Submarine sandwich

Submarine sandwich
A submarine sandwich.
Alternative names Multiple
Place of origin United States
Region or state Northeast
Main ingredients Multiple
Variations Multiple

A submarine sandwich, also known as a sub, hoagie, hero, filled roll, grinder, wedge, spukie, poorboy, po'boy or Italian sandwich, is the name given in the United States to a type of sandwich that consists of a length of bread or roll split crosswise and filled with a variety of meats, cheeses, vegetables, and condiments.[1][2] The sandwich has no standardized name,[1] with over a dozen variations used around the world.[3] Larger submarine sandwiches, particularly those that are longer in length or overstuffed with greater quantities of ingredients than usual, are sometimes called battleship sandwiches, flattop sandwiches or destroyer sandwiches.[4]

The terms submarine and sub are widespread and not assignable to any certain region, though many of the localized terms are clustered in the northeastern United States.

History and etymology

The Italian sandwich originated in several different Italian American communities in the Northeastern United States from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries.[5] Portland, Maine claims to be the birthplace of the Italian sandwich and it is considered Maine's signature sandwich.[5] The popularity of this Italian-American cuisine has grown from its origins in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island to most parts of the United States, Canada, and with the advent of chain restaurants, is now available in many parts of the world.[6][7][8]

Submarine

The use of the term "submarine" or "sub" (after the resemblance of the roll to the shape of a submarine) is widespread.[1] While some accounts source the name as originating in New London, Connecticut (site of the United States Navy's primary submarine base) during World War II, written advertisements from 1940 in Wilmington, Delaware indicate the term originated prior to the United States' entry into World War II.[9]

Fenian Ram submarine

One theory says the submarine was brought to the U.S. by Dominic Conti (1874–1954), an Italian immigrant who came to New York in the early 1900s.[5] He is said to have named it after seeing the recovered 1901 submarine called Fenian Ram in the Paterson Museum of New Jersey in 1928. His granddaughter has stated the following: "My grandfather came to this country circa 1895 from Montella, Italy. Around 1910, he started his grocery store, called Dominic Conti's Grocery Store, on Mill Street in Paterson, New Jersey where he was selling the traditional Italian sandwiches. His sandwiches were made from a recipe he brought with him from Italy, which consisted of a long crust roll, filled with cold cuts, topped with lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, onions, oil, vinegar, Italian herbs and spices, salt, and pepper. The sandwich started with a layer of cheese and ended with a layer of cheese (this was so the bread wouldn't get soggy)."[5]

Hoagie

Workers read the Hog Island News
Salami, ham and cheeses on a hoagie roll

The term hoagie originated in the Philadelphia area. The Philadelphia Bulletin reported, in 1953, that Italians working at the World War I–era shipyard in Philadelphia known as Hog Island, where emergency shipping was produced for the war effort, introduced the sandwich by putting various meats, cheeses, and lettuce between two slices of bread. This became known as the "Hog Island" sandwich; shortened to "Hoggies", then the "hoagie".

The Philadelphia Almanac and Citizen's Manual offers a different explanation, that the sandwich was created by early-twentieth-century street vendors called "hokey-pokey men", who sold antipasto salad, meats, cookies and buns with a cut in them. When Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta H.M.S. Pinafore opened in Philadelphia in 1879, bakeries produced a long loaf called the pinafore. Entrepreneurial "hokey-pokey men" sliced the loaf in half, stuffed it with antipasto salad, and sold the world's first "hoagie".[10]

Another explanation is that the word "hoagie" arose in the late 19th to early 20th century, among the Italian community in South Philadelphia, when "on the hoke" was a slang term used to describe a destitute person. Deli owners would give away scraps of cheeses and meats in an Italian bread-roll known as a "hokie", but the Italian immigrants pronounced it "hoagie".[3]

Shortly after World War II, there were numerous varieties of the term in use throughout Philadelphia. By the 1940s, the spellings "hoagie" and, to a lesser extent, "hoagy" had come to dominate less used variations like "hoogie" and "hoggie".[11] By 1955, restaurants throughout the area were using the term "hoagie". Listings in Pittsburgh show hoagies arriving in 1961 and becoming widespread in that city by 1966.[11]

Former Philadelphia mayor (and later Pennsylvania governor) Ed Rendell declared the hoagie the "Official Sandwich of Philadelphia".[12] However, there are claims that the hoagie was actually a product of nearby Chester, Pennsylvania.[13] DiCostanza's in Boothwyn, Pennsylvania claims that the mother of DiConstanza's owner originated the hoagie in 1925 in Chester. DiCostanza relates the story that a customer came into the family deli and through an exchange matching the customer's requests and the deli's offerings, the hoagie was created.[14]

Woolworth's to-go sandwich was called a hoagie in all U.S. stores.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Bánh mì sandwiches are sometimes referred to as "Vietnamese hoagies" in Philadelphia.[25]

Hero

New York style meatball "hero" with mozzarella

The New York term hero is first attested in 1937.[26] The name is sometimes credited to the New York Herald Tribune food writer Clementine Paddleford in the 1930s, but there is no good evidence for this. It is also sometimes claimed that it is related to the gyro, but this is unlikely as the gyro was unknown in the United States until the 1960s, according to sources.[6]

"Hero" (plural usually heros, not heroes[27]) remains the prevailing New York City term for most sandwiches on an oblong roll with a generally Italian flavor, in addition to the original described above. Pizzeria menus often include eggplant parmigiana, chicken parmigiana, and meatball heros, each served with sauce.

Grinder

Pastrami grinder

A common term in New England, its origin has several possibilities.[28] One theory has the name coming from Italian-American slang for a dock worker, among whom the sandwich was popular.[6] Others say it was called a grinder because it took a lot of chewing to eat the hard crust of the bread used.[29]

In Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, and parts of New England the term grinder usually refers to a hot submarine sandwich (meatball; sausage; etc.), whereas a cold sandwich (e.g., cold cuts) is usually just simply called a "sub".[9]

In the Philadelphia area, the term "grinder" is also applied to any hoagie (whether or not it is made with traditionally hot ingredients) that is toasted in the oven after assembly.

Wedge

The term "wedge" is used in Westchester County, New York, Putnam County, New York, and Fairfield County, Connecticut—three counties directly north of New York City.

Some base the name "wedge" on a diagonal cut in the middle of the sandwich, creating two halves or "wedges", or a "wedge" cut out of the top half of the bread with the fillings "wedged" in between, or a sandwich that is served between two "wedges" of bread. It has also been said "wedge" is just short for "sandwich", with the name having originated from an Italian deli owner located in Yonkers, who got tired of saying the whole word.[30][9]

Spukie

The term "spukie" ("spukkie" or "spuckie") is unique to the city of Boston and derives from the Italian word "spucadella", meaning "long roll" The word spucadella is not typically found in Italian dictionaries, which may suggest that it could be a regional Italian dialect, or possibly a Boston Italian-American innovation. Spukie is typically heard in parts of Dorchester and South Boston. Some bakeries in Boston's North End neighborhood have homemade spucadellas for sale.[31]

Other types

A Gatsby sandwich

Popularity and availability

Rolls filled with condiments have been common in several European countries for more than a century, notably in France and Scotland.

In the United States, from its origins with the Italian American labor force in the northeast, the sub began to show up on menus of local pizzerias. As time went on and popularity grew, small restaurants, called hoagie shops and sub shops, that specialized in the sandwich began to open.[6]

Pizzerias may have been among the first Italian-American eateries, but even at the turn of the [20th] century distinctions were clear-cut as to what constituted a true ristorante. To be merely a pizza-maker was to be at the bottom of the culinary and social scale; so many pizzeria owners began offering other dishes, including the hero sandwich (also, depending on the region of the United States, called a 'wedge,' a 'hoagie,' a 'sub,' or a 'grinder') made on a Italian loaf of bread with lots of salami, cheese, and peppers.

— John Mariani, America Eats Out, p. 66

Subs or their national equivalents were already popular in many European, Asian and Australasian countries when late 20th-century franchisee chain restaurants and fast food made them even more popular and increased the prevalence of the word "sub". Many outlets offer non-traditional ingredient combinations.

In the United States, many chain restaurants have arisen that specialize in subs including Capriotti's, Submarina, Jersey Mike's Subs, Charley's Grilled Subs, Blimpie, Jimmy John's, Lenny's Sub Shop, Milio's Sandwiches, Port of Subs, Eegee's, Firehouse Subs, Penn Station, Planet Sub, Potbelly, Togo's, Tubby's, Which Wich? and D'Angelo Sandwich Shops. Major international chains include Quiznos, Mr. Sub and the largest restaurant chain in the world, Subway.[32] The sandwich is also often available at supermarkets and convenience stores.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "submarine sandwich". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co. 2000. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  2. ↑ "po'boy". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  3. 1 2 Eames, Edwin; Robboy, Howard (December 1967). "The Submarine Sandwich, Lexical Variations in a Cultural Context". American Speech. 42 (4): 279–288. doi:10.2307/452990. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  4. ↑ "Generations of hoagies: Swissvale's Triangle builds clientele, giant subs for 60 years". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 9, 2005.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Stradley, Linda. "History of Hoagies, Submarine Sandwiches, Po' Boys Sandwiches, Dagwood Sandwiches, & Italian Sandwiches". Whatscookingamerica.net. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilton, Dave (Autumn 2003). "A Hoagie by Any Other Name" (PDF). Verbatim. XXVII (3). Retrieved 21 November 2008.
  7. ↑ "Ogden Finds a New Gastronomic Love in a Submarine Sandwich". Wilmington Sunday Morning Star. September 7, 1941.
  8. ↑ Popik, Barry (April 5, 2008). "The Big Apple: Submarine Sandwich". Retrieved 22 August 2013. Delaware has the strongest claim to the 'submarine sandwich,' with that term appearing in a Wilmington telephone directory in January 1940.
  9. 1 2 3 Peterson, Sam Dean, Erik S. "The Origin of Hoagies, Grinders, Subs, Heroes, and Spuckies". Bonappetit.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  10. ↑ Finkel, Kenneth, ed. (1995). Philadelphia Almanac and Citizen's Manual. Philadelphia: The Library Company of Philadelphia. p. 86.
  11. 1 2 Labov, William (2003). "Pursuing the Cascade Model". In Peter Trudgill; David Britain; Jenny Cheshire. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. John Benjamins Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-58811-403-7.
  12. ↑ Philadelphia Visitors Bureau webpage Archived July 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ Gebhart, Ed (February 9, 2003). "Hoagie, then known as Italian sandwich, got start in Chester". Delaware County Daily Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2009.
  14. ↑ "1925: Hoagie Rolls into County History". Dicostanzas.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2001. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  15. ↑ "Worcester, Mass - Places of the Past, Woolworth's". Worcestermass.com. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  16. ↑ "Hoagies". Woodenboat.com. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  17. ↑ "Best Hoagie in D'Burgh - Pennsylvania - Chowhound". Chowhound.chow.com. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  18. ↑ "Railroad Line Forums - 1957 Woolworth Menu". railroad-line.com. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  19. ↑ "Music Review: Neil Diamond: The Bang Years 1966-1968". Seattlepi.com. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  20. ↑ "Many store memories of five-and-dimes". Tribunedigital-mcall. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  21. ↑ "Recipe Exchange: November 3, 2010". Tribunedigital-mcall. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  22. ↑ "Pleasant Family Shopping". pleasantfamilyshopping.blogspot.com. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  23. ↑ "Jasko v. F.W. Woolworth Co Case Brief". 4lawschool.com. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  24. ↑ "Woolworths - recall days of five-and-dimes - Recipes and more!". Tasteofhome.com. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  25. ↑ "Top 5 Banh Mi (Vietnamese Hoagies)". Philadelphia City Paper. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  26. ↑ Popik, Barry (June 11, 2004). "The Big Apple: Hero Sandwich". Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "hero". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  28. ↑ Lebovitz, David (September 19, 2012). "Meatball Sandwich". Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  29. ↑ "Is There a Difference Between Hoagies, Heroes, Subs, and Grinders?". Thekitchen.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  30. ↑ Bonar, Julia (June 1, 2005). "The good times are on a roll with this New Orleans classic". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  31. ↑ "Grinders, Subs, and Spuckies - Sandwich Names of New England - New England Today". Newengland.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  32. ↑ Peterson, Kim (March 7, 2011). "Subway becomes world's largest restaurant chain". Money.msn.com. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
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