Timeline of Austrian history
This is a timeline of Austrian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Austria and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Austria.
10th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 955 | 10 August | Battle of Lechfeld (955): An East Frankish army under king Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor trapped a Hungarian army behind the Lech and wiped it out, saving the city of Augsburg and extending East Frankish territory eastward. |
| 960 | Burkhard, Margrave of Austria was created margrave of the Eastern March, comprising territories recently conquered from the Hungarians, under the lordship of the Duchy of Bavaria and its duke, his sister-in-law's husband Henry II, Duke of Bavaria. | |
| 976 | Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, launched a revolt in his duchy against Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Burkhard joined him. | |
| Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, conquered Regensburg, the Bavarian capital, then in revolt. | ||
| An Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Regensburg formally stripped Henry II, Duke of Bavaria of his duchy and appointed Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, nephew of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Emperor, and already duke of Swabia, duke of Bavaria. | ||
| 21 July | Leopold I the Illustrious, Margrave of Austria, a count of Babenberg, replaced Burkhard as margrave of the Bavarian Eastern March. | |
| 984 | Leopold the Illustrious captured the fortress at Melk, the last redoubt of Burkhard's partisans, and established his capital there. | |
| 987 | Leopold the Illustrious conquered territory extending to the Vienna Woods. | |
| 991 | Leopold the Illustrious conquered territory extending to the Fischa. | |
| 994 | 8 July | Leopold the Illustrious was struck in the eye by an arrow at a tournament in Würzburg. |
| 10 July | Leopold the Illustrious died. | |
| Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Kingdom of Germany, appointed Leopold the Illustrious's son Henry I the Strong, Margrave of Austria margrave of the Eastern March. | ||
| 996 | 1 November | The term Ostarrîchi was first used, possibly in reference to a small fief within the Eastern March. |
11th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1002 | Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, then duke of Bavaria and King of the Romans, added the land between the Kamp and Morava rivers and some territory southwest of Vienna to the territory of Austria. | |
| 1018 | 23 June | Henry the Strong died from wounds he suffered in battle against Bolesław I the Brave, duke of Poland. He was succeeded as margrave by his younger brother Adalbert the Victorious, Margrave of Austria. |
| 1055 | 26 May | Adalbert the Victorious died in the Austrian capital Melk. He was succeeded by his son Ernest the Brave, Margrave of Austria. |
| 1062 | April | Coup of Kaiserswerth: Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, kidnapped the young Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, then King of the Romans, and demanded that his mother and regent Agnes of Poitou hand over the Imperial Regalia to his coconspirators. |
| 1065 | 29 March | An accolade ceremony was held in Mainz recognizing the majority of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. |
| 1073 | 29 June | Saxon Rebellion: The Saxon nobility, at the head of a large army, came to the Imperial Palace of Goslar to protest the frequent stays of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, on their territory and his promotion of local ministeriales. The king fled. |
| 1074 | 2 February | Saxon Rebellion: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany signed the Treaty of Gerstungen agreeing to restore the rebel duke Otto of Nordheim in Bavaria. |
| 1075 | 9 June | Battle of Langensalza (1075): Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Kingdom of Germany, and a number of his vassals, including Ernest the Brave, destroyed a Saxon army composed largely of peasant draftees near what is now Bad Langensalza. Ernest the Brave was killed. He was succeeded by his son Leopold II the Fair, Margrave of Austria. |
| Investiture Controversy: The pope Pope Gregory VII composed the Dictatus papae, declaring that his office was granted by God, and that he had the right to depose emperors, as well as the sole authority to appoint and transfer bishops. | ||
| Investiture Controversy: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, reasserted his right to appoint bishops in a letter in which he addressed the pope, Pope Gregory VII, as a false monk and called for his removal. | ||
| 1078 | Investiture Controversy: Altmann of Passau, bishop of Passau, fled to Austria following the invasion of his diocese by supporters of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, the king of Germany. | |
| 1079 | Investiture Controversy: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, invaded Austria in pursuit of the fugitive bishop Altmann of Passau. | |
| 1081 | 6 August | Leopold the Fair supported the election at Forchheim of Hermann of Salm, count of Salm, as king of Germany in opposition to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. |
| Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, deposed Leopold the Fair and granted his territory to Vratislaus II of Bohemia, duke of Bohemia. | ||
| 1082 | 12 May | Battle of Mailberg: A Bohemian army invading in support of the claim of Vratislaus II of Bohemia decisively defeated the Austrians at Mailberg. |
| 1095 | 12 October | Leopold the Fair died. He was succeeded as margrave of Austria by his son Leopold III the Good, Margrave of Austria. |
12th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1103 | Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, issued the Landfrieden, establishing some rules on the resolution of disputes between rulers of states of the Empire. | |
| 1104 | Investiture Controversy: Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany and son and heir of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, rebelled against his father at the urging of the pope Pope Paschal II. | |
| December | Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, was forced at an Imperial Diet at Mainz to abdicate in favor of his son Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, then king of Germany. | |
| 1106 | Leopold the Good married Agnes of Waiblingen, sister of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, the king of Germany. | |
| 1136 | 15 November | Leopold the Good died. He was succeeded as margrave of Austria by his son Leopold the Generous, Duke of Bavaria. |
| 1137 | Leopold the Generous granted the Peterskirche in Vienna to the prince-bishop of Passau in exchange for some territory outside the city. | |
| 1138 | 7 March | Imperial election, 1138: Conrad III of Germany was elected King of the Romans at Koblenz, defeating Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, Saxony and Spoleto and margrave of Tuscany. |
| July | Henry X, Duke of Bavaria announced his refusal to recognize Conrad III of Germany as King of the Romans. In return, Conrad banned him and deprived him of both of his German duchies, granting Bavaria to his supporter Leopold the Generous. | |
| 1141 | 18 October | Leopold the Generous died. He was succeeded as margrave of Austria and duke of Bavaria by his younger brother Henry II Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria. |
| 1145 | Henry Jasomirgott established his residence in Vienna. | |
| 1156 | Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, restored the House of Welf to the Duchy of Bavaria in the person of Henry the Lion, son of Henry X, Duke of Bavaria. | |
| 17 September | To compensate Babenberg for their loss of Bavaria, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, issued the Privilegium Minus, elevating Austria to an independent duchy. | |
| 1176 | November | Henry Jasomirgott broke his hip falling with his horse from a bridge near Melk. |
| 1177 | 13 January | Henry Jasomirgott died in Vienna. He was succeeded by his son Leopold V the Virtuous, Duke of Austria. |
| 1186 | 17 August | Leopold the Virtuous and Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria, duke of Styria, signed the Georgenberg Pact, under which the former was to succeed the latter on his death. In exchange, Leopold the Virtuous promised to maintain the rights of the Styrian estates and citizens. |
| 1187 | 2 October | Siege of Jerusalem (1187): The city of Jerusalem fell to an Ayyubid siege. The capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was moved to Tyre, Lebanon. |
| 29 October | Third Crusade: The pope Pope Gregory VIII issued the audita tremendi calling for a crusade to reconquer Jerusalem from the Ayyubid dynasty. | |
| 1189 | August | Siege of Acre (1189–1191): Guy of Lusignan, jure uxoris king of Jerusalem, laid siege to the Ayyubid city of Acre, Israel. |
| 1191 | Siege of Acre (1189–1191): Leopold the Virtuous took command of the crusader army at Acre, Israel. | |
| July | Siege of Acre (1189–1191): Acre, Israel fell to the crusaders. The flags of Jerusalem, France, England and Austria were raised on the ramparts. Richard I of England, king of England, ordered the Austrian flag torn down. | |
| 1192 | 8 May | Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria, duke of Styria, died of leprosy. He was succeeded by Leopold the Virtuous. |
| Richard I of England, king of England, was arrested in Vienna for the April murder of Conrad of Montferrat, the king of Jerusalem and cousin to Leopold the Virtuous. | ||
| 1193 | 19 April | English king Richard I of England was released from his captivity at Trifels Castle following the payment of a substantial ransom to Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. |
| 1194 | 31 December | Leopold the Virtuous died of gangrene after a botched amputation of his foot, injured at a tournament in Graz. He was succeeded as duke of Austria by one son, Frederick I the Catholic, Duke of Austria, and as duke of Styria by another, Leopold VI the Glorious, Duke of Austria. |
| 1196 | The pope Pope Celestine III censured the late Leopold the Virtuous and his house for his imprisonment and ransoming of Richard I of England, king of England and a fellow crusader. | |
| 1197 | April | Crusade of 1197: Frederick the Catholic left Austria on a crusade organized by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, to reconquer Jerusalem for the Kingdom of Jerusalem and convince the pope Pope Celestine III to support his claim to Sicily. |
| December | An army of Austrians and Hungarian nobles loyal to Andrew II of Hungary, then without title, defeated a Hungarian royal army at Mački. | |
| 1198 | Emeric, King of Hungary, king of Hungary, was forced to appoint his younger brother Andrew II of Hungary duke in Croatia and Dalmatia. | |
| 16 April | Frederick the Catholic died of illness at Acre, Israel. He was succeeded as duke of Austria by his younger brother Leopold the Glorious. | |
| 1199 | Emeric, King of Hungary, king of Hungary, defeated his brother Andrew II of Hungary, duke in Croatia and Dalmatia, at Lake Balaton and forced him to flee into Austria. | |
| 1200 | Andrew II of Hungary, then a refugee in Austria, was peacefully restored to power as duke in Croatia and Dalmatia. |
13th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1205 | Leopold the Glorious accepted the five-year-old Ladislaus III of Hungary, king of Hungary, and his court as refugees from his uncle and regent Andrew II of Hungary. | |
| 7 May | Ladislaus III of Hungary, the five-year-old king of Hungary, died in Vienna. His uncle and regent, Andrew II of Hungary, whose cruel treatment had forced him to flee into exile, succeeded him as king. | |
| 1209 | Albigensian Crusade: The pope Pope Innocent III called for a crusade against Catharism, a gnostic heresy prevalent in Languedoc, and the sympathetic count of Toulouse, Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse. | |
| 1212 | Leopold the Glorious took part in an Imperial Diet at Nuremberg which deposed Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor and elected Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor as King of the Romans with the support of the pope Pope Innocent III. | |
| August | Albigensian Crusade: Leopold the Glorious left Vienna to participate in the crusade. | |
| Albigensian Crusade: Leopold the Glorious returned to Austria. | ||
| 1213 | 12 July | Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans, issued the Golden Bull of 1213, a Golden Bull ceding some ecclesiastical rights to the Catholic Church. |
| 1217 | July | Fifth Crusade: Leopold the Glorious left Vienna to take part in another crusade to reconquer Jerusalem from the Ayyubid dynasty. |
| 1218 | 29 May | Siege of Damietta (1218–1219): Crusader forces, including Austrian and Styrian forces, landed near the fortress of the Ayyubid city of Damietta. |
| August | Fifth Crusade: Leopold the Glorious returned to Austria. | |
| 1221 | Vienna was granted the staple right, the right to require merchants passing through to offer their goods for sale. | |
| 1230 | 28 July | Leopold VI the Glorious, Duke of Austria died. He was succeeded as duke of Austria and Styria by his son Frederick II the Quarrelsome, Duke of Austria. |
| 1235 | Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, invited Bohemia to invade and conquer Austria as punishment for the aggression and impertinence of Frederick the Quarrelsome. | |
| The residents of Vienna opened the gates of the city to the Bohemian army. Frederick the Quarrelsome fled to Wiener Neustadt. | ||
| Vienna was raised to a free imperial city. | ||
| 1237 | Mongol invasion of Europe: The army of the Golden Horde arrived at Ryazan. | |
| 1238 | Frederick the Quarrelsome created two administrative divisions of Austria: Upper Austria, above the Enns, and Lower Austria below. | |
| 1239 | Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, restored Frederick the Quarrelsome as duke of Austria. | |
| 1241 | 15 April | Battle of Mohi: Austrian forces defeated a small Golden Horde raiding party near Muhi, then withdrew. Hungarian and Templar forces remained in the theater. |
| 1246 | 15 June | Battle of the Leitha River: The Kingdom of Hungary defeated an Austrian invasion near the banks of the Leitha. Frederick the Quarrelsome was killed. His sister Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia and his niece Gertrude of Austria both claimed the succession in Austria and Styria. |
| Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, king of Bohemia, married his son and heir Vladislaus III of Moravia, margrave of Moravia, to Gertrude. | ||
| The Austrian nobility gave homage to Vladislaus in support of his claim by right of his wife Gertrude. | ||
| 1247 | 3 January | Vladislaus died. |
| 1248 | Herman VI, Margrave of Baden, margrave of Baden, married Gertrude. He laid claim to Austria and Styria by right of his wife and left his brother Rudolf I, Margrave of Baden-Baden to govern Baden. | |
| 1250 | 4 October | Herman died. |
| Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, king of Bohemia, invaded Austria, possibly at the invitation of the local nobility. | ||
| 1251 | The Austrian nobility acclaimed Ottokar II the Iron and Golden King of Bohemia, son and heir of the king of Bohemia Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, duke. | |
| 1252 | 11 February | Ottokar the Iron and Golden King married Margaret. |
| 27 June | Gertrude married Roman Danylovich, son and heir of Daniel of Galicia, knyaz of Galicia and a relative of Béla IV of Hungary, king of Hungary. | |
| 1253 | 23 September | Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, king of Bohemia, died. He was succeeded by Ottokar the Iron and Golden King, his son. |
| Béla IV of Hungary, king of Hungary, claimed ownership of Styria. | ||
| Gertrude and Roman Danylovich were divorced. | ||
| 1254 | After mediation by the pope Pope Innocent IV, Ottokar the Iron and Golden King agreed to cede much of Styria to Béla IV of Hungary, king of Hungary, in exchange for the latter's recognition of his claims in Austria. | |
| 1258 | Stephen V of Hungary, son and heir of Béla IV of Hungary, king of Hungary, was appointed duke of Styria. | |
| 1260 | Ottokar the Iron and Golden King invaded Styria in support of a revolt by the local nobility. | |
| July | Battle of Kressenbrunn: Austrian and Bohemian forces repulsed a Hungarian attack over the Morava near modern Engelhartstetten. Many Hungarian soldiers drowned in the river. | |
| 1261 | Béla IV of Hungary, king of Hungary, renounced his claim to Styria in favor of Ottokar the Iron and Golden King. | |
| 1266 | 29 October | Margaret died. |
| 1273 | 1 October | Imperial election, 1273: Rudolf I of Habsburg of Germany, count of Habsburg, was elected King of the Romans in Frankfurt, defeating Ottokar the Iron and Golden King, who refused to recognize his election. |
| 1274 | November | An Imperial Diet at Nuremberg held that all territories which had changed hands in the interregnum following the death of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor had to be returned. |
| 1276 | Rudolf I of Germany, King of the Romans, banned Ottokar the Iron and Golden King for failing to recognize his election and for failing to cede Austria, Styria and Carinthia to imperial administration after the extinction of the male line in each of those duchies. | |
| June | Rudolf I of Germany, King of the Romans, declared war on Ottokar the Iron and Golden King. | |
| November | Ottokar the Iron and Golden King ceded Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola to the direct administration of the Holy Roman Empire. King of the Romans Rudolf I of Germany rescinded the imperial ban and restored him to the Kingdom of Bohemia. | |
| 1278 | Ottokar the Iron and Golden King invaded Austria. | |
| 26 August | Battle on the Marchfeld: A Holy Roman Empire and Hungarian army decisively defeated a Bohemian, Głogów and Lower Bavarian force near Dürnkrut, Austria and Jedenspeigen. Ottokar the Iron and Golden King was killed. | |
| 1282 | 27 December | A Hoftag at Augsburg recognized the appointment of Rudolf I of Germany's sons Albert I of Habsburg of Germany and Rudolf II, Duke of Austria as dukes jointly and severally of Austria and Styria and margraves jointly and severally of Carniola and the Windic March. |
| 1283 | 1 June | The Treaty of Rheinfelden was signed at Rheinfelden, establishing the succession of Rudolf I of Germany. Albert of Habsburg was to receive the sole rule of Austria and Styria. In exchange, Rudolf II would receive some territories in Further Austria. The treaty also established primogeniture as the Habsburg order of succession. |
| 1286 | Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia, count of Tyrol and Albert of Habsburg's father in law, was made duke of Carinthia and margrave of Carniola and the Windic March as compensation for his earlier support of Rudolf I of Germany against Ottokar the Iron and Golden King. | |
| 1290 | 10 May | Rudolf II died. |
| 1291 | 15 July | Rudolf I of Germany died. |
| 29 November | Albert II, Duke of Saxony, duke of Saxony, agreed to support the candidate of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, king of Bohemia, in the upcoming imperial election. | |
| 1292 | 27 April | Adolf of Germany, count of Nassau and Siegfried II of Westerburg, archbishop of Cologne signed the Treaty of Andernach, under which the latter agreed to support the former in the upcoming imperial election in exchange for significant territorial concessions. |
| 5 May | Imperial election, 1292: Adolf of Germany, count of Nassau, was elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt, denying the wishes of Rudolf I of Germany to see his son Albert of Habsburg elected. | |
| 30 June | Adolf of Germany, King of the Romans, agreed to depose Albert of Habsburg in Austria and Styria and to grant those duchies to Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, king of Kingdom of Bohemia, by force if necessary. | |
| November | Adolf of Germany, King of the Romans, recognized Albert of Habsburg as duke of Austria and Styria, margrave of the Windic March, and lord of Pordenone. | |
| 1294 | Adolf of Germany, King of the Romans, purchased the landgraviate of Thuringia and the margravate of Meissen from Albert II, Margrave of Meissen. | |
| 1298 | 23 June | The Elector of Mainz, acting on behalf of himself and that of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, king of Bohemia and Wigbold von Holte, the archbishop of Cologne, declared Adolf of Germany, King of the Romans, deposed at a meeting in Mainz in the presence of some lesser nobility. |
| 2 July | Battle of Göllheim: Albert of Habsburg personally killed Adolf of Germany, King of the Romans in battle at Göllheim. | |
| 27 July | Albert of Habsburg was elected King of the Romans in Frankfurt. | |
| 24 August | Albert of Habsburg was crowned King of the Romans at Aachen Cathedral in Aachen. | |
| 21 November | Albert of Habsburg appointed his son Rudolf I of Bohemia duke of Austria and Styria jointly with himself. |
14th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1306 | 4 August | Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, the last king of Bohemia of the Přemyslid dynasty, was stabbed to death in Olomouc by an unknown assassin. |
| The Bohemian nobility elected Henry of Bohemia king. | ||
| The Holy Roman Emperor Albert of Habsburg invaded Bohemia and installed Rudolf I of Bohemia on the throne. | ||
| 1307 | 31 May | Battle of Lucka: Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen defeated the forces of the Holy Roman Empire at Lucka, preserving the rule of the House of Wettin over Thuringia. |
| 4 July | Rudolf died, probably due to complications from a preexisting gastrointestinal disease, while besieging a Bohemian rebel fortress at Horažďovice. Albert became sole duke of Austria and Styria. | |
| 1308 | 1 May | Albert of Habsburg was murdered at Windisch by his nephew, Rudolf II's son John Parricida, who felt that the Treaty of Rheinfelden had deprived him of his inheritance. He was succeeded by two of his sons, Frederick the Fair and Leopold I, Duke of Austria, ruling jointly as dukes of Austria and Styria. |
| 1313 | Frederick the Fair invaded Lower Bavaria in a dispute with Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, over who would tutor the sons of the late Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Lower Bavaria. | |
| 9 November | Battle of Gammelsdorf: The forces of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, defeated those of Frederick the Fair at Gammelsdorf. Frederick the Fair was forced to renounce the tutelage of the children of the late Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Lower Bavaria. | |
| 1314 | 19 October | Imperial election, October 19, 1314: Four electors of the Holy Roman Empire selected Frederick the Fair as King of the Romans at Frankfurt. |
| 20 October | Imperial election, October 20, 1314: Five electors of the Holy Roman Empire selected Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, as King of the Romans at Frankfurt in opposition to Frederick the Fair. | |
| 25 November | Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, was crowned King of the Romans at Aachen. | |
| Frederick the Fair was crowned King of the Romans at the Bonn Minster in Bonn. | ||
| 1315 | 15 November | Battle of Morgarten: A Swiss force ambushed and destroyed a Habsburg army at Ägerisee, saving the Swiss Confederacy from possible annexation to Austria. |
| 1316 | Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a claimant against Frederick the Fair to the title of King of the Romans, granted the Waldstätte of the Old Swiss Confederacy independence from the House of Habsburg. | |
| 1322 | 28 September | Battle of Mühldorf: The forces of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria and a claimant to the title King of the Romans, defeated those of his rival Frederick the Fair in battle at Ampfing. Frederick the Fair was captured. |
| 1324 | The pope Pope John XXII excommunicated Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria and a claimant in opposition to Frederick the Fair to the title King of the Romans. | |
| 1325 | 13 March | Frederick the Fair signed the Treaty of Trausnitz at Trausnitz Castle with his captor Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria. Under its terms, he agreed to recognize his captor as King of the Romans in exchange for his liberty, and to convince his partisans to lay down their arms. |
| Having failed to convince Leopold I, Duke of Austria, his younger brother and co-ruler of Austria and Styria, to abandon his war against Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans, Frederick the Fair returned to captivity in Munich. | ||
| 1326 | 7 January | Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick the Fair signed the Treaty of Ulm, under which the former was to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor, but the latter would administer the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans. |
| 28 February | Leopold I, Duke of Austria died. Frederick the Fair left the administration of the Holy Roman Empire to return to rule Austria and Styria. | |
| 1330 | 13 January | Frederick the Fair died. He was succeeded by his younger brothers Albert II the Wise, the Lame, Duke of Austria and Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, ruling jointly as dukes of Austria and Styria. |
| 1335 | 2 April | Henry of Bohemia, duke of Carinthia and margrave of Carniola, died, leaving no male heirs. |
| 2 May | Albert the Wise and Otto the Merry, whose mother, Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Germany was sister to Henry of Bohemia, the late duke of Carinthia, were jointly appointed dukes of Carinthia and margraves of Carniola. | |
| 1339 | Otto the Merry died. He was survived by two young sons. | |
| 1344 | 10 August | Otto the Merry's younger son, the sixteen-year-old Leopold II, Duke of Austria, died, possibly due to poisoning. |
| 11 December | Otto the Merry's surviving son, the seventeen-year-old Frederick, died, possibly after being poisoned. | |
| 1358 | 16 August | Albert the Wise died. According to his will, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Rudolf IV the Founder, Duke of Austria. |
| 1359 | Rudolf the Founder ordered the creation of the Privilegium Maius, a set of forged documents, some purportedly issued by Julius Caesar, which raised Austria to an archduchy and granted it additional rights including the privilegium de non evocando, the right to issue judgments which could not be appealed to the Holy Roman Emperor. | |
| 1363 | Rudolf the Founder and the childless Margaret, Countess of Tyrol signed a treaty providing for the former's inheritance of the County of Tyrol on the latter's death. | |
| Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, invaded Tyrol. | ||
| 1364 | Rudolf the Founder took the title duke of Carniola. | |
| 1365 | The town of Novo Mesto was established. | |
| Albert III, Count of Gorizia died. His territories in Istria, White Carniola and the Windic March were inherited by Rudolf the Founder and added to Carniola. | ||
| 27 July | Rudolf the Founder died. He was succeeded by his younger brothers Albert III with the Braid, Duke of Austria and Leopold III the Just, Duke of Austria, ruling jointly as dukes of Austria, Styria and Carniola. | |
| 1368 | Leopold the Just expelled Bavarian forces from County of Tyrol. | |
| The citizens of Freiburg im Breisgau purchased their independence from the count of Freiburg and submitted to Habsburg protection. The city was added to Further Austria. | ||
| 1369 | 3 October | Margaret, Countess of Tyrol died. Albert with the Braid and Leopold the Just succeeded her jointly as counts of Tyrol. |
| 1375 | December | The mercenary Gugler army crossed the Jura Mountains into Habsburg territory. |
| 1376 | January | The Gugler were forced to retreat into France. |
| 6 August | Albert with the Braid agreed to Leopold the Just's right to make separate treaties with foreign powers. | |
| 1379 | Albert with the Braid and Leopold the Just signed the Treaty of Neuberg at Neuberg Abbey, dividing their father's possessions. Albert and his descendants were to rule Austria, Leopold and his descendants Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Tyrol, Further Austria and Friuli. | |
| 1382 | The Imperial Free City of Trieste seceded from the Patriarchate of Aquileia and became part of Leopold the Just's domains in exchange for his protection. | |
| 1386 | 9 July | Battle of Sempach: A Swiss force decisively defeated an invasion by Leopold the Just at Sempach. Leopold was killed, along with a number of his vassals. He was succeeded by his young sons William the Courteous, Duke of Austria and Leopold IV the Fat, Duke of Austria, with his brother Albert with the Braid acting as regent. |
| 1387 | 11 March | The citizens of Glarus declared themselves independent of Austrian rule. |
| 1388 | 9 April | Battle of Näfels: Swiss forces decisively defeated an Austrian invasion of Glarus at Näfels. |
| 1395 | 29 August | Albert with the Braid died. He was succeeded in his lands by his son Albert IV, Duke of Austria. |
15th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1401 | Appenzell Wars: A popular uprising took place in Appenzell against the rule of the prince-abbot of the Abbey of Saint Gall, an ally of the Habsburgs. | |
| 1404 | 14 September | Albert IV died. He was succeeded as duke of Austria by his young son Albert II the Magnanimous of Germany, with his cousin William the Courteous acting as regent. |
| 1406 | 15 July | William the Courteous died without heirs. He was succeeded in Upper Austria by Leopold the Fat and in Carinthia, Styria and Carniola by another brother, Ernest the Iron, Duke of Austria. Leopold ceded Tyrol to yet another brother, Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets, Duke of Austria and replaced William as regent for Albert the Magnanimous. |
| 1411 | 3 June | Leopold the Fat died. His territories were divided between Ernest the Iron and Frederick of the Empty Pockets. Albert the Magnanimous was granted his majority. |
| Appenzell Wars: Appenzell signed a mutual defense treaty with Switzerland to secure its independence from the Abbey of Saint Gall. | ||
| 1419 | 30 July | Hussite Wars: A Hussite procession led by the priest Jan Želivský threw seven government officials, including the burgomaster, from the New Town Hall in Prague, killing them. |
| 1420 | 23 May | Albert the Magnanimous ordered the imprisonment and forcible conversion of the Jews in Austria. |
| 12 June | Battle of Vítkov Hill: A crusader force including some Austrian soldiers laid siege fortifications on a hill outside Prague. | |
| 14 July | Battle of Vítkov Hill: The crusader forces were surprised and routed, ending the siege. Several hundred were killed. | |
| 1421 | 12 March | Two hundred Jews, the last practicing in Austria, were burned at the stake outside Vienna. |
| 1423 | Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans, king of Hungary, king of Croatia and Bohemia and Albert the Magnanimous's father-in-law, appointed Albert margrave of Moravia. | |
| 1424 | 10 June | Ernest the Iron died. He was survived by six children including his young sons Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Albert VI, Archduke of Austria. Frederick of the Empty Pockets appointed himself regent over Ernest's territories. |
| 1431 | 14 August | Battle of Domažlice: A Holy Roman Empire force, including some troops led by Albert the Magnanimous, was driven from its siege positions at Domažlice and wiped out in the nearby Bohemian Forest. |
| 14 October | Battle of Waidhofen: A Taborite raiding party was attacked and defeated by Austrian and Bohemian forces at Waidhofen an der Thaya. | |
| 1435 | Frederick III claimed his majority with the support of Albert the Magnanimous. | |
| 1436 | Albert VI was granted his majority. | |
| 1437 | 9 December | Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Hungary and king of Croatia and Bohemia, died. Albert the Magnanimous, his son-in-law, succeeded him in Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, though the Hussite nobles in Bohemia remained in open revolt. |
| 1438 | 18 March | Imperial election, 1438: Albert the Magnanimous was elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt. |
| 1439 | 24 June | Frederick of the Empty Pockets died. He was succeeded as duke of Further Austria and count of Tyrol by his young son Sigismund, Archduke of Austria, with Frederick III acting as regent. |
| 27 October | Albert the Magnanimous died at Neszmély defending Hungary against an Ottoman invasion. He was survived by two daughters and by his pregnant wife Elizabeth of Luxembourg. | |
| 1440 | 2 February | Imperial election, 1440: Frederick III was elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt. |
| 22 February | Elizabeth of Luxembourg, Albert the Magnanimous's wife, gave birth to a son, Ladislaus the Posthumous. | |
| 15 May | Ladislaus was crowned king of Hungary with the Holy Crown of Hungary by his mother in Székesfehérvár. | |
| 29 June | The Diet of Hungary declared Ladislaus's coronation invalid. | |
| 17 July | Władysław III of Poland, the king of Poland, was crowned king of Hungary under the eye of the Diet at Visegrád. | |
| 2 November | Old Zürich War: Zürich was expelled from the Old Swiss Confederacy due to a dispute over the succession in Toggenburg. | |
| 22 November | Elizabeth of Luxembourg granted Frederick III guardianship over her son Ladislaus. In exchange, she received financial support to defend her son's claim to the throne of Hungary against Władysław III of Poland. | |
| 1442 | Old Zürich War: Zürich concluded an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire. | |
| 19 December | Elizabeth of Luxembourg, mother to Ladislaus the Posthumous, died, possibly after having been poisoned. | |
| 1443 | 1 January | Crusade of Varna: The pope Pope Eugene IV called for a crusade to expel the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans. |
| 22 July | Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl: A Swiss army forced imperial and Zürich forces to abandon a defensive position on the Sihlfeld outside of Zürich. | |
| 1444 | 10 November | Battle of Varna: The Ottoman Empire decisively defeated an inferior Polish-Hungarian-Wallachian force at Varna. Władysław III of Poland, king of Poland and claimant against Ladislaus the Posthumous to the throne of Hungary, was killed. |
| 1445 | 1 June | The Diet of Hungary offered the throne of Hungary to Ladislaus on the condition that Frederick III release him and the Holy Crown of Hungary to their care. Frederick refused their terms and invaded. |
| 1446 | Sigismund, Archduke of Austria was granted his majority. | |
| 1 June | The Hungarian nobility accepted Frederick III's guardianship over Ladislaus in exchange for a truce. | |
| 6 June | The Diet of Hungary elected John Hunyadi governor of Hungary during Ladislaus's minority. | |
| 12 June | Old Zürich War: Zürich and the Old Swiss Confederacy agreed to an armistice. | |
| 1450 | 22 October | John Hunyadi and Frederick III agreed that the latter would be Ladislaus's guardian until his eighteenth birthday, in defiance of local customs which granted majority at twelve or sixteen. |
| 1452 | 19 March | Frederick III was crowned Holy Roman Emperor with the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire in Rome by the pope Pope Nicholas V. |
| 4 September | The Austrian nobility forced Frederick III to renounce his guardianship of Ladislaus and allow him to enter Hungary as its king. | |
| 1453 | January | John Hunyadi resigned as governor of Hungary but remained in charge of collecting tax. |
| 28 October | Ladislaus the Posthumous was crowned king of Bohemia in Prague. | |
| 1456 | 4 July | Siege of Belgrade (1456): Ottoman forces laid siege to what is now Belgrade. |
| 22 July | Siege of Belgrade (1456): A mostly peasant crusader force dispersed the Ottoman army and forced their withdrawal to Constantinople. | |
| 11 August | John Hunyadi died of plague at what is now Zemun. |
16th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1502 | Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans and archduke of Austria, dissolved the first Imperial Government of the Holy Roman Empire. | |
| 1508 | 4 February | Maximilian took the title Holy Roman Emperor. |
| 1517 | 31 October | Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, published the Ninety-five Theses, which criticized the Church practice of selling indulgences. |
| 1519 | 12 January | Maximilian died. He was succeeded as archduke of Austria by his grandson Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Spain and duke of Burgundy. |
| 28 June | Imperial election, 1519: Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor. |
17th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1601 | 3 August | Battle of Guruslău: A force of Hungarians, Wallachians and Cossacks defeated the rebel Transylvanian prince Sigismund Báthory on the plain of the Guruslău River. |
| 1604 | 28 September | Bocskai uprising: The Hungarian nobleman Stephen Bocskai launched a revolt against Habsburg dominion over Hungary. |
| 1606 | 23 June | Bocskai uprising: The Hungarian nobleman Stephen Bocskai and Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia and archduke of Austria, signed the Treaty of Vienna, naming the former prince of Transylvania and granting some additional rights to religious minorities in Hungary. |
| 11 November | Long Turkish War: The Peace of Zsitvatorok was signed in what is now Radvaň nad Dunajom, ending a long conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. The obligations of the Hungarian nobility to their Ottoman suzerains were reduced. | |
| 1608 | 25 June | Rudolf's younger brother Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, the governor of Austria, with the support of the nobility in Austria, Hungary and Moravia, forced him to cede the rule of those lands. |
18th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1701 | 9 July | Battle of Carpi: An Austrian army dispatched a small French force at Carpi, near Legnago, during its crossing into Italy. |
| 1 September | Battle of Chiari: An Austrian force dealt severe and disproportionate casualties to a French army attempting to dislodge it at Chiari, Lombardy. | |
| 7 September | England, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic signed the Treaty of The Hague, reestablishing the Grand Alliance and setting out their primary goals: the establishment of Austrian control over Spanish territories in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands and Dutch and English access to markets in the Spanish Empire. | |
| 1702 | 1 February | Battle of Cremona: Austrian forces entered the French-held city of Cremona but, failing to take the citadel of the city and facing the arrival of French reinforcements, withdrew. |
| 15 August | Battle of Luzzara: An Austrian force under the general Prince Eugene of Savoy crossed the Po at Luzzara but failed to dislodge the French from their position despite heavy casualties on both sides. |
19th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 9 February | War of the Second Coalition: France and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, the latter acting as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and as king of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia and archduke of Austria, signed the Treaty of Lunéville, ending their conflict. France made territorial gains, including the extension of its border with the Holy Roman Empire east to the Rhine. |
| 1804 | 11 August | Francis took the title Emperor of Austria. |
| 1805 | 25 September | Ulm Campaign: A French-Bavarian force crossed the Rhine into Germany. |
| 8 October | Battle of Wertingen: A French army surprised and defeated a much smaller Austrian force at Wertingen. | |
| 9 October | Battle of Günzburg: A French force captured a Danube river crossing at Günzburg. Austrian forces failed to retake it, suffering heavy casualties, and withdrew. |
20th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 18 January | Cisleithanian legislative election, 1900–01: The last round of elections were held to the Imperial Council. Ethnic nationalist parties won the majority of seats. |
| 2 October | Hungarian parliamentary election, 1901: Voting began in elections to the Hungarian Diet. | |
| 9 October | Hungarian parliamentary election, 1901: Voting ended. The liberal Liberal Party won a supermajority of seats. | |
| 1907 | 14 May | Cisleithanian legislative election, 1907: The first round of elections was held to the Imperial Council. |
| 23 May | Cisleithanian legislative election, 1907: The runoff elections to the Imperial Council were held. The conservative Christian Social Party won a plurality of seats. |
21st century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2002 | August | 2002 European floods: Heavy rains resulted in destructive flooding in Salzburg and Upper Austria. |
| 7 September | Knittelfeld Putsch: An agreement between Jörg Haider, Landeshauptmann of Carinthia and an elder statesman of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), and Susanne Riess, the party chair, was symbolically torn up at a party meeting at Knittelfeld. | |
| 8 September | Knittelfeld Putsch: Riess, finance minister Karl-Heinz Grasser, and Peter Westenthaler, until then chairman of the party's caucus in Parliament, resigned from the FPÖ. | |
| 24 November | Austrian legislative election, 2002: The Christian democratic Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) gained twenty-seven seats in elections to the National Council, largely at the expense of the FPÖ. | |
| 2004 | 25 April | Austrian presidential election, 2004: Heinz Fischer of the social democratic Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) was elected president with fifty-two percent of the vote.[1] |
References
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