Names of the Philippines

The nation's Coat of Arms showing its official name in Filipino, one of its official languages.

The name of the Philippines (Filipino: Pilipinas [pɪlɪˈpinɐs]; Spanish: Filipinas) is a truncated form of Philippine Islands, derived from the King Philip II of Spain in the 16th century. During the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the islands, Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre used the name Las Islas Filipinas in honor of the then-Prince of Asturias, originally referring to the islands of Leyte and Samar.[1][2] Despite the presence of other names, the name Filipinas ("Philippines") was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago.

The official name of the Philippines, however, has changed throughout the course of its history. During the Philippine Revolution, the state officially called itself República Filipina, now referred to as the First Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War until the Commonwealth period, United States colonial authorities referred to the Philippines as the Philippine Islands, a direct translation of the original Spanish. It was during the American Period that the name Philippines began to appear, a name that was officially adopted.[3] The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), an international organization in aid to UNESCO, has cited[4][5] that the translation of the country name, Philippi from then Prince Felipe of Asturias and Nes, derived from the Greek nésos (νῆσος), meaning "Islands", directly means Islands of Prince Philip II of Asturias, denoting that the ruler of the archipelago is the Spanish prince, who later became the Spanish king.[4][5]

Due to the colonial origin and direct meaning of the country's current name, proposals for name change have surfaced since the late 19th century up to present time. Among the proposed names that have surfaced include Sovereign Tagalog Nation (Haring Bayang Katagalugan)[6][7], Katipunan (Assembly/Gathering)[8], Kapatiran (Brotherhood)[8], Luzviminda (Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao)[9], Luzvimindas (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, and eastern Sabah)[9], Mahárlika (Nobility)[8], Rizalia[8], Rizaline Republic (República Rizalina)[10], and Dayaw Republic (Repúblikang Dayaw).[11][12][12]

Historical names

The Philippines was named in the late 1500s after Philip, Prince of Asturias (1527–1598), later Philip II of Spain and other territories (1556–1598).

In addition to the Philippines, the islands have historically had numerous other names.

  • Ma-i. According to the Zhao Rugua's (趙汝适) book Zhu Fan Zhi (诸蕃志) written around the 13th century during the Song Dynasty, there was a group of islands found in southern South China Sea called Ma-i (麻逸, Pinyin: Máyì). The islands groups were later invaded and renamed and identified by the Spanish to be the island of Mindoro.[13] This was further proved by Ferdinand Blumentritt in his 1882 book, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (An Attempt to the Study of Ethnography of the Philippines) that Ma-i, which means "country of the Blacks" was the Chinese local name of present-day Mindoro.[14] On the other hand, historians claimed that Ma-i was not an island, but all the south of South Sea islands groups and Manila itself,[15] which was known to be an overseas Chinese settlement which was in constant contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the 9th century AD.[16]
  • Ma-i consists of the Sānzhōu (三洲, "Three islands") group of islands: Kia-ma-yen (卡拉棉, Calamian), Bālāwàng (巴拉望, Palawan) and Pa-ki-nung (布桑加, Busuanga).[17]
  • Aside from Sānzhōu, Ma-i also consists of the islands of Pai-p'u-yen (巴布延, Babuyan), P'u-li-lu (波利略, Polillo), Lim-kia-tung (林加延, Lingayen), Liu-sung (呂宋, Luzon) and Li-ban (盧邦, Lubang).[18] It was said that these islands had contacts with Chinese traders from Canton (Guangdong) as early as 982 AD.[14][15]
  • Lei was the name given by the Chinese to the present-day island of Luzon, originated from the Tagalog word lusong, a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice. When the Spanish produced maps of the Philippines during early 17th century, they called the island Luçonia which was later respelled as Luzonia, then Luzon.[19]
  • Panyupayana (पन्युपयन Sanskrit) (Land surrounded by water), Based on the compelling evidence of Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities and the claim that Philippines was once part of the Srivijaya. Filipino historians, led by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera observed the presence of Hinduistic elements in precolonial civilizations, the location was once preferred by a Hindu name to describe its geographical feature [20][21]
  • Las islas de San Lázaro (St. Lazarus' Islands). Named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in Samar (now Eastern Samar) on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany.[13]
  • Las islas de Poniente (Islands to the West). Another name from Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he learned that the Las islas de San Lázaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands.[22] However, various sources claimed that Magellan was not the one who renamed the area, but his chroniclers instead. The name came from the fact that the islands were reached from Spain en route approaching the left part of the globe.[13] Conversely, the Portuguese called the archipelago Ilhas do oriente (Islands to the East) because they approached the islands from the east of Portugal in late 1540s.[23]
  • Las islas Filipinas, or simply Filipinas (Philippines). Vernacular corruption of Las islas Felipenas; irrevocably became the archipelago's name.[13]
  • Pearl of the Orient/Pearl of the Orient Seas (Spanish: Perla de oriente/Perla del mar de oriente) is the sobriquet of the Philippines. The term originated from the idea of Spanish Jesuit missionary Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751.[30] In his last poem Mi último adiós, Dr. José Rizal referred the country with this name.[31] In the 1960 revision of Lupang Hinirang, the Philippine national anthem, the Tagalog version of this phrase was included as the translation from the original Spanish.[32]
Mi último adiós, original Spanish (1896, first stanza)[31] English translation[33]

Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida,
Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido Eden!
A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida,
Y fuera más brillante más fresca, más florida,
Tambien por tí la diera, la diera por tu bien.

Farewell, my adored Land, region of the sun caressed,
Pearl of the Orient Sea, our Eden lost,
With gladness I give you my Life, sad and repressed;
And were it more brilliant, more fresh and at its best,
I would still give it to you for your welfare at most.

"Lupang Hinirang", official Filipino lyrics
(1958, rev. 1960s, first stanza)[32]		 Original Spanish lyrics[34]

Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng Silanganan
Alab ng puso,
Sa Dibdib mo'y buhay.

Tierra adorada,
hija del sol de Oriente,
su fuego ardiente
en ti latiendo está.

  • The Philippine Islands. This was the anglicized form of the original Spanish name, used under direct American rule and the succeeding Commonwealth Era.[35]

Disputed

  • Maniolas. According to Fr. Francisco Colin in 1663, a Jesuit friar and an early historian of the Philippines, Maniolas was the name used by Claudius Ptolemy to refer to the group of islands south of China (i.e. Luzon).[35][36] Colin quoted Ptolemy's writings speaking about the Maniolas islands, which is probably Manila. This theory was further supported by José Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno. Rizal also said that the country was recorded to Ptolemy's maps when a sailor named Hippalus told him the existence of "beautiful islands" in southeastern Far East.[23][37] However, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera rejected this notion on his 1910 book, Notas para una cartografia de Filipinas (Notes for the Philippine Cartography).[38]
  • Baroussai. Along with Maniolas is the Baroussai which was also quoted from Ptolemy. Barrousai is believed to be the Visayas with Mindanao, thus, composing majority of the now Philippine archipelago.[39][40]
  • Ophir (Hebrew: אוֹפִיר) is a region of islands mentioned in the Bible, most famous for its wealth. Accounts mention that King Solomon received the riches of the region every three years. At the emergence of the hydrography of Spanish colonies in Asia in the early 17th century, Dominican Gregorio García wrote that Ophir was indeed located in the Moluccas and the Philippines.[41] In 1609, Juan de Pineda wrote a diverse collection of literature relating Biblical accounts of Solomon, Ophir and the islands.[41] Former Prime Minister Pedro A. Paterno said in one of his works on conjectural anthropology that Ophir is the Philippines because the scented wood Solomon received from Ophir also exists in the Islands.[42] This notion was however, later dismissed by modern historians as merely alluding and comparing the Philippines' position to the Spanish economy with that of Ophir to Solomon's kingdom—the sudden discovery and colonisation of the Islands bringing wealth and prosperity to the realm.[43]
  • Tawalisi, was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia reached by explorer Ibn Battuta. He reached the kingdom when he left Sumatra and headed towards China. According to the historical accounts of the explorer, he met Urduja, a legendary warrior princess from Pangasinan. However, according to William Henry Scott, Tawilisi and its warrior-princess Urduja are "fabulous, fairy-tale, fiction".[44]

Proposed names

  • Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Sovereign Tagalog Nation). Andrés Bonifacio's suggested name for the Filipino nation, intended to be governed by the 1896–1897 Republika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic), although unrecognized by non-Tagalog Filipinos. This was later used by Macario Sakay for his 1902–1906 government that was suppressed by the Americans.[6][7]
  • Kapatiran ("Brotherhood"), or its semi-equivalent Katipunan ("Assembly"/"Gathering").[8]
  • Luzviminda. A portmanteau of the first syllables of the country's three major island groups: Luzon; Visayas; and Mindanao. The term has sometimes been interchanged with Luzvimindas, due to the territorial claim of the country on eastern Sabah in Borneo.
  • Mahárlika (Sanskrit: mahardhikka, "nobility"). In Pre-Hispanic Philippines, the mahárlika was the "noble warrior" class whose members were essentially the same as common freedmen, distinguished by their duty to serve the ruler in battle. In 1978, then-President Ferdinand Marcos supported a House Bill mandating the country's renaming to Mahárlika. The bill did not pass since the term was seen by numerous ethnic groups as imperial in nature.[8]
  • Rizalia. Named after national hero José Rizal, in a similar fashion to Bolivia being named after Simón Bolivar.[8]
  • República Rizalina ("Rizaline Republic"). While exiled in Japan, former revolutionary general Artemio Ricarte proposed the name and had already drafted a constitution for this attempt at a revolutionary government. The term has been pushed by many pro-Rizal Filipinos, however, the term itself is criticized by many as Rizal was not in favor of Philippine independence during the Philippine revolution against Spain.[10]
  • Dayaw Republic (Repúblikang Dayaw). The name was coined through the indigenous term, dayaw, which is prevalent in various languages throughout the archipelago. The term means 'praise' in Waray, 'to take pride' in Hiligaynon, 'respect' in Ilokano, and 'bodily adornment' in Tagalog.[11][12] In other languages in the country, the term also means 'to present with pride what is distinctly and essentially inherent to oneself', 'to show one’s best with pride and dignity coupled with excitement', and 'honor'.[12]

City and Provincial names

In other languages

The obverse of a 1944 one centavo coin. "Filipinas" is printed on the lower ring.

The 1987 constitution provides that Filipino and English be official languages of the Philippines. The constitution does not contain a provision specifically designating an official name for the country; however, "Republic of the Philippines" is used consistently throughout its provisions (in English). Article XIV, section 8 of the constitution also mandates that the constitution be also promulgated in Filipino but no such official Filipino version exists. "Republika ng Pilipinas" is the de facto name of the country used in Filipino. When standing alone in English, the country's name is always preceded by the article the. However, the definite article ang does not precede the name in Filipino contexts.

The country has throughout its history been known as Filipinas. In the 1930s, the scholar Lope K. Santos introduced the abakada alphabet for writing Tagalog which no longer used the letter F as this sound was absent and was usually pronounced by speakers of several Philippine languages as "P". The abakada alphabet also subsequently spread to other Philippine languages (which had been using spelling systems based on the Spanish abecedario). Thus, the form Pilipinas propagated and came into general use.[45]

The Commission on the Filipino Language and National Artist, Virgilio S. Almario urges the usage of Filipinas as the country's official name to reflect its origin and history,[46] and to be inclusive to all the languages in the country that already have the new 8 letters of the modern Filipino alphabet (officially used since 1987) which includes the letter F.[47]

Unlike Ireland which uses the name "Éire/Ireland" to identify itself at international meetings, the English name usually appears to identify the Philippines (e.g., when there are meetings in the United Nations or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in this setting. This is also the tradition even if the meeting is held within the Philippines.

In many Philippine languages such as Tagalog, Pilipinas is used; while some other languages, including Ilocano and Chavacano, use Filipinas. Though the name Philippines is the official name that is used by the country's government for international and domestic businesses, numerous major languages of the world still use their own translation or transliteration of the name Philippines to refer to it.

Language Name
(Pilipinas)		 Transliteration Official Name
(Republika ng Pilipinas)		 Transliteration
Afrikaans Filippyne Republiek van die Filippyne
Albanian Filipinet Republika e Filipineve
Amharic ፊሊፒንስ Filipins ፊሊፒንስ ሪፐብሊክ Filipins Ripäblik
Arabic الفلبين Al Filibīn جمهورية الفلبين Jumhūrīyyat Al Filibīn
Armenian Ֆիլիպիններ Filipinner Ֆիլիպիններում Հանրապետություն Filippinerum Hanrapetut’yun
Azerbaijani Filippin Filippin Respublikası
Basque Filipinetan Filipinetako Errepublikako
Belarusian Філіпіны Filipiny Рэспубліка Філіпіны Respublika Filipiny
Bengali ফিলিপাইন Filipain ফিলিপাইন প্রজাতন্ত্র Filipain Projatôntro
Bulgarian Филипини Filipini Република Филипини Republika Filipini
Catalan Filipines República de les Filipines
Chinese 菲律賓 (Tr.)
菲律宾 (Sp.)		 Fēilǜbīn 菲律賓共和國 (Tr.)
菲律宾共和国 (Sp.)		 Fēilǜbīn Gònghéguó
Croatian Filipini Republika Filipini
Czech Filipíny Filipínská Republika
Danish Filippinerne Republikken Filippinerne
Dutch Filipijnen Republiek der Filipijnen
English Philippines Republic of the Philippines
Estonian Filipiinid Filipiini Vabariik
Finnish Filippiinit Filippiinien Tasavalta
Fijian Filipin Matanitu Tugalala o Filipin
French Philippines République des Philippines
Georgian ფილიპინები P’ilipinebi ფილიპინების რესპუბლიკის P’ilipinebis respublikis
German Philippinen Republik der Philippinen
Greek Φιλιππίνες Filippínes Δημοκρατία των Φιλιππίνων Di̱mokratía to̱n Filippíno̱n
Haryanvi फ़िलिपीण Filippínn फ़िलिपीण गणराज्य Filippínn Gannrājya
Hebrew פיליפינים Filipinim הרפובליקה של הפיליפינים Ha'republika Filipinim
Hindi फ़िलीपीन्स Filipīns फ़िलीपींस गणराज्य Filīpīns Gaṇarājya
Hokkien 菲律賓
呂宋		 Huili̍ppin
Lūsòng		 菲律賓共和國 Huili̍ppin kiōnghôkok
Hungarian Fülöp-szigetek Fülöp-szigeteki Köztársaság
Icelandic Filippseyjar Lýðveldið Filippseyjar
Indonesian Filipina Republik Filipina
Irish Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha Phoblacht na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha
Italian Filippine Repubblica delle Filippine
Japanese フィリピン Firipin フィリピン共和国 Firipin kyōwakoku
Kazakh Филиппиндер Filippinder Филиппин Республикасы Filippin Respublikasy
Khmer ប្រទេសហ្វីលីពីន Filippin សាធារណរដ្ឋហ្វីលីពីន Sathéaranakrâth Filippin
Korean 필리핀 Pillipin 필리핀 공화국 Pillipin Gonghwaguk
Kurdish Filîpîn Komara Filîpînan
Lao ຟີລິບປິນ Filipin ສາທາລະນະລັດຟີລິບປິນ Sāthālanalat Filipin
Latin Philippinae Respublica Philippinarum
Latvian Filipīnas Filipīnu Republika
Lithuanian Filipinai Filipinų Respublika
Macedonian Филипини Filipini Република Филипини Republika Filipini
Malaysian Filipina Republik Filipina
Maltese Filippini Repubblika tal-Filippini
Marathi फिलिपिन्स Filipins फिलिपिन्सचे प्रजासत्ताक Filipinsce prajāsattāk
Norwegian Filippinene Republikken Filippinene
Persian فیلیپین Filipin جمهوری فیلیپین Jomhuri Filipin
Polish Filipiny Republika Filipin
Portuguese Filipinas República das Filipinas
Romanian Filipine Republica Filipine
Russian Филиппины Filipiny Республика Филиппины Respublika Filipiny
Serbian Филипини Filipini Република Филипини Republika Filipini
Sinhala පිලිපීනය Pilipinaya පිලිපීනය ජනරජය Pilipinaya Janarajaya
Slovak Filipíny Filipínska Republika
Slovene Filipini Republika Filipini
Somali Filibiin Jamhuuriyada Filibiin
Spanish Filipinas República de las Filipinas
Swahili Ufilipino Jamhuri ya Ufilipino
Swedish Filippinerna Republiken Filippinerna
Tamil பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் Pilippaiṉs பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் குடியரசு Pilippaiṉs kuṭiyaracu
Thai ฟิลิปปินส์ Filippin สาธารณรัฐฟิลิปปินส์ Sāthāranarat Filippin
Turkish Filipinler Filipinler Cumhuriyeti
Turkmen Filippinler Filippinler Respublikasy
Ukrainian Філіпіни Filippiny Республіка Філіппіни Respublika Filippiny
Urdu فلپائن Filipāʾin جمہوریہ فلپائن Jamhūriya Filipāʾin
Uzbek Filippin Filippin Respublikasi
Vietnamese Phi Luật Tân Cộng hoà Phi Luật Tân
Welsh Philipinau Gweriniaeth Ynysoedd y Philipinau

See also

References

  1. ↑ Scott 1994, p. 6
  2. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  3. ↑ World Factbook — Philippines. CIA. ISBN 978-1-4220-0227-8. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  4. 1 2 "OpenSeadragon". openseadragon.github.io.
  5. 1 2 "Beautifully Designed Map Shows the Literal Translations of Country Names: "Place of Abundant Fish" (Panama), "Land of Many Rabbits" (Spain), and More".
  6. 1 2 Guerrero, Encarnacion & Villegas 1996, pp. 3–12
  7. 1 2 Guerrero & Schumacher 1998, p. 95
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Maharlika: AsianWeek". 2008-09-02. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  9. 1 2 "The Philippine name game". 19 August 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  10. 1 2 Rodis, Rodel (2 September 2008). "'Maharlika' Reconsidered". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  11. 1 2 Babiera, Lester G. "Dayaw festival celebrates indigenous people's cultures".
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Dayaw 2016 gathers ASEAN and PH IP communities". 14 November 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "The Islands to the West: How are Philippine towns named?". Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved 2005-05-06.
  14. 1 2 Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 160, Footnote 1
  15. 1 2 "National identity". Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  16. ↑ Scott 1984, p. 150
  17. ↑ Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 162, Footnote 1
  18. ↑ Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 160, Footnote 3
  19. ↑ Keat 2004, p. 798
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ Apostol, Virgil Mayor (2010). Way of the Ancient Healer: Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral traditions. p. 8.
  22. ↑ "Navegación: Exploraciones: Filipinas" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Names of the Philippines at different times in history". Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  24. ↑ "History of the Philippines". Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  25. 1 2 Halili 2008, p. 22
  26. ↑ Duka 2004, p. 55
  27. ↑ Cooley 1830, p. 244
  28. ↑ Spate 1979, p. 98
  29. ↑ "East Visayan History". Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  30. ↑ Tope 2002, p. 7
  31. 1 2 "Mi Ultimo Adiós by Dr José Rizal". Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  32. 1 2 "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines". The LawPhil Project. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  33. ↑ "The Last Poem of Rizal". Jose Rizal University. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  34. ↑ Palma, José (1912). Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías. Manila, Philippines: Liberería Manila Filatélica. (Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on 2010-03-31)
  35. 1 2 "Origin of the Name "Philippines"". Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  36. ↑ Carunungan, Celso Al (December 23, 1987). "What's in a Name?". Manila Standard Today. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  37. ↑ de Morga 2004, p. 298
  38. ↑ Mojares 2006, pp. 174–175
  39. ↑ Rizal: "Ptolemy also mentions... five Baroussai (Mindanao, Leite, Sebu, etc.)." See: https://archive.org/stream/historyofthephil07001gut/7phip10.txt
  40. ↑ Makmak (10 February 2011). "domingo: Name of the Philippines".
  41. 1 2 Sheehan 2008, p. 398
  42. ↑ Mojares 2006, p. 85
  43. ↑ Truxillo 2001, p. 82
  44. ↑ William Henry Scott, Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, ISBN 971-10-0226-4, p.83
  45. ↑ Almario, Virgilio S. (2014). Madalas itanong hinggil sa wikang pambansa / Frequently asked questions on the national language (PDF). Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. p. 47. ISBN 978-971-0197-38-5. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  46. ↑ "Bye Pilipinas, hello Filipinas?".
  47. ↑ "Filipinas 'di Pilipinas – Almario (Ituwid ang kasaysayan)". kwf.gov.ph.

Printed sources

  • Cooley, William Desborough (1830), The History of Maritime and Inland Discovery, 2, Longman
  • de Morga, Antonio (2004), History of the Philippine Islands Vols 1 and 2, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4191-2427-3 ISBN 978-1-4191-2427-3. Originally published by Antonio de Morga as Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in 1609, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing in 2004.
  • Duka, C. (2004), Philippine History, Rex Bookstore, ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9 ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9
  • Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996), "Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution", Sulyap Kultura, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 1 (2)
  • Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, John (1998), Reform and Revolution, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 978-962-258-228-6
  • Halili, M. C. (2008), Struggle for Freedom, Rex Bookstore, ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0 ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0
  • Hirth, Friedrich; Rockhill, W. W. (1911), Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Imperial Academy of Sciences
  • Keat, Gin Ooi (2004), Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2 ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2
  • Mojares, Resil B. (2006), Brains of the Nation: Pedro Paterno, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes, and the Production of Modern Knowledge, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 9789715504966
  • Scott, William Henry (1994), Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society, p. 6, ISBN 978-971-550-135-4 ISBN 978-971-550-135-4, ISBN 978-971-550-135-4
  • Scott, William Henry (1984), Prehispanic Source Materials For The Study of Philippine History (Revised ed.), ISBN 971-10-0227-2
  • Sheehan, Kevin Joseph (2008), Iberian Asia: The strategies of Spanish and Portuguese empire building, 1540--1700, ProQuest, ISBN 978-1-109-09710-8 ISBN 978-1-109-09710-8
  • Spate, O. H. Khristian (1979), The Spanish Lake, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9780709900498
  • Tope, Lily Rose R.; Detch P. Nonan-Mercado (2002). Philippines. Marshall Cavendish Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-7614-1475-9.
  • Truxillo, Charles (2001), By the Sword and the Cross: The Historical Evolution of the Catholic World Monarchy in Spain and the New World, 1492–1825, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-31676-0 ISBN 978-0-313-31676-0
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