Toronto Transit Commission

Finances

The TTC has recovered about 70% of its operating costs from the fare box in recent years. From its creation in 1921 until 1971, the TTC was self-supporting both for capital and operations (it even had to pay property taxes until 1967). Through the Great Depression and World War II, it accumulated reserves that allowed it to expand considerably after the war, both with subways and major steady growth of its bus services into the suburbs. It was not until 1971 that the Metro government and the province started to provide operational subsidies, required primarily due to rising costs of delivering transit to low-density suburbs in Metro Toronto and large wage increases. Deficits and subsidies soared throughout the 1970s and 1980s,^[7] followed by service cuts and a period of ridership decline in the 1990s, partly attributable to recession.

When the Harris Progressive Conservatives ended the provincial subsidies, the TTC cut back service with a significant curtailment put into effect on February 18, 1996, and an increased financial burden was placed on the municipal government. Since then, the TTC has consistently been in financial difficulties. Service cuts were averted in 2007, though, when Toronto City Council voted to introduce new taxes to help pay for city services, including the TTC. As a result, the TTC became the largest transit operator in Anglo-America not to receive provincial/state subsidies.^[8] The TTC has received federal funding for capital projects from as early as 2009.^[9] The TTC is also considered one of the costliest transit systems per fare price in North America.^[10] For the 2011 operating year, the TTC had a projected operating budget of $1.45 billion. Revenue from fares covered approximately 70% of the budget, whereas the remaining 30% originated from the city. In 2009 through 2011, provincial and federal subsidies amounted to 0% of the budget.^[11] In contrast to this, STM Montreal receives approximately 10% of its operating budget from the provincial (Quebec) government,^[12] and Ottawa Transpo receives 9% of its funding from the province.^[13] The fairness of preferentially subsidizing transit in specific Canadian cities has been questioned by citizens.^[14]

Past transit operators

Island Ferry

The TTC operated the ferry service to the Toronto Islands from 1927 to 1962, when it was transferred to the Metro Parks and Culture department.

Gray Coach

Gray Coach logo, designed by Allan Fleming

Gray Coach Lines was a suburban and regional intercity bus operator founded in 1927 by the TTC. Gray Coach used interurban coaches to link Toronto to points throughout southern Ontario. In addition, Gray Coach operated tour buses in association with Gray Line Tours. The main terminal was the Metropolitan Toronto Bus Terminal on Elizabeth Street north of Dundas Street, downtown. In 1954, Gray Coach expanded further when it acquired suburban routes from independent bus operators not merged with the TTC as it expanded to cover Metro Toronto. By the 1980s, Gray Coach faced fierce competition in the interurban service in the GTA. The TTC sold Gray Coach Lines in 1990 to Stagecoach Holdings, which split the operation between Greyhound Canada and the government of Ontario three years later.

Buses

Orion VII HEV Next Generation Bus #1534

Buses are a large part of TTC operations today. Before about 1960 however, they played a minor role compared to streetcars. Buses began to operate in the city in 1921, and became necessary for areas without streetcar service. After an earlier experiment in the 1920s, trolley buses were used on a number of routes starting in 1947, but all trolley bus routes were converted to bus operation between 1991 and 1993. The TTC always used the term "trolley coach" to refer to its trackless electric vehicles. Hundreds of old buses have been replaced with the low-floor Orion VII, and the TTC has acquired many hybrid electric buses. The TTC's hybrid buses were first put on the road in 2006;^[15] these were replaced with the newer 500 Orion VII Next Generation Hybrids in 2008.^[16][17] A new order will bring the total number of hybrids to over 500, second only to New York City. Older (2001–2006) TTC Orion VIIs feature the standard "breadbox" style, whereas newer (2007–) buses feature Orion's new, more stylish body.^[18] Although most of the bus fleet has already been replaced, a number of lift-equipped, high floor buses are reaching the end of their useful lifespan, and another order of buses may be needed around 2012. With a total of 2,031 buses, the TTC is the third-largest transit bus operator in North America, behind the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York City (more than 5,600) and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (2,911).

The TTC also runs Wheel-Trans, a paratransit service for the physically disabled with special low-floor buses designed to accommodate wheelchairs and to make boarding easier for ambulatory customers with limited mobility.

The TTC ordered 27 articulated buses with all newly ordered buses in service by January 2015.^[19][20] At 18 metres (60 ft) long, the Nova LFS Artics hold about 112 passengers, compared with 65 on a standard 12-metre (40 ft) bus.^[21]

Subway

T-series subway train at Kipling station

New Toronto Rocket subway train at Davisville station

The Toronto subway system consists of the Line 1 Yonge–University, a U-shaped mostly north–south line that was opened in 1954 and was last extended in 2017; Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, an east–west line that was opened in 1966 and was last extended in 1980; Line 3 Scarborough, a partly elevated light metro line that was opened in 1985 and continues from the Bloor–Danforth line's eastern terminus; and Line 4 Sheppard, which was opened in 2002.

The three subway lines are served by 678 cars grouped in trains of four cars on Line 4 Sheppard subway, and six cars on Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. The three subway lines share non-revenue track connections and use the same technology. The two versions of subway trains in use today are the new Toronto Rockets on Lines 1 and 4 and the T1s on Line 2. Line 3 Scarborough has a fleet of 28 S-series cars grouped into trains of four cars each, and is not compatible with other subway lines, given that the S-series cars use standard gauge. It shares no track connections or equipment.

All subway lines provide service seven days a week from approximately 5:45 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. (the following day) (last train runs at approximately 1:45 in each direction) except for Sundays, in which the opening is delayed until approximately 8:00 a.m. During the overnight periods, the subway and its stations are closed to perform maintenance at track level and in the stations themselves. Overnight service is provided by buses and streetcars operating above ground. These overnight routes are issued numbers in the 300 series and are referred to as Blue Night routes, indicated by a typical TTC bus stop sign with a blue band added.

Line 5 Eglinton, which uses light rail vehicles, is under construction and is expected to open in 2021.^[22] It will run underground in the central part of the line between Keele Street and Laird Drive, with the remainder a surface LRT route which would span almost the entire length of the city, from Mt. Dennis in Etobicoke to Scarborough.

Streetcars

CLRV L2 streetcar #4059

Toronto's streetcar system is one of the few in North America still operating along street-running tracks. It has been operating since the mid-19th century. Horsecar service started in 1861, and 600 V DC overhead electric service began in 1892. New TTC routes since the 1940s have generally been operated by other modes, and the less busy streetcar routes have also been converted. Streetcar routes are now focused on the downtown area, with none running farther north than St. Clair Avenue, 6 km from Lake Ontario.

Up to the 1980s, the TTC operated a fleet of 765 PCC-type streetcars, 540 of which it purchased new. The rest were purchased as other cities sold their PCC streetcar fleets.

Flexity Outlook streetcar #4403

The TTC's current fleet of streetcars consists of 248 Canadian Light Rail Vehicle and Articulated Light Rail Vehicle streetcars which are nearing the end of their useful life. The TTC ordered 204 new Flexity Outlook light rapid transit vehicles from Bombardier Transportation. The first of these new streetcars entered service on the 510 Spadina line on August 31, 2014. As more vehicles arrive, they will be rolled out onto more streetcar routes with full deployment expected by the end of 2019.^[23]

Fares

Obverse and reverse of Toronto Transit Commission single-ride token

Since March 1, 2015, children 12 and under have been able to ride the TTC for free. The TTC accepts cash, tickets (for students ages 13 to 19 and seniors 65 or older), tokens, and transit passes. Since January 3, 2016, the adult cash fare has been $3.25 for a single trip.^[24][25][26] The cost of tokens since January 1, 2017 has been $3.00.

TTC cash fare prices have risen faster than inflation since 1990. While the consumer price index (CPI) has risen at an annualized rate of 1.8% in Canada, TTC fares have increased at 4.5%.^[27][28]

For customers paying their fares by cash, tickets or tokens, transfers are free for trips in one direction and are encouraged by the grid system of routes and by transfer terminals at many subway stations. Since August 26, 2018, Presto card holders have had access to a time-based transfer which allows for unlimited travel on all routes and in all directions for the cost of a single fare during a two-hour period.^[30]

Presto card

New paddle-style fare gates at a Toronto subway station equipped with Presto card readers

Main article: Presto card

The Presto card (an operating division of Metrolinx, which operates GO Transit and Union Pearson Express) is an electronic unified contactless smart card-based fare payment system for the TTC and other transit service providers throughout the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, as well as Ottawa. Users tap their card on a Presto card payment machine as they enter TTC subway stations/surface vehicles, and the fare is automatically paid through money already loaded on the card or the pass is verified, after which the card itself then acts as proof-of-payment (POP) to show TTC fare inspectors or special constables on streetcars (on which they carry hand-held devices to verify Presto fare payments) and can also be used as a transfer for connecting TTC routes. As of June 2018, it is available widely at the entrances of all subway stations and all TTC conventional buses and streetcars.^[31][32] However, the Presto card cannot be used on contracted TTC bus routes operating in Mississauga and York Region.

Schedules and route information

Route information can be accessed through the TTC Info number (416) 393-INFO (393-4636). Individual route schedules are available online. Google Maps has supported the TTC since October 2010. Schedules for particular route are also usually posted at TTC transfer points, and trip planning services are available by phone.

Additional TTC information is circulated by "What's On" and "Rocket Rider/TTC Customer News" pamphlets on some vehicles. Information can be accessed in person at the TTC head office (Davisville station 1900 Yonge St.), but the TTC Info Centre at Bloor–Yonge station has been closed.

On December 15, 2008, the TTC launched a new Next Vehicle Arrival System (NVAS)^[33] to indicate the time of arrival of the next vehicle along a given route. All TTC streetcars have been upgraded with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and now operate with NVIS.

Most subway stations are equipped with OneStop media screens that display the time until the next train, and other information. The next vehicle feature is available on LCD screens in all stations. Since mid-2011, all buses and streetcars have had the tracking feature enabled, accessible free online and by SMS for commuters.^[34]

On February 3, 2010, the TTC launched an online trip planner, which allows commuters to plan their routes and transfers on the TTC's website. However, since its launch, the trip planner has remained in beta mode with many bugs remaining to be fixed.^[35] On October 2010, the TTC integrated its trip planner with Google Maps.^[36] Transit information in Toronto was available in Apple Maps since the release of iOS 9, when the company first launched support for public transit data.^[37]

Connecting transit

The TTC connects with other transit systems of the Greater Toronto Area. GO Transit, MiWay, York Region Transit, Viva Rapid Transit, Brampton Transit, and Durham Region Transit are connected to the TTC via some of Toronto's subway stations, GO Transit's commuter rail stations, and other hubs like Toronto Pearson International Airport. In addition to Union Station, there are 6 other stations where the TTC subway network and GO Transit commuter rail lines intersect.^[38]

Some bus routes of the surrounding local transit agencies run on Toronto streets along with TTC buses, mainly to reach TTC subway stations. Examples of this include YRT and Viva buses plying Yonge Street en route to Finch Bus Terminal and MiWay buses plying Dundas Street in Etobicoke en route to Islington station. However, by law, other local transit agencies are prohibited from carrying passengers wholly within the City of Toronto. Therefore, YRT and MiWay buses can only drop off passengers inbound and pick up passengers outbound while within the boundaries of Toronto.

Via Rail and Amtrak connect with the TTC at Union Station, while Greyhound intercity buses also connect with the TTC at the Toronto Coach, Scarborough Centre and Yorkdale terminals.

Cellular and Wi-Fi connectivity

The communication system used by surface vehicles is called the Communications and Information System.^[39][40] It was piloted in the 1970s, implemented in 1991, and is now deployed on all TTC surface vehicles.

Wi-Fi service is provided at all TTC subway stations through the TCONNECT Wi-Fi network provided by BAI Canada. The service is supported by advertising and is free for users. As of August 2017, the Wi-Fi network was installed at all existing stations and will be available in all future stations.^[41]

From early December 2015 to late January 2016, commuters had to sign on to Twitter, through a sponsorship deal with the social media network, in order to use the subway stations' Wi-Fi network.^[42] This arrangement was resumed on an optional basis from July 2016 to late November/early December 2016.

On June 17, 2015, the TTC announced that Wind Mobile (later renamed Freedom Mobile) customers could access cellular connectivity at some TTC subway stations.^[43] BAI Canada has built a shared Wi-Fi and cellular infrastructure for the TTC that allows any wireless carrier to sign on and provide underground cellular service to their customers. As of December 2017, BAI Canada's cellular DAS is operational at all 75 TTC stations.^[44]

Freedom Mobile users also have Wi-Fi and cellular coverage in the tunnels between Vaughan Metropolitan Centre and Sheppard West stations and between Bloor–Yonge and King stations.^[45]

Accessibility

Wheelchair position on a Toronto Rocket subway train with fold-up seats

The Wheel-Trans door-to-door service has been available since the mid-1970s. Since the 1990s, the TTC has focused on providing accessible services on conventional bus routes, the RT and subway. 44 of the 75 stations on Lines 1, 2, and 3 are wheel-chair accessible, and all stations on Line 4 are fully accessible. In December 2011, all bus routes became accessible with the retirement of the commission's last inaccessible buses.^[46] On August 31, 2014, the commission launched its new fleet of low-floor Bombardier's Flexity Outlook streetcars, which are replacing the commission's non-accessible vehicles by 2020.

As per Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilites Act (AODA) guidelines, all surface vehicles and subway trains have been equipped with the on-board Automatic Next Stop Announcement System since February 2008. It operates over speakers indicating the next stop. A digital orange LED board on streetcars and buses as well as the Toronto Rocket subway trains display the name of the upcoming streets/stations as the vehicle progresses on its route.

All of the TTC's newer Flexity Outlook streetcars are equipped with external speakers that play automated announcements of the route and destination of vehicle travel. They have also been installed on most TTC buses and older CLRV and ALRV streetcars and are now being gradually phased in across the subway fleet.

Stations, stops and terminals

Most TTC surface routes terminate at loops, side streets or subway station complexes. The TTC system is one of the few mass transit systems in Canada where many surface routes can be accessed inside a paid-fare zone common to other routes or subway lines. This feature allows boarding via the back doors at terminals, reduces the usage of paper transfers, and the need of operators to check for proof-of-payment. However, if trespassers are caught, they could be fined up to $500 for entering the paid-fare zone illegally.

A TTC bus stop pole

The shelters in the system are installed and maintained under contracts with Astral Media (now owned by Bell Media) (with CBS Outdoor since 2006 and previously Viacom Media) and Toronto Transportation Services.^[47] Approximately 4,100 shelters are managed by Toronto Transportation. Some shelters are solar powered and include next vehicle arrival displays.

There are four versions of shelters found in the city:^[48]

• Kramer Design Associates Ltd/Cantilevered arch roof – newest version being installed
  • Cantilever arch roof canopy – used on the 512 St. Clair streetcar line
• Contemporary or Barrel vault dome roof – some by Daytech and installed by Viacom and CBS are found mostly in suburbs like Scarborough
  • Barrel vault dome canopy – select stations with streetcar platforms
• Traditional flat top – older version in the former city of Toronto and variants in Etobicoke
  • High Capacity Traditional – used on 510 Spadina streetcar line
• Classic shelters – oldest version without advertisements and found mostly in the suburbs

There are 10 sets (men and women) of public washrooms located on the TTC system, all at subway stations that are major transfer points, at the ends of subway lines, or at the former ends of subway lines.^[49] All (with the exception of Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station) are located within the paid fare area and thus available only to TTC commuters.

Headquarters and facilities

TTC buses and streetcars are operated out of a number of garages and carhouses located around the city and are serviced at several other facilities. The surface routes are divided into several divisions. Individual divisions have a manager, an on-duty mobile supervisor, a CIS communications centre, and a garage facility tasked with managing the division's vehicle fleet and routes.

TTC Head Office is in the William McBrien Building, located at 1900 Yonge Street at Davisville Avenue, which opened in 1957. The previous TTC Headquarters was at Yonge and Front Streets in the Toronto Board of Trade Building.

There are plans to relocate the HQ to a yet-to-be-built site at 4050 Yonge Street near York Mills Road. The site is a commuter parking lot with a TTC entrance to York Mills station. Build Toronto is charged with helping the commission relocate, but it is facing political opposition from many mayoral candidates.^[50]

Commuter parking lots

The Toronto Parking Authority on behalf of the TTC operates 30 commuter parking lots, all at subway stations, with a total of 13,981 parking spaces. Effective April 1, 2009, it eliminated free parking for Metropass holders. All passengers using parking facilities during peak hours must now pay for the service.^[51] The rates vary by location from $2.00 to $7.00 between 5:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. on weekdays, with lots offering discounted or free parking at other times.^[52] All TTC-owned lots are open (uncovered) parking lots, however certain lots are located in covered garages, such as the Yorkdale lot which is located in the titular shopping centre's underground parking garage.

Safety programs

Safety features provided by the TTC include:

• Request Stop: all passengers travelling alone on surface routes (9 pm – 5 am, excluding streetcar routes) can ask the driver to stop at points between bus stops. The program started in 1991, due in part to the activities of serial rapist and killer Paul Bernardo. On October 13, 2011, after many requests from the public and, finally, a letter by LGBTQ rights group Queer Ontario,^[53] the TTC announced that it would make the Request Stop Program available to all passengers in need.
• Designated Waiting Areas (DWA) on rapid transit platforms: these are well-lit, have intercoms, are monitored by security cameras, and are near the location where the guard car stops.
• Toronto Paramedics: stationed at key locations within the subway system during the morning and evening rush to assist with medical emergencies and provide a faster emergency response. This also reduces delays on the rapid transit system.^[54]
• Emergency Power Cut stations: indicated by a blue beacon and located on both ends of all rapid transit platforms with a PAX telephone that can be used contact the Transit Control Centre's emergency line (3555).
• Yellow Emergency Alarm (formerly "Passenger Assistance Alarm"): yellow strips on all subway and RT cars since 1977 and on the Flexity Outlook streetcars since they were introduced in 2014.
• Emergency stopping mechanisms (Passenger/Guard Emergency Valve or PGEV): on the T1 trains and Line 3 Scarborough trains (except for the Toronto Rocket subway trains, which use a two-way intercom for passenger communication with the train crew as with the Flexity streetcars)
• Approximately 12,000 cameras monitoring activities at subway stations and on buses, streetcars and Toronto Rocket subway trains.^[55]
• Underground Alert messages: displayed on the subway platform video screens to notify passengers about criminals.
• TTC Transit Enforcement Unit: consisting of fare inspectors and special constables

TTC By-law No. 1

The TTC's By-law No. 1 is a by-law governing the actions of passengers and employees while on Commission property. It can be enforced by a "proper authority" which is defined in the by-law as: "an employee or agent of the TTC wearing a TTC uniform; an employee or agent of the TTC carrying an identification card issued by the TTC; or a municipal police officer."^[59] The by-law covers rules regarding fare payment and conduct while in the system. Effective October 12, 2009, a revised version of the by-law has been issued. Revisions include the restriction of placing feet or "any object that may soil" on seats, the prohibition of using offensive language (including the user-generated displays at Pioneer Village station, which is an art display called LightSpell),^[60] and the provision that one must give up their seat to a person with a disability in priority seating areas.

Transit Enforcement Unit

From 1997 to 2011, the TTC employed Special Constables that were responsible for safety and security and had similar policing powers to Toronto Police Service officers. During the phase out of the Special Constables, the Toronto Police reinstated its Transit Patrol Unit, which had been cancelled in the mid-1990s. The Special Constables were replaced by bylaw enforcement officers known as Transit Enforcement Officers, as part of the TTC's Transit Enforcement Unit.

The negotiation between TTC and the Toronto Police Services Board took place in 2013 resulting in restored Special Constable Status and Peace Officer Authority.

OneStop media system

OneStop sign located over a subway platform at Dundas Station

The TTC, in partnership with Pattison OneStop (formerly OneStop Media Group), have installed large LCD television screens in most subway stations throughout the system except on Line 3 Scarborough and at the new Toronto–York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) stations. The new media system replaced the old "Subway Online" system, which has been decommissioned.

The signs feature advertising, news headlines and weather information. From its inception in 2005 until December 31, 2017, the news feed was supplied under a contract with Bell Media's 24-hour local television news service, CP24. Since January 1, 2018, the service has been provided by Global Television Network's Toronto television station CIII-DT, which is owned by Corus Entertainment.^[61] The signs also provide TTC-specific information regarding service changes and delays, information pertaining to using the system, and Toronto Police Service alerts about suspects.^[62][63] The system can also be used when an Amber Alert is issued, which also may include announcements via the PA system.

In September 2008, Dundas station was the first to feature a "Next Train" announcement integrated into the signage. The system has been expanded to many other stations since its initial roll out.^[64] Since mid-July 2009, the majority of stations have been equipped with this service and most recently as of January 2018, they also provide the line number and the destination of train travel in addition to the next train arrival time system. The new TYSSE stations have television screens that display the arrival times for the next two or three trains.

Communications

The TTC uses several types of voice and data communications. There are three main systems. The first is the system used by Operations, Security and Maintenance. This system operates on five UHF conventional frequencies. Channels 1, 3, 4 and 5 are used for day-to-day operations, while Channel 2 is reserved for the Wheel-Trans service.

Buses and streetcars use the Communications and Information System (CIS). This system employs transmit facilities throughout the city. Each bus and streetcar has a Transit Radio Unified Microprocessor (TRUMP) set on board. This is attached to a transponder receiver, which allows CIS operators to track the location of the vehicle using an older computational system known as dead reckoning. The TRUMP also allows the operators and CIS operators to send and receive text messages for such things as short turns and route adjustments. There is also the option of voice communications between the operator and the CIS operator. The CIS was conceived in the late 1970s and was fully implemented in 1991. With the introduction of the NextBus GPS technology, the CIS positioning system is now using a combination of GPS data and the old dead reckoning sign-post system. In the event that internally managed TTC communications are unavailable, the TRUMP unit operates on Bell Mobility's CDMA network to communicate with divisional operations and transit control. Recently, the TTC began research into transitioning from the outdated and antiquated CIS to a newer computer aided dispatch (CAD/AVL) system. Utilizing this technology would help improve headways, provide more reliable communications and allow divisional supervisors to locate vehicles in real time (the current GPS system only sends location updates every 20 seconds). There is no current estimate of when this technology is to be implemented. Each TRUMP unit on every streetcar and bus is equipped with a silent "yellow alarm" key which can be activated by the operator in the event of an emergency on board. When activated, CIS supervisors and transit control dispatchers are able to hear what is going on via a high-quality boom microphone located in front of the steering wheel and dispatch emergency responders. There is also a "red alarm" key, which enables one way communication with CIS once pressed. This can be used in events such as fires when immediate assistance is required and two-way voice communication would prove detrimental to safety.

The third system, known as the Wayside system, is used by the subway. Replacing the old devices which communicated by the third rail are UHF MPT-1327 Trunking radio sets. The subway system is divided into three separate systems, each representing its respective subway line. This trunking system allows Transit Control to communicate directly with a single train, a zone encompassing several trains, or the entire line. Line 3 Scarborough is not included in this system; it continues to use a single channel UHF system, much the same as the system used by operations staff.

All of these systems can be monitored by a scanner capable of the UHF Low band (406–430 MHz).^[65] Numeric codes—often referring to people or positions (299 Bloor – Subway Line mechanic at Bloor)—are also announced through the radio and/or the overhead paging system. The TTC also has several "Plans" ("Plan A" through "Plan G")^[66] that are used in emergencies but are not announced on the P.A. system and only referred to on the radio.^[67]

Current management board

• Mike Palmer, Chief Operating Officer
• Brad Ross, Executive Director of Corporate Communications (also in charge of the TTC's social media communications, primarily Twitter)
• Richard Leary, Chief Service Officer / CEO (interim)

Station managers

In 2013, the TTC assigned group station managers on most subway lines:^[69]

Labour disputes

Unionized workers of the TTC workers have performed strike actions eight times since 1952:

• 1952 — On strike for 19 days
• 1970 — On strike for 12 days.
• 1974 — On strike for 23 days in August; service resumed when back-to-work legislation was passed by the province, which marked the first time the province was involved in a TTC strike.
• 1978 — On strike for 8 days; service resumed by order of back-to-work legislation.
• 1991 — On strike for 8 days in September.
• 1999 — On strike for 2 days in April; service resumed by order of back-to-work legislation.
• 2006 — On strike for 1 day on May 29.
• 2008 — On strike for 2 days on April 26 at 12:01 a.m.

At the request of Mayor Rob Ford and Toronto City Council, on March 30, 2011, the Province of Ontario passed legislation classifying the TTC an essential service, which removed the employees' right to strike.^[70]

Other

As a result of an involvement in a health insurance scam involving Healthy Fit, 223 employees were dismissed or forced to retire early, while ten of them faced criminal charges.^[71][72]