1918 United States Senate elections

1918 United States Senate elections
	November 5, 1918[lower-alpha 1]
	November 5, 1918[lower-alpha 1]
32 of the 96 seats in the U.S. Senate, plus 9 seats in special elections; 49 seats needed for a majority
	Results including special elections; Democratic gains Republican gains; Democratic holds Republican holds
Majority leader before election; Thomas S. Martin; (as Conference Chairman); Democratic	Elected Majority leader ; Henry Cabot Lodge; (Unofficial); Republican

The 1918 United States Senate elections were held throughout 1918,[lower-alpha 1] the midpoint of Woodrow Wilson's second term as President of the United States. Republicans gained a slim 2-seat control after picking up a net 6 seats (4 in general elections and 2 in special elections).

The change in control meant that the Republicans could deny entry of the United States into the League of Nations. American participation in this new international institution was the centerpiece of Wilson's post-war foreign policy.

It was the first election in which all Class 2 senators were subject to direct or popular election following the enactment of the Seventeenth Amendment, making them the final class under the old system.

Gains and losses

Republicans gained seven seats:

Lawrence C. Phipps (CO)
L. Heisler Ball (DE)
Joseph M. McCormick (IL)
Arthur Capper (KS)
Selden P. Spencer (MO)
Henry W. Keyes (NH)
Irvine Lenroot (WI) — won in a special election

Democrats gained one seat:

David I. Walsh (MA)

Party division

These numbers represent composition at the March 4, 1919 start of the 66th United States Congress. Composition often changes due to deaths, resignations, or party shifting.

Majority Party: Republican (49 seats)
Minority Party: Democratic (47 seats)
Other Parties: 0
Total Seats: 96

Source: United States Senate Official Website

Change in composition

Before the September/November elections

After the April 2, 1918 Wisconsin special election.

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈ Del. Ran	D₃₇ Colo. Ran	D₃₆ Ark. Ran	D₃₅ Ala. Ran	D₃₄	D₃₃	D₃₂	D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉
D₃₉ Ga. Ran	D₄₀ Ill. Ran	D₄₁ Kan. Ran	D₄₂ La. Ran	D₄₃ Mont. Ran	D₄₄ N.C. Ran	D₄₅ Okla. Ran	D₄₆ Ore. Ran	D₄₇ S.C. Ran	D₄₈ Tenn. Ran
Majority →									D₄₉ Wyo. Ran
R₃₉ Miss. Ran	R₄₀ S.D. Ran	R₄₁ Texas Ran	R₄₂ Ky. Retired	R₄₃ Mich. Retired	R₄₄ W.Va. Retired	D₅₂ N.J. Retired	D₅₁ N.H. Retired	D₅₀ Va. Ran	D₄₉ Wyo. Ran
R₃₈ R.I. Ran	R₃₇ N.M. Ran	R₃₆ Neb. Ran	R₃₅ Minn. Ran	R₃₄ Mass. Ran	R₃₃ Me. Ran	R₃₂ Iowa Ran	R₃₁ Idaho Ran	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉ Wis. Gain
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

After the general elections

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈ Mont. Re-elected	D₃₇ La. Re-elected	D₃₆ Ark. Re-elected	D₃₅ Ala. Re-elected	D₃₄	D₃₃	D₃₂	D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉
D₃₉ N.C. Re-elected	D₄₀ Okla. Re-elected	D₄₁ Tenn. Re-elected	D₄₂ Texas Re-elected	D₄₃ Va. Re-elected	D₄₄ Ga. Hold	D₄₅ Ky. Hold	D₄₆ Miss. Hold	D₄₇ S.C. Hold	D₄₈ Mass. Gain
Majority with VP vote ↑
R₃₉ S.D. Re-elected	R₄₀ Wyo. Re-elected	R₄₁ Mich. Hold	R₄₂ N.J. Hold	R₄₃ W.Va. Hold	R₄₄ Colo. Gain	R₄₅ Del. Gain	R₄₆ Ill. Gain	R₄₇ Kan. Gain	R₄₈ N.H. Gain
R₃₈ R.I. Re-elected	R₃₇ Ore. Appointee elected	R₃₆ N.M. Re-elected	R₃₅ Neb. Re-elected	R₃₄ Minn. Re-elected	R₃₃ Me. Re-elected	R₃₂ Iowa Re-elected	R₃₁ Idaho Re-elected	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

After the November special elections

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆ Idaho Appointee elected	D₇ Nev. Appointee elected	D₈ La. Hold
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈	D₃₇	D₃₆	D₃₅	D₃₄	D₃₃	D₃₂	D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉
D₃₉	D₄₀	D₄₁	D₄₂	D₄₃	D₄₄	D₄₅	D₄₆	D₄₇ S.C. Hold	R₄₉ Mo. Gain
Majority →									R₄₉ Mo. Gain
R₃₉	R₄₀	R₄₁	R₄₂ N.J. Appointee elected	R₄₃	R₄₄	R₄₅	R₄₆	R₄₇	R₄₈
R₃₈	R₃₇ Ore. Hold	R₃₆	R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇ N.H. Hold	R₈

Key:

D_#	Democratic
R_#	Republican

Complete list of races

Special elections during the 65th Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1918 or before March 4, 1919; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Wisconsin (Class 3)	Paul O. Husting	Democratic	1914	Incumbent died October 21, 1917. New senator elected April 2, 1918. Republican gain.	Y Irvine Lenroot (Republican) Joseph E. Davies (Democratic)
Idaho (Class 3)	John F. Nugent	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 5, 1918.	Y John F. Nugent (Democratic), 50.5% Frank R. Gooding (Republican), 49.5%[1]
Louisiana (Class 3)	Walter Guion	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Democratic hold.	Y Edward James Gay Jr. (Democratic) Unopposed[2]
Missouri (Class 3)	Xenophon P. Wilfley	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost nomination. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Republican gain.	Y Selden P. Spencer (Republican), 52.39% Joseph W. Folk (Democratic), 46.29% Caleb Lipscomb (Socialist), 1.16% William Wesley Cox (Socialist Labor), 0.16%[3]
Nevada (Class 3)	Charles Henderson	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 5, 1918.	Y Charles Henderson (Democratic), 47.71% Edwin E. Roberts (Republican), 31.5% Anne Henrietta Martin (Independent), 18.01% Martin Scanlan (Socialist), 2.78%[4]
New Hampshire (Class 3)	Irving W. Drew	Republican	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Republican hold.	Y George H. Moses (Republican), 50.76% John B. Jameson (Democratic), 49.24%[5]
New Jersey (Class 2)	David Baird	Republican	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 5, 1918.	Y David Baird (Republican), 49.17% Charles O. Hennessy (Democratic), 44.64% James M. Reilly (Socialist), 3.82% Grafton Day (Prohibition), 2.38%[6]
Oregon (Class 2)	Charles L. McNary	Republican	1917 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Republican hold. Winner subsequently resigned so winner of the general election could be appointed early.	Y Frederick W. Mulkey (Republican), 84.53% Martha Bean (Socialist), 15.47%[7]
South Carolina (Class 2)	Christie Benet	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Democratic hold.	Y William P. Pollock (Democratic) Unopposed

Elections leading to the 66th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1919; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	John H. Bankhead	Democratic	1907 (Appointed) 1907 (Special) 1911 (Early)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John H. Bankhead (Democratic) Unopposed[8]
Arkansas	Joseph Robinson	Democratic	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Joseph Robinson (Democratic) Unopposed[9]
Colorado	John F. Shafroth	Democratic	1913	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Lawrence C. Phipps (Republican), 49.49% John F. Shafroth (Democratic), 47.94% P. A. Richardson (Prohibition), 2.58%[10]
Delaware	Willard Saulsbury, Jr.	Democratic	1913	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y L. Heisler Ball (Republican), 51.17% Willard Saulsbury, Jr. (Democratic), 47.83% William H. Connor (Socialist), 1%[11]
Georgia	Thomas W. Hardwick	Democratic	1914 (Special)	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	Y William J. Harris (Democratic), 88.34% G. H. Williams (Republican), 11.66%[12]
Idaho	William Borah	Republican	1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William Borah (Republican), 67.21% Frank L. Moore (Democratic), 32.79%[13]
Illinois	J. Hamilton Lewis	Democratic	1913 (Late)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Joseph M. McCormick (Republican), 50.5% J. Hamilton Lewis (Democratic), 44.92% William B. Lloyd (Socialist), 3.91% John M. Francis (Socialist Labor), 0.34%[14]
Iowa	William S. Kenyon	Republican	1911 (Special) 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William S. Kenyon (Republican), 65.4% Charles Rollin Keyes (Democratic), 34.6%[15]
Kansas	William Thompson	Democratic	1913	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Arthur Capper (Republican), 63.69% William Thompson (Democratic), 33.73% Eva Harding (Socialist), 2.58%[16]
Kentucky	George B. Martin	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	Y Augustus O. Stanley (Democratic), 50.77% Ben Bruner (Republican), 49.23%[17]
Louisiana	Joseph E. Ransdell	Democratic	1912	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Joseph E. Ransdell (Democratic) Unopposed[18]
Maine	Bert M. Fernald	Republican	1916 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected September 9, 1918.	Y Bert M. Fernald (Republican), 55.4% Earl Newbert (Democratic), 44.6%[19]
Massachusetts	John W. Weeks	Republican	1913	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	Y David I. Walsh (Democratic), 49.67% John W. Weeks (Republican), 45.07% Thomas W. Lawson (Independent), 5.26%[20]
Michigan	William Alden Smith	Republican	1911 1913	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	Y Truman Handy Newberry (Republican), 50.19% Henry Ford (Democratic), 48.47% E. O. Foss (Socialist), 1.09% William Faull (Prohibition), 0.26%[21]
Minnesota	Knute Nelson	Republican	1895 1901 1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Knute Nelson (Republican), 60.05% Willis Calderwood (Nationalist), 39.95%[22]
Mississippi	James K. Vardaman	Democratic	1912	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected.[23] Democratic hold.[24]	Y Pat Harrison (Democratic), 95.04% Summer W. Rose (Socialist), 4.96%
Montana	Thomas J. Walsh	Democratic	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas J. Walsh (Democratic), 41.07% Oscar Lanstrum (Republican), 35.79% Jeannette Rankin (Nationalist), 23.14%[25]
Nebraska	George W. Norris	Republican	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y George W. Norris (Republican), 54.52% John H. Morehead (Democratic), 45.49%[26]
New Hampshire	Henry F. Hollis	Democratic	1913	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Henry W. Keyes (Republican), 53.54% Eugene Elliott Reed (Democratic), 46.46%[27]
New Jersey	David Baird	Republican	1918 (Appointed) 1918 (Special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	Y Walter Evans Edge (Republican), 50.34% George M. La Monte (Democratic), 43.23% James M. Reilly (Socialist), 4.14% Grafton Day (Prohibition), 1.62% William J. Wallace (Single Tax), 0.66%[28]
New Mexico	Albert B. Fall	Republican	1912 (New state) 1912 (Invalidated) 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Albert B. Fall (Republican), 51.4% William B. Walton (Democratic), 47.48% W. P. Metcalf (Socialist), 1.12%[29]
North Carolina	Furnifold Simmons	Democratic	1901 1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Furnifold Simmons (Democratic), 60.5% John M. Morehead (Republican), 39.5%[30]
Oklahoma	Robert L. Owen	Democratic	1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Robert Latham Owen (Democratic), 55.44% W. B. Johnson (Republican), 40.73% C. M. Greenland (Socialist), 3.83%[31]
Oregon	Charles L. McNary	Republican	1917 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected to the next term but not to finish the term. Winner subsequently appointed to begin next term early when winner of the special election, see above, resigned.	Y Charles L. McNary (Republican), 54.17% Oswald West (Democratic), 42.3% Albert Slaughter (Socialist), 3.53%[32]
Rhode Island	LeBaron B. Colt	Republican	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y LeBaron B. Colt (Republican), 51.76% George F. O'Shaunessy (Democratic), 46.24% Frederick W. Hunt (Socialist), 2%[33]
South Carolina	Christie Benet	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	Y Nathaniel B. Dial (Democratic) Unopposed
South Dakota	Thomas Sterling	Republican	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas Sterling (Republican), 55.07% W. T. Rinehart (Democratic), 38.95% Orville Rafferty (Independent), 5.98%[34]
Tennessee	John K. Shields	Democratic	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John K. Shields (Democratic), 62.17% Henry Clay Evans (Republican), 37.83%[35]
Texas	Morris Sheppard	Democratic	1913 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Morris Sheppard (Democratic), 86.69% J. Webster Flanagan (Republican), 12.41% M. A. Smith (Socialist), 0.9%[36]
Virginia	Thomas S. Martin	Democratic	1893 (Early) 1899 (Early) 1906 1912	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas S. Martin (Democratic) Unopposed[37]
West Virginia	Nathan Goff, Jr.	Republican	1913	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	Y Davis Elkins (Republican), 53.53% Clarence Wayland Watson (Democratic), 45.4% D. M. S. Holt (Socialist), 1.06%[38]
Wyoming	Francis E. Warren	Republican	1890 1893 (Lost) 1895 1901 1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Francis E. Warren (Republican), 57.77% John Eugene Osborne (Democratic), 42.23%[39]

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Idaho (Special)

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Louisiana (Special)

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Missouri (Special)

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

Nevada (Special)

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New Hampshire (Special)

New Jersey (Special)

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Oregon (Special)

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Carolina (Special)

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wisconsin (Special)

Wyoming

Notes

There was a general election September 9, 1918 in Maine, and special elections in April and November 1918.

References

"ID US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"LA US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MO US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NV US Senate - Special Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NH US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NJ US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"OR US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"AL Senate Race - Nov 03, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"AR US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"CO US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"DE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"GA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"ID US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"IL US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"IA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"KS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"KY US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"LA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"ME US Senate Race - Sep 09, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MI US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MN US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
Street, William B. (March 21, 1965). "The Man Who Invented The Redneck". The Commercial Appeal.
"MS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MT US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NH US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NJ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NM US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NC US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"OK US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"OR US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"RI US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"SD US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"TN US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"TX US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"VA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"WV US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
1919 Official Directory of Wyoming and Election Returns For 1918. W.E. Chaplin, Wyoming Secretary of State. pp. 36–37. Retrieved January 23, 2018.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[Dates-1] There was a general election September 9, 1918 in Maine, and special elections in April and November 1918.

[2] "ID US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[3] "LA US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[4] "MO US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[5] "NV US Senate - Special Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[6] "NH US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[7] "NJ US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[8] "OR US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[9] "AL Senate Race - Nov 03, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[10] "AR US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[11] "CO US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[12] "DE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[13] "GA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[14] "ID US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[15] "IL US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[16] "IA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[17] "KS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[18] "KY US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[19] "LA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[20] "ME US Senate Race - Sep 09, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[21] "MA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[22] "MI US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[23] "MN US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[24] Street, William B. (March 21, 1965). "The Man Who Invented The Redneck". The Commercial Appeal.

[25] "MS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[26] "MT US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[27] "NE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[28] "NH US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[29] "NJ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[30] "NM US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[31] "NC US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[32] "OK US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[33] "OR US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[34] "RI US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[35] "SD US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[36] "TN US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[37] "TX US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[38] "VA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[39] "WV US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[40] 1919 Official Directory of Wyoming and Election Returns For 1918. W.E. Chaplin, Wyoming Secretary of State. pp. 36–37. Retrieved January 23, 2018.

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