 December 00:54[253]	Fengyun 2E	CMA	Geosynchronous	Meteorology	In orbit	Operational
23 December 03:00[254]	RSM-56 Bulava[255]		RFS Dmitry Donskoi[256]		VMF
		VMF	Suborbital	Missile test	23 December	Launch failure
	Self-destruct system activated after missile went off course.[256]
25 December 10:43[257]	Proton-M / DM-2 Enhanced		Baikonur Site 81/24		RVSN RF
	Kosmos 2447 (GLONASS)	VKS	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2448 (GLONASS)	VKS	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2449 (GLONASS)	VKS	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
	First flight of Proton-M Enhanced with DM-2 upper stage, last orbital launch from Baikonur to be conducted by the Russian military

Deep Space Rendezvous

Date (GMT)	Spacecraft	Event	Remarks
5 January	Cassini	40th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,010 kilometres (630 mi)
14 January	MESSENGER	1st flyby of Mercury	Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi) at 19:04 GMT[258]
22 February	Cassini	41st flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 March	Cassini	3rd flyby of Enceladus	Closest approach: 52 kilometres (32 mi)
25 March	Cassini	42nd flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 May	Cassini	43rd flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
25 May	Phoenix	Landing on Mars	Region D, Arctic area - Green Valley, near the Heimdal crater: 68°N, 236°E. Touchdown at 23:38 GMT. Successful[259]
28 May	Cassini	44th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,400 kilometres (870 mi)
31 July	Cassini	45th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,613 kilometres (1,002 mi)
11 August	Cassini	4th flyby of Enceladus	Closest approach: 54 kilometres (34 mi)
5 September	Rosetta	Flyby of 2867 Šteins	Closest approach: 800 kilometres (500 mi)
6 October	MESSENGER	2nd flyby of Mercury
9 October	Cassini	5th flyby of Enceladus	Closest approach: 25 kilometres (16 mi)
31 October	Cassini	6th flyby of Enceladus	Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
3 November	Cassini	46th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,100 kilometres (680 mi)
8 November	Chandrayaan-1	Injection into Selenocentric orbit	Periselene: 504 kilometres (313 mi), Aposelene: 7,502 kilometres (4,662 mi)[260]
14 November	MIP	Landing on the Moon	Lunar Impactor
19 November	Cassini	47th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,023 kilometres (636 mi)
5 December	Cassini	48th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 960 kilometres (600 mi)
21 December	Cassini	49th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 970 kilometres (600 mi)

Distant, non-targeted flybys of Dione, Enceladus, Mimas, Tethys and Titan by Cassini occurred throughout the year.

EVAs

Start Date/Time	Duration	End Time	Spacecraft	Crew	Function	Remarks
30 January 09:56[261]	7 hours 10 minutes	17:06[262]	Expedition 16 (ISS Quest)	Peggy Whitson Daniel M. Tani	Replace motor and bearing in solar array joint
11 February 14:13[263]	7 hours 58 minutes	22:11[263]	STS-122 (ISS Quest)	Rex J. Walheim Stanley G. Love	Install Power Data Grapple Fixture on Columbus	Originally to have been conducted by Walheim and Hans Schlegel, Love replaced Schlegel on medical grounds.[264]
13 February 14:27[265]	6 hours 45 minutes	21:12[265]	STS-122 (ISS Quest)	Rex J. Walheim Hans Schlegel	Replace depleted nitrogen tank
15 February 12:07[265]	7 hours 25 minutes	20:32[265]	STS-122 (ISS Quest)	Rex J. Walheim Stanley G. Love	Install experiments on Columbus, load failed gyroscope onto Shuttle for return to Earth
14 March 01:18[266]	7 hours 1 minute	08:19[266]	STS-123 (ISS Quest)	Richard M. Linnehan Garrett Reisman	Install Kibo ELM-PS and start Dextre assembly
15 March 23:49[267]	7 hours 8 minutes	16 March 06:57[267]	STS-123 (ISS Quest)	Richard M. Linnehan Michael Foreman	Dextre assembly
17 March 22:52[267]	6 hours 53 minutes	18 March 05:44[267]	STS-123 (ISS Quest)	Richard M. Linnehan Robert L. Behnken	Dextre assembly, install MISSE-6 experiment, and store spare parts outside the ISS	MISSE installation failed[267]
20 March 22:04[267]	6 hours 24 minutes	21 March 04:08[267]	STS-123 (ISS Quest)	Robert L. Behnken Michael Foreman	Test heat shield repair techniques
22 March 20:34[267]	6 hours 2 minutes	23 March 02:36[267]	STS-123 (ISS Quest)	Robert L. Behnken Michael Foreman	Store OBSS on ISS, retry MISSE-6 installation[268]
3 June 16:22[269]	6 hours 48 minutes[93]	23:10[93]	STS-124 (ISS Quest)	Mike Fossum Ron Garan	Install JEM Pressurised Module, Inspect SARJ, retrieve OBSS.[269]
5 June 15:04[93]	7 hours 11 minutes[93]	22:15[93]	STS-124 (ISS Quest)	Mike Fossum Ron Garan	Adjust covers on JEM, Inspect SARJ.[270]
8 June 13:55[93]	6 hours 33 minutes[93]	20:28[93]	STS-124 (ISS Quest)	Mike Fossum Ron Garan	Replace nitrogen tank, inspect SARJ.[271]
10 July 18:48[272]	6 hours 18 minutes[272]	11 July 01:06[272]	Expedition 17 (ISS Pirs)[272]	Sergei Volkov Oleg Kononenko	Remove pyrotechnic bolt from Soyuz TMA-12 for inspection.[273]
15 July 17:08[272]	5 hours 54 minutes[272]	23:02[272]	Expedition 17 (ISS Pirs)[272]	Sergei Volkov Oleg Kononenko	Install docking targeting equipment, rotate exposed experiments[274]
27 September 08:38	22 minutes	09:00	Shenzhou 7	Zhai Zhigang (full) Liu Boming (stand-up)	Test spacesuit, collect experiment	First Chinese EVA
18 November 18:09	6 hours 52 minutes	19 November 01:01	STS-126 (ISS Quest)	Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Stephen G. Bowen	Transferred an empty nitrogen tank assembly from ESP3 to the shuttle's cargo bay, transferred a new flex hose rotary coupler to ESP3 for future use, removed an insulation cover on the Kibo Exposed Facility berthing mechanism, began cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ, and replacement of its 11 trundle bearing assemblies.[275][276]
20 November 17:58	6 hours 45 minutes	21 November 00:43	STS-126 (ISS Quest)	Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert S. Kimbrough	Relocated the two CETA carts from the starboard side of the Mobile Transporter to the port side, lubricated the station robotic arm's latching end effector A snare bearings, continued cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ[277][278][279]	Conducted on tenth anniversary of the launch of the ISS[277]
22 November 18:01	6 hours 57 minutes	23 November 00:58	STS-126 (ISS Quest)	Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Stephen G. Bowen	Completed cleaning and lubrication of all but one of the trundle bearing assemblies (TBA) on the starboard SARJ.[280][281]
24 November 18:24	6 hours 7 minutes	25 November 00:31	STS-126 (ISS Quest)	Stephen G. Bowen Robert S. Kimbrough	Completed replacement of trundle bearing assemblies on starboard SARJ, lubricated the port SARJ, installed a video camera, re‐installed insulation covers on the Kibo External Facility berthing mechanism, performed Kibo robotic arm grounding tab maintenance, installed spacewalk handrails on Kibo, installed Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) antennae on Kibo, photographed radiators, and photographed trailing umbilical system cables.[282]
23 December 00:51	5 hours 38 minutes	06:29	Expedition 18 (ISS Pirs)	Michael Fincke Yuri Lonchakov	Install Langmuir probe, EXPOSE-R and IPI-SM experiments.[283]	EXPOSE-R installation failed[283]

Orbital launch statistics

By country

Country		Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
	China	11	11	0	0
	Europe	6	6	0	0
	India	3	3	0	0
	Iran	1	0	1	0	First orbital launch attempt[150]
	Japan	1	1	0	0
	Russia	24	23	0	1
	Ukraine	8	8	0	0
	United States	15	14	1	0
World		69	66	2	1

By rocket

5

10

15

20

Falcon

Pegasus

By family

Family	Country	Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
Ariane	Europe	6	6	0	0
Atlas	United States	2	2	0	0
Delta	United States	5	5	0	0
Falcon	United States	2	1	1	0
H-II	Japan	1	1	0	0
Long March	China	11	11	0	0
Pegasus	United States	2	2	0	0
R-7	Russia	10	10	0	0
R-14	Russia	3	3	0	0
R-36	Ukraine	2	2	0	0
Safir	Iran	1	0	1	0	Maiden flight
Space Shuttle	United States	4	4	0	0
SLV	India	3	3	0	0
Universal Rocket	Russia	11	10	0	1
Zenit	Ukraine	6	6	0	0

By type

Rocket	Country	Family	Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
Ariane 5	Europe	Ariane	6	6	0	0
Atlas V	United States	Atlas	2	2	0	0
Delta II	United States	Delta	5	5	0	0
Dnepr	Ukraine	R-36	2	2	0	0
H-IIA	Japan	H-II	1	1	0	0
Falcon 1	United States	Falcon	2	1	1	0
Kosmos	Russia	R-12/R-14	3	3	0	0
Long March 2	China	Long March	4	4	0	0
Long March 3	China	Long March	4	4	0	0
Long March 4	China	Long March	3	3	0	0
Molniya	Russia	R-7	1	1	0	0
Pegasus	United States	Pegasus	2	2	0	0
PSLV	India	SLV	3	3	0	0
Proton	Russia	Universal Rocket	10	9	0	1
Safir	Iran	Safir	1	0	1	0	Maiden flight
Soyuz	Russia	R-7	8	8	0	0
Soyuz-2	Russia	R-7	1	1	0	0
Space Shuttle	United States	Space Shuttle	4	4	0	0
UR-100	Russia	Universal Rocket	1	1	0	0
Zenit	Ukraine	Zenit	6	6	0	0

By configuration

Rocket	Country	Type	Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
Ariane 5 ES	Europe	Ariane 5	1	1	0	0	Maiden flight
Ariane 5 ECA	Europe	Ariane 5	5	5	0	0
Atlas V 411	United States	Atlas V	1	1	0	0
Atlas V 421	United States	Atlas V	1	1	0	0
Delta II 7320	United States	Delta II	1	1	0	0
Delta II 7420	United States	Delta II	2	2	0	0
Delta II 7920H	United States	Delta II	1	1	0	0
Delta II 7925	United States	Delta II	1	1	0	0
Dnepr	Ukraine	Dnepr	2	2	0	0
H-IIA 2024	Japan	H-IIA	1	1	0	0
Falcon 1	United States	Falcon 1	2	1	1	0	First successful launch[284]
Kosmos-3M	Russia	Kosmos	3	3	0	0
Long March 2C	China	Long March 2	1	1	0	0
Long March 2D	China	Long March 2	2	2	0	0
Long March 2F	China	Long March 2	1	1	0	0
Long March 3A	China	Long March 3	1	1	0	0
Long March 3B	China	Long March 3	1	1	0	0
Long March 3B/E	China	Long March 3	1	1	0	0
Long March 3C	China	Long March 3	1	1	0	0	Maiden flight
Long March 4B	China	Long March 4	2	2	0	0
Long March 4C	China	Long March 4	1	1	0	0
Molniya-M / 2BL	Russia	Molniya	1	1	0	0
Pegasus-XL	United States	Pegasus	2	2	0	0
Proton-K / DM-2	Russia	Proton	1	1	0	0
Proton-M / DM-2	Russia	Proton	2	2	0	0
Proton-M / Briz-M	Russia	Proton	7	6	0	1
PSLV-CA	India	PSLV	2	2	0	0
PSLV-XL	India	PSLV	1	1	0	0	Maiden flight
Rokot / Briz-KM	Russia	UR-100	1	1	0	0
Safir	Iran	Safir	1	0	1	0	Maiden flight
Soyuz-2.1b	Russia	Soyuz-2	1	1	0	0
Soyuz-FG	Russia	Soyuz	2	2	0	0
Soyuz-FG / Fregat	Russia	Soyuz	1	1	0	0
Soyuz-U	Russia	Soyuz	5	5	0	0
Space Shuttle	United States	Space Shuttle	4	4	0	0
Zenit-3SL	Ukraine	Zenit	5	5	0	0
Zenit-3SLB	Ukraine	Zenit	1	1	0	0	Maiden flight

By launch site

5

10

15

20

China

France

India

International waters

Iran

Japan

Kazakhstan

Marshall Islands

Russia

United States

Site	Country	Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
Baikonur	Kazakhstan	19	18	0	1
Cape Canaveral	United States	3	3	0	0
Dombarovsky	Russia	1	1	0	0
Jiuquan	China	3	3	0	0
Kapustin Yar	Russia	1	1	0	0
Kennedy	United States	4	4	0	0
Kwajalein	Marshall Islands	4	3	1	0	Two launches used Stargazer aircraft
Kourou	France	6	6	0	0
Ocean Odyssey	International	5	5	0	0
Plesetsk	Russia	6	6	0	0
Satish Dhawan	India	3	3	0	0
Semnan	Iran	1	0	1	0	First orbital launch attempt
Taiyuan	China	4	4	0	0
Tanegashima	Japan	1	1	0	0
Vandenberg	United States	4	4	0	0
Xichang	China	4	4	0	0
Total		69	66	2	1

By orbit

10

20

30

40

Transatmospheric

Low Earth

Medium Earth

Geosynchronous / transfer

High Earth

Heliocentric

Transatmospheric
Low Earth
Low Earth (ISS)
Low Earth (SSO)
Low Earth (retrograde)
Medium Earth
Geosychronous
(transfer)
Inclined GSO
High Earth
Heliocentric

Orbital regime	Launches	Successes	Failures	Remarks
Transatmospheric	0	0	0
Low Earth	36	34	2	11 to ISS
Medium Earth / Molniya	6	6	0
Geosynchronous / GTO	25	25	0
High Earth / Lunar transfer	2	2	0
Heliocentric / Planetary transfer	0	0	0
Total	69	67	2

References

Generic references:

Spaceflight portal

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Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
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Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
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Timeline of spaceflight
1940s	1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
1950s	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s	1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s	1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s	1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s	1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s	2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s	2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2020s	2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 and beyond

Timeline of spaceflight
1940s	1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
1950s	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s	1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s	1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s	1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s	1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s	2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s	2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2020s	2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 and beyond

2008 in spaceflight

Overview

Space exploration

Crewed spaceflight

Launch failures

Summary of launches

By country

List of launches

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Deep Space Rendezvous

EVAs

Orbital launch statistics

By country

By rocket

By family

By type

By configuration

By launch site

By orbit

See also

References

Footnotes