Fifth Crusade

Fifth Crusade
Part of the Crusades

Frisian crusaders confront the Tower of Damietta, Egypt
Date1217–1221
LocationLevant and Egypt
Result

Muslim victory

  • Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders
Belligerents

Crusaders:

Levantine Crusader states:

Balkan Crusader states:

Crusading orders:

Muslim allies:

Muslim forces:

Commanders and leaders
John of Brienne
Bohemond IV
Hugh I
Kaykaus I
Frederick II
Leopold VI
Albert IV
Ludwig I
Louis IV †
Otto I
Pedro de Montaigu
Hermann von Salza
Guérin de Montaigu
Andrew II
William I
Phillip II
Henry I of Rodez †
Pelagio Galvani		 Al-Kamil
Al-Mu'azzam
Al-Mujahid
Al-Muzaffar Mahmud
Al-Aziz Muhammad
Bahramshah
Strength
32,000 men Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was an attempt by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt.

Pope Innocent III and his successor Pope Honorius III organized crusading armies led by King Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, and an attack against Jerusalem ultimately left the city in Muslim hands. Later in 1218, a German army led by Oliver of Cologne, and a mixed army of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers led by William I, Count of Holland joined the crusade. In order to attack Damietta in Egypt, they allied in Anatolia with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm which attacked the Ayyubids in Syria in an attempt to free the Crusaders from fighting on two fronts.

After occupying the port of Damietta, the Crusaders marched south towards Cairo in July 1221, but were turned back after their dwindling supplies led to a forced retreat. A nighttime attack by Sultan Al-Kamil resulted in a great number of crusader losses, and eventually in the surrender of the army. Al-Kamil agreed to an eight-year peace agreement with Europe.

Preparations

Pope Innocent III had already planned since 1208 a crusade to recapture Jerusalem. In April 1213 he issued the papal bull Quia maior, calling all of Christendom to join a new crusade. This was followed by another papal bull, the Ad Liberandam in 1215.[1]

France

The message of the crusade was preached in France by Robert of Courçon; unlike other Crusades, few French knights joined, as they were already fighting the Albigensian Crusade against the heretical Cathar sect in southern France.

In 1215 Pope Innocent III summoned the Fourth Lateran Council, where, along with the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Raoul of Merencourt, he discussed the recovery of the Holy Land, among other church business. Pope Innocent wanted it to be led by the papacy, as the First Crusade should have been, to avoid the mistakes of the Fourth Crusade, which had been taken over by the Venetians. Pope Innocent planned for the crusaders to meet at Brindisi in 1216, and prohibited trade with the Muslims, to ensure that the crusaders would have ships and weapons. Every crusader would receive an indulgence, including those who simply helped pay the expenses of a crusader, but did not go on crusade themselves.

Hungary and Germany

Oliver of Cologne had preached the crusade in Germany, and Emperor Frederick II joined in 1215. Frederick was excommunicated however at this time, and the Knights Templar and others were thereby obliged to withdraw official support from Frederick. After invading Cyprus and Beirut and in now reduced circumstances Frederick prepared nonetheless to carry through a bold plan. Al-Kamil of Egypt was beset by internal rebellion in Syria at this moment, and Frederick gambled on a forward campaign that directly threatened Cairo. Al-Kamil elected to sue for peace therefore and in 1229 ceded most of Jerusalem (except the Dome of the Rock, the Temple Mount and the Al-Aqsa mosque), Nazareth, Bethlehem and Sidon to Frederick. [2]

Georgia

Pope Innocent had managed to secure Georgia's participation in the crusade. Georgia's largely isolationist policies had allowed it to accumulate a powerful army and a very large concentration of knights. However, the reconnaissance force under the Mongols Jebe and Subutai destroyed the entire Georgian army in two successive battles, most notably the Battle of Caucasus Mountain. After the death of Georgian King George IV Lasha, his sister Queen Rusudan wrote to the Pope informing him that Georgia was unable to fulfill its promise to assist in the Crusade because its army had been destroyed by unknown savages. It has been speculated that the oddly passive behavior of the Crusaders in the later years was due to them waiting for the Georgian army to join the fray.[3]

Decades after this Crusade, Mongol ruler Hulegu Khan would take a census of the Kingdom of Georgia to ascertain how many troops it could muster. According to contemporary sources, the kingdom was judged to be able to field nine tumens.[4] A tumen was nominally 10,000 men, but usually averaged 5,000 in reality.[5] If Hulegu's census was accurate, then the kingdom of Georgia in the 13th century was capable of mustering 45,000 soldiers. Had a force this size joined the Fifth Crusade, it would have more than doubled the Crusaders' strength.

Campaign

King Andrew II of Hungary

Holy Land

The first to take up the cross in the Fifth Crusade was King Andrew II of Hungary.[6] In July 1217, Andrew departed from Zagreb, accompanied by Leopold VI of Austria and Otto I, Duke of Merania.[7][8] King Andrew's army was so large—at least 10,000 mounted soldiers and even much more "uncountable" infantrymen—that most of it stayed behind when Andrew and his men embarked in Split two months later.[7][9] They were transported by the Venetian fleet, which was the largest European fleet in the era. [10] Andrew and his troops embarked on 23 August 1217, in Split. They landed on 9 October on Cyprus from where they sailed to Acre and joined John of Brienne, ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Hugh I of Cyprus, and Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch to fight against the Ayyubids in Syria. Until his return to Hungary, king Andrew remained the leader of Christian forces in the Fifth Crusade.[11] In October 1217, the leaders of the crusaders - Masters of Hospitalers, Templars and Teutons with the leaders and dignitaries of the crusade - held a war council in Acre, over which King Andrew II presided.[12]

King Andrew's well-mounted army defeated sultan Al-Adil I at Bethsaida on the Jordan River on 10 November 1217. Muslim forces retreated in their fortresses and towns. In Jerusalem, the walls and fortifications were demolished to prevent the Christians from being able to defend the city, if they did manage to reach it and take it. Muslims fled the city, afraid that there would be a repeat of the bloodbath of the First Crusade in 1099. The crusaders' catapults and trebuchets did not arrive in time, so they had fruitless assaults on the fortresses of the Lebanon and on Mount Tabor. Afterwards, Andrew spent his time collecting alleged relics. At the beginning of 1218 Andrew, who was very sick, decided to return to Hungary.[13][14]

Andrew and his army departed to Hungary in February 1218, and Bohemund and Hugh also returned home.[14]

Alliance with the Sultanate of Rum

Later in 1218 Oliver of Cologne arrived with a new German army and the count of Holland William I arrived with a mixed army consisting of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers. With Leopold and John they discussed attacking Damietta in Egypt. To accomplish this, they allied with Keykavus I, the leader in Anatolia, who attacked the Ayyubids in Syria in an attempt to free the Crusaders from fighting on two fronts.[15][16][17][18]

Egypt

In July 1218 the crusaders began their siege of Damietta, and despite resistance from the unprepared sultan Al-Adil, the tower outside the city was taken on August 25. They could not gain Damietta itself, and in the ensuing months diseases killed many of the crusaders, including Robert of Courçon. Al-Adil also died and was succeeded by Al-Kamil. Meanwhile, Honorius III sent Pelagius of Albano to lead the crusade in 1219 . Al-Kamil tried to negotiate peace with the crusaders. He offered to trade Damietta for Jerusalem, but Pelagius would not accept these offers. After hearing this William I, Count of Holland left the crusade and sailed home. In August or September, Francis of Assisi arrived in the crusader camp and crossed over to preach to Al-Kamil. By November, the crusaders had worn out the sultan's forces, and were finally able to occupy the port.

Immediately the papal and secular powers fought for control of the town, with John of Brienne claiming it for himself in 1220. Pelagius would not accept this, and John returned to Acre later that year. Pelagius hoped Frederick II would arrive with a fresh army, but he never did; instead, after a year of inactivity in both Syria and Egypt, John of Brienne returned, and the crusaders marched south towards Cairo in July 1221 . This march was observed by the forces of Al-Kamil, and frequent raids along the flanks of the army led to the withdrawal of some 2000 German troops who refused to continue the advance and returned to Damietta.

By now Al-Kamil was able to ally with the other Ayyubids in Syria, who had defeated Keykavus I. The crusader march to Cairo was disastrous; the river Nile flooded ahead of them, stopping the crusader advance. A dry canal that they had previously crossed by flooded, thus blocking the crusader army's retreat. With supplies dwindling, a forced retreat began, culminating in a night time attack by Al-Kamil which resulted in a great number of crusader losses and eventually in the surrender of the army under Pelagius.

Aftermath

The terms of this surrender meant the relinquishing of Damietta to Al-Kamil in exchange for the release of the crusaders. Al-Kamil agreed to an eight-year peace agreement with Europe and to return a piece of the True Cross. However, the relic was never returned as Al-Kamil did not, in fact, have it.

The failure of the Crusade caused an outpouring of anti-papal sentiment from the Occitan poet Guilhem Figueira. The more orthodox Gormonda de Monpeslier responded to Figueira's D'un sirventes far with a song of her own, Greu m'es a durar. Instead of blaming Pelagius or the Papacy, she laid the blame on the "foolishness" of the wicked.

Impact on literature

The Palästinalied is a famous lyric poem by Walther von der Vogelweide written in Middle High German describing a pilgrim travelling to the Holy Land during the height of the Fifth Crusade.[19]

Notes

  1. ↑ Christopher Tyerman (2006), God's war: a new history of the Crusades, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-02387-0
  2. ↑ Howard, Jonathan (2011). The Crusades. Golgotha Press. ISBN 978-1477413869.
  3. ↑ Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan. DaCapo Press (2015), 322-327.
  4. ↑ M.F. Brosset, "Historie de la Georgie," I (St. Petersburg, 1849), pp. 548-549.
  5. ↑ David Morgan, "The Mongols," 1986, p. 72. Morgan expresses skepticism that a tumen actually consisted of 10,000 men and notes that most were 3,000 to 7,000 men.
  6. ↑ Alexander Mikaberidze: Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 (page 311)
  7. 1 2 Van Cleve 1969, pp. 387–388.
  8. ↑ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 133.
  9. ↑ Runciman 1989b, pp. 147–148.
  10. ↑ Richard 1999, p. 297.
  11. ↑ Thomas Keightley, Dionysius Lardner: Outlines of history: from the earliest period to the present time (page 210)
  12. ↑ Kenneth M. Setton, Norman P. Zacour, Harry W. Hazard: A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East (page 358)
  13. ↑ (Jean Richard: The Crusades, c 1071-c. 1291) page 298.
  14. 1 2 Jonathan Howard (2011). The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time. BookCaps Study Guides [for Kindle; Golgotha Press for paperback]. ISBN 9781610428040. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  15. ↑ Conte, Joseph J. (4 December 2008). "The 14th and Final Crusade to the Middle East: Crusades from the 11th Century to the 21st Century". Google Books. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  16. ↑ Rawson, Andrew (10 December 2015). "A Clash of Thrones: The Power-crazed Medieval Kings, Popes and Emperors of Europe". Google Books. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  17. ↑ Hadi, Hamdi (31 March 2016). "Afghanistan's Experiences: The History of the Most Horrifying Events Involving Politics, Religion, and Terrorism". Google Books. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  18. ↑ Avner, Falk (2010). "Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades and Terrorism". Google Books. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  19. ↑ Kaye, Haley Caroline, "The Troubadours and the Song of the Crusades" (2016).Senior Projects Spring 2016.Paper 280. http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1171&context=senproj_s2016. (Pages 70-77)

Further reading

  • Powell, James M. Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.
  • Tolan, J. St. Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter. Oxford University Press, 2009.
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