Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

Opinion polling on the referendum since 2013, showing "remain" in green, "leave" in red, and "undecided" in blue (as of 23 June 2016)

The referendum on EU membership took place on 23 June 2016. Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum was ongoing in the months between the announcement of a referendum and the referendum polling day. Polls on the general principle of Britain's membership of the European Union were carried out for a number of years prior to the referendum. Opinion polls of voters in general tended to show roughly equal proportions in favour of remaining and leaving. Polls of business leaders, scientists, and lawyers showed majorities in favour of remaining. Among non-British citizens in other EU member states, polling suggested that a majority were in favour of the UK remaining in the EU in principle, but that a similarly sized majority believed that if the UK were only able to remain in the EU on renegotiated terms then it should leave.

Analysis

Demographics

Younger voters tended to support remaining in the EU (but are generally less likely to vote[1]) whereas older people tended to support leaving. There was no significant difference in attitudes between the genders. According to two out of three pollsters, managerial, professional and administrative workers were most likely to favour staying in the EU, while semi-skilled and unskilled workers, plus those reliant on benefits, were the largest demographic supporting leave. University graduates are generally more likely to vote remain compared to those with no qualifications.[2] White voters were evenly split, and all ethnic minority groups leant towards backing Remain, but registration is lower and turnout can be up to 25% lower in this demographic.[3] Support for remaining in the EU was known to be significantly higher in Scotland than it is in Great Britain as a whole.[4]

Polling methods

The way voters are polled is known to affect the outcome. Telephone polls have consistently found more support for remaining in the EU than online polls.[5] YouGov, which uses online polling, has criticised telephone polls because they "have too high a percentage of graduates", skewing the results.[6] Ipsos MORI and ComRes, and Peter Kellner, the former president of YouGov, have said telephone polls are more reliable.[7][8][9] ICM has said "as good a guess as any is that the right answer lies somewhere in between".[10] A joint study by Populus and Number Cruncher Politics in March 2016 concluded that telephone polls were likely to better reflect the state of public opinion on the issue.[11]

The results of the Referendum, as with the results of the 2015 General Election, show that there is still a problem with the polling methodology. Overall, however, online polls seem to have had a better performance than phone polls. Online surveys, on average, predicted a "leave" win with a 1.2% margin, whereas those with a phone methodology had "remain" win with a 2.6% margin.[12] All in all, 63% of online polls predicted a Leave victory, while 78% of phone polls predicted that Remain would win.[13] Kantar TNS and Opinium, both pollsters with online methodologies, were the two groups that forecast a Leave victory just ahead of the vote.[13]

Polls of polls

Several different groups have calculated polls of polls, which collect and average the results of opinion polls across different companies. They have different methodologies; for example, some give more weight to recent polls than others, some deal with undecided voters differently, and some attempt to adjust for the consistent gap between telephone and online polling. As a result, the polls of polls give a spread of results.

Conducted by Date Remain Leave Undecided Lead Notes
What UK Thinks: EU[14] 23 June 52% 48% N/A 4% Six most recent polls.
Elections Etc.[15] 23 June 50.6% 49.4% N/A 1.2% Twelve most recent polls. Telephone polls are adjusted in favour of Leave and online polls in favour of Remain.
HuffPost Pollster[16] 23 June 45.8% 45.3% 9% 0.5%
Number Cruncher Politics[17] 22 June 46% 44% 10% 2% Equal weighting to phone and online polls.
Financial Times[18] 13 June 48% 46% 6% 2% Five most recent polls.[19]
The Telegraph[20] 21 June 51% 49% N/A 2% Six most recent polls.
The Economist[21] 6 June 44% 44% 9% 0% Excludes polls with fewer than 900 participants.

Standard polling on EU membership

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

The tables show polling on whether the UK should be in or out of the EU. Polling generally weights the sample to be nationally representative. Polls were usually conducted within Great Britain, with Northern Ireland and Gibraltar normally omitted from the sample.[22] This has historically been the case in British opinion polling because Northern Ireland has a different set of political parties from the rest of the UK, reflecting the political divide between unionism and nationalism or republicanism.[22] Similarly, Gibraltar was not included in standard polls because it has its own local legislature and does not take part in British parliamentary elections, although Gibraltar does take part in elections to the European Parliament and took part in the referendum.

Most of the polls shown here were carried out by members of the British Polling Council (BPC) who fully disclose their findings, methodology and the client who commissioned the poll.[23] As non-members, Qriously, Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, Pew Research Center and Lord Ashcroft Polls are not bound by the standards of the BPC,[24] and their polls should be treated with caution.[25]

The percentages who "would not vote" or who refused to answer are not shown below, although some pollsters have excluded these in any case.

2016

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type Notes
23 June 2016 48.1% 51.9% N/A 3.8% 33,577,342 Results of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016 UK-wide referendum
23 June 52% 48% N/A 4% 4,772 YouGov Online On the day poll
22 June 55% 45% N/A 10% 4,700 Populus Online
20–22 June 51% 49% N/A 2% 3,766 YouGov Online Includes Northern Ireland (turnout weighted)
20–22 June 49% 46% 1% 3% 1,592 Ipsos MORI Telephone
20–22 June 44% 45% 9% 1% 3,011 Opinium Online
17–22 June 54% 46% N/A 8% 1,032 ComRes Telephone Those expressing a voting intention (turnout weighted)
48% 42% 11% 6% All UK adults (turnout weighted)
16–22 June 41% 43% 16% 2% 2,320 TNS Online
20 June 45% 44% 11% 1% 1,003 Survation/IG Group Telephone
18–19 June 42% 44% 13% 2% 1,652 YouGov Online
16–19 June 53% 46% 2% 7% 800 ORB/Telegraph Telephone Definite voters only
17–18 June 45% 42% 13% 3% 1,004 Survation Telephone
16–17 June 44% 43% 9% 1% 1,694 YouGov Online
14–17 June 44% 44% 12% N/A 2,006 Opinium Online Most fieldwork conducted before the death of Jo Cox.
16 June All official campaigning suspended until 19 June after the fatal shooting of Jo Cox MP.[26]
15–16 June 42% 44% 9% 2% 1,734 YouGov Online
15 June 42% 45% 13% 3% 1,104 Survation Telephone
10–15 June 37%47% 16%10%1,468 BMG ResearchOnline
10–15 June46%43%11%3%1,064BMG ResearchTelephone
11–14 June 43% 49% 3% 6% 1,257 Ipsos MORI Telephone
12–13 June 39% 46% 15% 7% 1,905 YouGov Online
10–13 June45%50%5%5%1,000ICMTelephoneFinal ICM polls.[27] Only include those "definite" to vote. Paired telephone/online polls by otherwise identical methodology
44%49%7%5%2,001Online
9–13 June 46% 45% 9% 1% 1,002 ComRes Telephone
7–13 June40%47%13%7%2,497TNSOnline
9–12 June48%49%3%1%800ORBTelephoneMeasures only those "definite" to vote
16 May–12 June53%47%N/A6%N/ANATCENOnline/TelephonePrimarily online, those who failed to respond were followed up by phone
9–10 June42%43%11%1%1,671YouGovOnline
7–10 June44%42%13%2%2,009OpiniumOnline
8–9 June45%55%N/A10%2,052ORBOnlineWeighted according to "definite" voters
5–6 June43%42%11%1%2,001YouGovOnlineRemainder "won't vote"
3–5 June43%48%9%5%2,047ICMOnline
2–5 June48%47%5%1%800ORBTelephoneWeighted according to "definite" to vote
1–3 June41%45%11%4%3,405YouGovOnline
31 May–3 June43%41%16%2%2,007OpiniumOnlineWeighted by new methodology[28]
40%43%16%3%Weighted by previous methodology[29]
30–31 May41%41%13%N/A1,735YouGovOnline
27–29 May42%45%15%3%1,004ICMTelephonePaired telephone/online polls by otherwise identical methodology
44%47%9%3%2,052Online
25–29 May51%46%3%5%800ORBTelephone
20–25 May44%45%12%1%1,638BMG ResearchOnline
24 May44%38%18%6%1,013SurvationTelephone
23–24 May41%41%13%N/A1,756YouGovOnline
19–23 May41%43%16%2%1,213TNSOnline
20–22 May45%45%10%N/A2,003ICMOnline
18–22 May55%42%3%13%800ORBTelephonePoll was said to reflect the private polling conducted for the government[30]
17–19 May44%40%14%4%2,008OpiniumOnline
16–17 May44%40%12%4%1,648YouGovOnline
14–17 May52%41%7%11%1,000ComResTelephone
14–16 May55%37%5%18%1,002Ipsos MORITelephone
13–15 May47%39%14%8%1,002ICMTelephonePaired telephone/online polls by otherwise identical methodology
43%47%10%4%2,048Online
11–15 May55%40%5%15%800ORBTelephone
10–12 May38%41%21%3%1,222TNSOnline
29 Apr–12 May36%39%22%3%996YouGovTelephone
29 Apr–12 May38%40%16%2%1,973YouGovOnline
6–8 May44%46%11%2%2,005ICMOnline
4–6 May42%40%13%2%3,378YouGovOnlineRemainder "won't vote"
29 Apr–3 May44%45%11%1%2,040ICMOnline
27–29 Apr43%46%11%3%2,029ICMOnline
26–29 Apr42%41%14%1%2,005OpiniumOnline24% of respondents preferred not to say; the stated percentages are of the other 76%
27–29 Apr49%51%N/A2%2,000ORBOnline
26–28 Apr39%36%26%3%1,221TNSOnline
25–26 Apr41%42%13%1%1,650YouGovOnlineRemainder "won't vote"
25–26 Apr45%38%17%7%1,003SurvationTelephone
22–26 Apr43%45%13%2%2,001BMG ResearchOnline
22–24 Apr44%46%10%2%2,001ICMOnline
20–24 Apr51%43%6%8%800ORBTelephone
16–19 Apr51%40%9%9%1,002ComResTelephone
16–18 Apr49%39%8%10%1,026Ipsos MORITelephone
15–17 Apr48%41%11%7%1,003ICMTelephonePaired telephone/online polls by otherwise identical methodology
43%44%13%1%2,008Online
13–17 Apr53%41%6%12%800ORBTelephone
15 AprilThe EU referendum campaign officially begins.[31]
12–14 Apr38%34%28%4%1,198TNSOnline
12–14 Apr40%39%16%1%3,371YouGovOnlineRemainder "won't vote"
11–12 Apr39%39%17%N/A1,693YouGovOnlineRemainder "won't vote"
7–11 Apr35%35%30%N/A1,198TNSOnline
8–10 Apr45%38%17%7%1,002ComResTelephone
8–10 Apr42%45%12%3%2,030ICMOnline
7 AprilHM Government starts sending a pro-Remain pamphlet to 27 million UK households and begins a pro-Remain digital advertising campaign.[32][33]
6–7 Apr40%38%16%2%1,612YouGovOnlineRemainder "won't vote"
29 Mar–4 Apr39%38%18%1%3,754YouGovOnlineRemainder "won't vote"
1–3 Apr44%43%13%1%2,007ICMOnline
29 Mar–3 Apr51%44%5%7%800ORBTelephone
29 Mar–1 Apr39%43%18%4%1,966OpiniumOnline
24–29 Mar35%35%30%N/A1,193TNSOnline
24–29 Mar41%45%14%4%1,518BMG ResearchOnlineIncludes Northern Ireland
24–28 Mar51%49%N/A2%2,002ORBOnline
22–24 Mar45%43%12%2%1,970ICMOnlineOriginal poll is no longer available on ICM Unlimted
19–22 Mar49%41%10%8%1,023Ipsos MORITelephone
17–22 Mar40%37%19%3%1,688YouGovOnlineRemainder "won't vote"
18–20 Mar48%41%11%7%1,002ComResTelephone
18–20 Mar41%43%17%2%2,000ICMOnline
17–19 Mar46%35%19%11%1,006SurvationTelephoneIncludes Northern Ireland
11–14 Mar47%49%4%2%823ORBTelephone
11–13 Mar43%41%16%2%2,031ICMOnline
4–11 Mar45%40%16%5%2,282Greenberg Quinlan Rosner ResearchOnline
2–10 Mar48%45%7%3%4,047Populus/Number Cruncher PoliticsOnline
4–6 Mar49%35%15%14%966Populus/Number Cruncher PoliticsTelephone
4–6 Mar40%41%19%1%2,051ICMOnline
2–3 Mar40%37%18%3%1,695YouGovOnline
1–2 Mar40%35%19%5%1,705YouGovOnline
29 Feb–1 Mar39%37%19%2%2,233YouGovOnline
26–29 Feb41%41%18%N/A2,003ICMOnline
26–28 Feb39%45%18%6%2,071Populus/Number Cruncher PoliticsOnline
26–28 Feb48%37%15%11%1,002Populus/Number Cruncher PoliticsTelephone
24–25 Feb48%52%N/A4%2,014ORBOnline
21–23 Feb37%38%25%1%3,482YouGovOnline
20 FebDavid Cameron announces the date of UK's In/Out EU referendum after an EU summit in Brussels.[34]
17–23 Feb38%36%25%2%1,517BMG ResearchOnlineIncludes Northern Ireland
19–22 Feb42%40%17%2%2,021ICMOnline
19–22 Feb51%39%10%12%1,000ComResTelephone
13–20 Feb45%32%23%13%938SurvationTelephone
18–19 Feb40%41%19%1%1,033OpiniumOnlineConducted before the conclusion of the negotiations; exact time frame was not communicated
13–16 Feb54%36%10%18%497Ipsos MORITelephone
11–15 Feb36%39%25%3%1,079TNSOnline
12–14 Feb43%39%18%4%2,001ICMOnlineOriginal poll is no longer available on ICM Unlimted
11–14 Feb49%41%10%8%1,105ComResTelephone
5–7 Feb41%42%17%1%2,018ICMOnline
3–4 Feb36%45%19%9%1,675YouGov/The TimesOnline
29–31 Jan42%39%19%3%2,002ICMOnline
27–28 Jan38%42%20%4%1,735YouGovOnline
23–25 Jan55%36%9%19%513Ipsos MORITelephone
21–25 Jan44%42%14%2%1,511BMG ResearchOnlineIncludes Northern Ireland
22–24 Jan54%36%10%18%1,006ComResTelephone
22–24 Jan41%41%18%N/A2,010ICMOnline
20–21 Jan52%48%N/A4%2,015ORBOnline
15–17 Jan42%40%17%2%2,023ICMOnline
15–16 Jan38%40%22%2%1,017SurvationOnlineIncludes Northern Ireland
8–14 Jan42%45%12%3%2,087PanelbaseOnline
8–10 Jan44%38%18%6%2,055ICMOnline

2015

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Conducted by Notes
17–18 Dec41%42%17%1,598YouGov
12–14 Dec58%32%10%529Ipsos MORI
11–13 Dec56%35%8%1,001ComRes
11–13 Dec42%41%17%2,053ICM
4–6 Dec43%39%17%2,022ICM
2–3 Dec36%43%21%1,001ORB
30 Nov–3 Dec40%42%18%10,015SurvationIncludes Northern Ireland
20–24 Nov41%41%18%4,317YouGov
19–24 Nov40%38%22%1,699YouGov
20–22 Nov45%38%17%2,002ICM
17–19 Nov48%52%N/A2,067ORB
16–17 Nov43%40%18%1,546SurvationIncludes Northern Ireland
11–17 Nov39%39%22%1,528BMG ResearchIncludes Northern Ireland
13–15 Nov43%38%19%2,000ICM
9–11 Nov38%41%21%2,007SurvationIncludes Northern Ireland
6–8 Nov46%38%16%2,024ICM
30 Oct–1 Nov44%38%18%2,060ICM
28–29 Oct39%41%19%1,664YouGov
22–27 Oct40%40%20%1,738YouGov
23–25 Oct45%38%17%2,049ICM
23–25 Oct53%47%N/A2,015ORB
22–23 Oct42%39%16%1,625YouGov
19–20 Oct42%40%17%1,690YouGov
17–19 Oct52%36%12%498Ipsos MORI
14–19 Oct42%39%19%2,372GQRR
16–18 Oct44%38%18%2,023ICM
7 Oct44%39%17%1,947ICM
25–28 Sep55%36%8%1,009ComRes
25–27 Sep45%38%17%2,005ICM
17–22 Sep38%41%21%2,781YouGov
10–17 Sep38%40%22%11,171YouGov
11–13 Sep43%40%17%2,006ICM
12 SepJeremy Corbyn is elected leader of the Labour Party
3–4 Sep40%40%20%1,004Survation
18–19 Aug44%37%20%1,676YouGov
13–17 Aug50%40%10%3,402YouGov
23–29 Jul45%37%19%1,708YouGov
16 JulTim Farron is elected leader of the Liberal Democrats
29 Jun–6 Jul45%37%18%5,008SurvationIncludes Northern Ireland
19–24 Jun44%38%18%1,653YouGov
19–21 Jun55%45%N/A2,000ORB
14–16 Jun66%22%12%501Ipsos MORI
8–11 Jun43%36%21%2,381YouGov
1–2 Jun44%34%21%1,063YouGov
27 May–2 Jun42%35%22%2,956YouGov
29–31 May58%31%11%500ComRes
28–31 May47%33%20%680ICM
21–22 May44%36%20%1,532YouGov
8–15 May47%40%13%3,977Survation
7 Apr–13 May55%36%9%999Pew Research Center
8–9 May45%36%19%1,302YouGov
8–9 May45%38%18%1,027Survation
7 MayUnited Kingdom general election, 2015
3–5 May56%34%10%1,011ComRes
3–4 May45%33%21%1,664YouGov
28–29 Apr52%32%16%1,823YouGov
23–28 Apr47%33%20%1,834YouGov
19–20 Apr45%35%20%2,078YouGov
10–12 Apr40%39%21%2,036Populus
8–9 Apr45%41%15%1,750Opinium
26–30 Mar35%34%31%1,197TNS-BMRB
24–26 Mar49%44%7%1,007PanelbaseIncludes Northern Ireland
18–25 Mar41%38%21%2,006YouGov
22–23 Mar46%36%18%1,641YouGov
18–23 Mar42%34%23%8,271YouGov
23–24 Feb45%37%18%1,520YouGov
22–23 Feb45%35%20%1,772YouGov
17–20 Feb41%44%15%1,975Opinium
25–26 Jan43%37%20%1,656YouGov
18–19 Jan43%38%18%1,747YouGov
15–19 Jan38%34%28%1,188TNS-BMRB
6–8 Jan37%40%23%1,201TNS-BMRB

2014

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Conducted by Notes
14–15 Dec40%39%21%1,648YouGov
30 Nov–1 Dec42%39%20%1,763YouGov
20–26 Nov38%43%19%1,641YouGov
21–23 Nov32%48%20%2,049ComRes
20–21 Nov40%41%19%1,970YouGov
19–21 Nov40%41%19%2,314YouGov
16–17 Nov39%39%21%1,589YouGov
7 Nov31%54%15%1,020Survation
2–3 Nov38%41%21%1,652YouGov
31 Oct–2 Nov35%49%17%2,012Survation
30–31 Oct37%43%20%1,808YouGov
27–28 Oct35%44%21%2,052YouGov
23–24 Oct41%40%19%2,069YouGov
19–20 Oct40%39%21%1,727YouGov
11–14 Oct56%36%8%1,002Ipsos MORI
21–22 Sep42%38%19%1,671YouGov
18 SepScottish independence referendum, 2014
25–26 Aug41%40%19%2,021YouGov
10–11 Aug40%38%22%1,676YouGov
13–14 Jul41%38%21%1,745YouGov
29–30 Jun40%39%21%1,729YouGov
27–29 Jun36%43%21%2,049ComRes
27–28 Jun39%47%14%1,000Survation
26–27 Jun39%37%24%1,936YouGov
19–20 Jun39%39%21%2,016YouGov
17–19 Jun37%48%15%1,946Opinium
15–16 Jun44%36%20%1,696YouGov
30 May–1 Jun40%42%18%2,062ComRes
29–30 May41%39%20%2,090YouGov
22 MayEuropean Parliament election, 2014
20–21 May42%37%21%6,124YouGov
18–19 May43%37%20%1,740YouGov
10–12 May54%37%10%1,003Ipsos MORI
28 Apr–6 May39%38%23%1,805YouGov
2–3 May39%46%15%1,005Survation
24–28 Apr41%49%10%1,199TNS-BMRB
24–25 Apr40%37%23%1,835YouGov
21–22 Apr40%38%23%2,190YouGov
3–4 Apr42%37%21%1,998YouGov
27–28 Mar42%36%21%1,916YouGov
23–24 Mar42%36%22%1,558YouGov
9–10 Mar41%39%20%3,195YouGov
9–10 Feb36%39%25%1,685YouGov
7–20 Jan41%41%18%20,058Lord Ashcroft Polls
12–13 Jan33%43%24%1,762YouGov

2013

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Conducted by Notes
1–9 Dec37%43%20%UnknownYouGov
10–11 Nov39%39%22%UnknownYouGov[35]
13–14 Oct42%37%20%UnknownYouGov[35]
23–27 Sep36%44%20%1,922YouGov
15–16 Sep42%39%20%UnknownYouGov[35]
18–19 Aug46%34%20%UnknownYouGov[35]
6–8 Aug32%53%15%1,945Opinium
4–5 Aug43%35%22%UnknownYouGov[35]
18–24 Jul35%45%21%1,968YouGov
22–23 Jul45%35%21%UnknownYouGov[35]
7–8 Jul43%36%21%UnknownYouGov[35]
4–5 Jul36%46%19%1,022YouGov
23–24 Jun45%31%24%UnknownYouGov[35]
9–10 Jun43%35%22%UnknownYouGov[35]
1–3 Jun44%45%11%1,566Survation
28–29 May43%35%22%UnknownYouGov[35]
21–28 May41%38%20%1,512YouGov
17–18 May36%50%14%1,000Survation
16–17 May36%45%19%1,809YouGov
15–16 May24%46%30%2,017ComRes/Sunday Mirror/IndependentNorthern Ireland not sampled
15–16 May30%46%24%2,017ICM/The Telegraph
12–13 May34%44%22%1,748YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
10–12 May40%43%17%1,001ICM/The Guardian
9–10 May30%47%23%1,945YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
7 May35%46%20%719YouGov/The TimesNorthern Ireland not sampled
7–8 April36%43%21%1,765YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
4–27 March46%46%8%1,012Pew Research CenterIncludes Northern Ireland
17–18 February38%41%21%1,713YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
5 February30%41%22%1,237TNS BMRB
29 Jan – 6 Feb33%50%17%2,114Financial Times/Harris
25 January36%50%16%1,005Survation/Mail on SundayNorthern Ireland not sampled
24–25 January37%39%24%1,943YouGov/Sunday TimesNorthern Ireland not sampled
23 January37%40%23%2,000Populus/The Times
20–21 January37%40%24%UnknownYouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
17–18 January34%25%40%1,912YouGov/Sunday TimesNorthern Ireland not sampled
10–11 January36%42%21%1,995YouGov/Sunday TimesNorthern Ireland not sampled
6 January36%54%10%1,002Survation/Mail on SundayNorthern Ireland not sampled
2–3 January31%46%22%UnknownYouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled

2012

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Conducted by Notes
27–28 November30%51%9%UnknownYouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
13–15 November30%56%14%1,957Opinium/ObserverNorthern Ireland not sampled

2011

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Conducted by Notes
15–16 December41%41%19%UnknownYouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
8–9 December35%44%20%UnknownYouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
7–8 August30%52%19%UnknownYouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled

2010

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Conducted by Notes
8–9 September33%47%19%UnknownYouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled

Sub-national polling

England

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Held by
23 June 201646.6%53.4%N/A–England Results
9–16 September 201540%43%17%1,712YouGov

England and Wales

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Held by
23 June 201646.7%53.3%N/A–Results
26 June – 3 July 201542%43%15%956Panelbase/Sunday Times

London

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Held by
23 June 201659.9%40.1%N/A–London Results
2–6 June 201648%35%13%1,179YouGov
26 April – 1 May 201651%34%14%1,005Opinium/Evening Standard
4–6 January 201639%34%27%1,156YouGov/LBC
17–19 November 201445%37%14%1,124YouGov/Evening Standard
20–25 June 201341%39%20%1,269YouGov/Evening Standard

Scotland

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Held by
23 June 201662.0%38.0%N/A–Scotland Results
6–12 Jun 201658%33%8%1,000Ipsos Mori/STV
4–22 May 201653%24%23%1,008TNS
6–10 May 201654%32%14%1,000ICM/The Scotsman
1–2 May 201658%19%19%1,024Survation/Daily Record
23–28 April 201657%33%11%1,074Panelbase/Sunday Times
18–25 April 201666%29%5%1,015Ipsos MORI/STV
1–24 April 201648%21%31%1,012TNS
15–20 April 201654%28%17%1,005Survation/Daily Record
11–15 April 201655%35%9%1,013BMG Research/Herald
6–15 April 201655%33%12%1,021Panelbase/Sunday Times
2–22 March 201651%19%29%1,051TNS
10–17 March 201653%29%17%1,051Survation/Daily Record
7–9 March 201648%31%21%1,070YouGov
11–16 February 201652%27%21%951Survation
1–7 February 201662%26%12%1,000Ipsos MORI
1–4 February 201655%28%18%1,022YouGov/The Times
6–25 January 201644%21%29%1,016TNS
8–14 January 201654%30%16%1,053Panelbase/Sunday Times
8–12 January 201652%27%21%1,029Survation/Daily Record
9–16 November 201565%22%13%1,029Ipsos MORI
9–13 October 201551%31%17%1,026YouGov/Times
9–30 September 201547%18%29%1,037TNS
22–27 September 201555%30%15%1,004YouGov
7–10 September 201551%29%20%975Survation/Scottish Daily Mail
26 June – 3 July 201555%29%16%1,002Panelbase/Sunday Times
3–7 July 201551%26%23%1,045Survation/Scottish Daily Mail
13–30 May 201549%19%26%1,031TNS BMRB
19–21 May 201554%25%21%1,001YouGov/Sunday Post
29 January – 2 February 201552%29%17%1,001YouGov/The Times
9–14 January 201542%37%21%1,007Panelbase/Wings Over Scotland
6–13 November 201447%35%18%1,001Survation/Daily Record
30 October − 5 November 201441%38%19%1,000Panelbase/Wings Over Scotland
4–9 February 201354%33%13%1,003Ipsos MORI/The Times

Wales

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Held by
23 June 201647.5%52.5%N/A–Wales Results
30 May – 2 June 201641%41%18%1,017YouGov
7–11 April 201638%39%16%1,011YouGov
9–11 February 201637%45%18%1,024YouGov
21–24 September 201542%38%21%1,010YouGov
4–6 May 201547%33%16%1,202YouGov/ITV Wales
24–27 March 201544%38%14%1,189YouGov/ITV Wales
5–9 March 201543%36%17%1,279YouGov/ITV Wales
19–26 February 201563%33%4%1,000ICM/BBC
19–21 January 201544%36%16%1,036YouGov/ITV Wales
2–5 December 201442%39%15%1,131YouGov/ITV Wales
8–11 September 201443%37%15%1,025YouGov/ITV Wales
26 June – 1 July 201441%36%18%1,035YouGov/ITV Wales
21–24 February 201454%40%6%1,000ICM/BBC
14–25 June 201329%37%35%1,015Beaufort Research

Northern Ireland

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Held by Notes
23 June 201655.8%44.2%N/A–Northern Ireland Results
Late June 201637%26%NAOver 1,000Belfast Telegraph / IPSOS MORI
20 June 201657%43%Exc. DKs2,090The NI Sun/LucidTalk
17–19 May 201657%35%9%1,090LucidTalk
May 201644%20%35%1,005Ipsos MORIQuestion phrased differently.
19–21 October 201556.5%28.3%15.2%2,517LucidTalk
2–16 October 201555%13%32%1,012BBC/RTÉ

Gibraltar

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Held by
23 June 201695.9%4.1%N/A–Gibraltar Results
13–15 May 201694%2%4%596Gibraltar Chronicle
11–15 April 201688%8%3%596Gibraltar Chronicle

Renegotiated terms

The UK government renegotiated certain terms of the UK's membership of the European Union before the referendum was held.[36] Prior to the renegotiation in February 2016, some opinion polls asked the referendum question on the assumption that the UK government would say that it was satisfied with the outcome of the renegotiation.[37]

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Undecided Sample Held by Notes
1–2 June 201555%24%18%1,063YouGov/ProspectNorthern Ireland not sampled
8–9 May 201558%24%16%1,302YouGov/Sunday TimesNorthern Ireland not sampled
3–4 May 201556%20%20%1,664YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
19–20 April 201557%22%17%2,078YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
22–23 March 201557%22%18%1,641YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
22–23 February 201557%21%17%1,772YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
25–26 January 201554%25%16%1,656YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
18–19 January 201557%21%19%1,747YouGov/British InfluenceNorthern Ireland not sampled
14–15 Dec 201455%24%16%1,648YouGov/The Sun
30 Nov – 1 December 201455%25%17%1,763YouGov/The Sun
17–19 November 201458%25%13%1,124YouGov / The Evening Standard
16–17 November 201458%24%14%1,589YouGov / The Sun
4–7 November 201440%43%17%1,707Opinium/The Observer
2–3 November 201452%27%15%1,652YouGov / The Sun
19–20 October 201455%24%17%1,727YouGov / The Sun
21–22 September 201454%25%16%1,671YouGov / The Sun
25–26 August 201454%26%16%2,021YouGov / The Sun
10–11 August 201454%23%18%1,676YouGov / The Sun
13–14 July 201452%25%19%1,745YouGov / The Sun
29–30 June 201454%23%17%1,729YouGov / The Sun
15–16 June 201457%22%16%1,696YouGov / The Sun
18–19 May 201453%24%18%1,740YouGovNorthern Ireland not sampled
24–25 April 201450%26%18%1,835YouGov/Sunday TimesNorthern Ireland not sampled
21–22 April 201452%26%18%2,190YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
23–24 March 201454%25%17%2,190YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
9–10 March 201452%27%16%3,195YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
9–10 February 201447%27%18%1,685YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
12–13 January 201448%29%18%1,762YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
12–13 May 201345%33%19%1,748YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
9–10 May 201345%32%20%1,945YouGov/Sunday TimesNorthern Ireland not sampled
7–8 April 201346%31%17%1,765YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled
17–18 February 201352%28%14%1,713YouGov/The SunNorthern Ireland not sampled

Polling within professional groups

Business leaders

The British Chambers of Commerce surveyed 2,200 business leaders in January and February 2016. Of these, 60% supported remaining in the EU and 30% supported exit. In a further poll published in May, these numbers had changed to 54% and 37% respectively.[38][39]

The Confederation of British Industry reported a survey of 773 of its members, carried out by ComRes. With numbers adjusted to reflect CBI membership, the poll indicated that 80% of CBI members saw a "remain" outcome as the best outcome for their business, with 5% seeing "leave" as the best outcome.[40][41][42]

In a poll of 350 board directors of UK businesses, published in June 2015, 82% agreed with the statement that "the UK's membership of the EU is good for British businesses", while 12% disagreed.[43][44] In a follow-up poll reported in March 2016, 63% agreed that "British businesses are better off inside the European Union than out of it" while 20% disagreed.[44][45] To the statement, "An EU exit risks stifling British business growth," 59% agreed and 30% disagreed. To the statement, "Our membership of the EU gives British businesses invaluable access to European markets," 71% agreed and 16% disagreed. Thirty-five per cent agreed that "An EU exit would leave British businesses facing a skills shortage" while 50% disagreed.[45]

The manufacturers' organisation EEF used the market research organisation GfK to conduct a survey in late 2015 of 500 senior decision-makers in manufacturing organisations. Of these, 63% wanted the UK to stay in the EU, and 5% wanted it to leave. Three percent said there was no advantage to their businesses for the UK to be in the EU, against 50% who said it was important and a further 20% who said it was critical for their business.[46][47]

Two surveys by consultants Deloitte asked 120 Chief Financial Officers of large UK companies "whether it is in the interests of UK businesses for the UK to remain a member of the EU." In the first survey, in the final quarter of 2015, 62% agreed while 6% disagreed. A further 28% said they would withhold their judgement until the renegotiation in February 2016. The second survey, in early 2016, had 75% saying it was in the interest of UK businesses to remain, with 8% saying it was not.[48][49]

In April 2016, the International Chamber of Commerce published a survey of 226 businesses from 27 different countries. Of these international businesses, 46% said they would reduce investment in the UK if it left the EU, while 1% said Brexit would increase their investment in the UK. As to whether the UK should leave the EU, 8% thought it should, while 86% wanted the UK to remain.[50][51][52]

In May 2016, law firm King & Wood Mallesons published a survey of 300 businesses, equally split between France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. Asked about the prospect of the UK leaving the EU, 68% said it would adversely affect their businesses and 62% said they would be less likely to do business in the UK. When asked to name ways in which their businesses could benefit from Brexit, a majority of respondents in France, Italy, and Spain said that their countries could benefit as companies move jobs out of the UK.[53][54]

Scientists

In March 2016, Nature reported a survey of 907 active science researchers based in the UK. Of these, 78% said exit from the EU would be "somewhat harmful" or "very harmful" for UK science, with 9% saying it would be "somewhat beneficial" or "very beneficial". Asked, "Should the UK exit the EU or remain?" 83% chose "remain" and 12% "exit".[55] The journal also surveyed a further 954 scientists based in the EU but outside the UK. Of these, 47% said the UK's exit would be "harmful" or "very harmful" for science in the EU, with 11.5% choosing "beneficial" or "very beneficial".[55]

Lawyers

Legal Week surveyed almost 350 partners in legal firms. Of these, 77% said that a UK exit from the EU would have a "negative" or "very negative" effect on the City's position in global financial markets, with 6.2% predicting a "positive" effect. Asked about the effect on their own firms, 59% of the partners predicted a "quite adverse" or "very adverse" effect, while 13% said the effect would be "quite positive" or "very positive".[56]

Economists

The Financial Times surveyed 105 economists about how an exit from the EU would affect their views of the UK's prospects, publishing the results in January 2016. In the medium term, 76 respondents (72%) said the UK's prospects would be worse, 8 (7.6%) said they would be better, and 18 (17%) predicted no difference.[57]

Ipsos MORI surveyed members of the Royal Economic Society and the Society of Business Economists for The Observer, with 639 responses. Over the next five years, 88% said that Brexit would have a negative effect on GDP, 7% said it would have no impact, and 3% said there would it would have a positive impact, while 82% said it would have a negative effect on household incomes, 9% said it would have no impact, and 7% said it would have a positive effect. Over ten to twenty years, 72% said it would have a negative effect on GDP, 11% said it would have no impact and 11% said it would have a positive effect, while 73% said it would have a negative effect on household income, 13% said it would have no impact, and 10% said it would have a positive effect.[58][59]

Other opinion polling

In a poll released in December 2015, Lord Ashcroft asked 20,000 people in the UK to place themselves on a scale of 0–100 of how likely they were vote to remain or leave. A total of 47% placed themselves in the "leave" end of the scale, 38% in the "remain" end and 14% were completely undecided.[60][61]

On British withdrawal

  •  France – A poll conducted by French daily newspaper Le Parisien in January 2013 found that 52% of French voters were in favour of the UK withdrawing from the EU.[62] Of the 1,136 people polled, in conjunction with French research agency BVA in January 2013, 48% said they would rather the UK remained inside the EU.[63]
  •  Germany – A study carried out by Internationale Politik in January 2013 found 64% of Germans favoured Britain remaining inside the EU – with 36% saying they favoured an exit. The biggest support for retaining the union with the UK was with the younger generation with 69% of 18- to 25-year-olds saying they wanted the UK to stay. Amongst the German political parties, the supporters of the Green Party remained most favourable at 85%.[64]

Ashcroft polling

In early 2016, Lord Ashcroft polled individuals in each of the other European Union member states to gauge opinion on whether they thought the United Kingdom should leave the EU, whether they thought the UK should remain a member or whether they believed it did not matter. All member states said that they wanted the UK to remain a member, except Cyprus, the Czech Republic and Slovenia, with Lithuania being most in favour, at 78% voting for the UK to remain in the EU.[65]

Country Remain Does Not Matter Leave
 Austria41%41%19%
 Belgium49%38%13%
 Bulgaria67%27%7%
 Croatia49%41%10%
 Cyprus35%45%19%
 Czech Republic40%47%13%
 Denmark56%31%13%
 Estonia65%28%8%
 Finland50%39%11%
 France50%32%18%
 Germany59%30%11%
 Greece50%35%15%
 Hungary64%30%7%
 Ireland72%18%10%
 Italy67%24%9%
 Latvia58%33%9%
 Lithuania78%16%6%
 Luxembourg55%21%24%
 Malta76%18%6%
 Netherlands49%42%10%
 Poland67%27%6%
 Portugal74%20%7%
 Romania70%26%4%
 Slovakia61%32%7%
 Slovenia43%49%8%
 Spain70%24%6%
 Sweden56%33%12%
 EU2760%30%10%

Additionally, Ashcroft asked the same group of people whether they would be happy for Britain to remain in the European Union to renegotiated terms or whether they thought the UK should leave if they do not like their current terms of membership. Newer countries to the European Union, countries which have joined the Union since 2004, were the biggest supporters: 52% supported the renegotiated position, compared to just 40% of respondents from EU members who joined before 2004.[65]

Country Remain Leave
 Austria24%76%
 Belgium34%66%
 Bulgaria52%48%
 Croatia36%64%
 Cyprus33%67%
 Czech Republic42%58%
 Denmark51%49%
 Estonia44%56%
 Finland30%70%
 France36%64%
 Germany35%65%
 Greece39%61%
 Hungary61%39%
 Ireland54%46%
 Italy50%50%
 Latvia49%51%
 Lithuania64%36%
 Luxembourg26%74%
 Malta69%31%
 Netherlands37%63%
 Poland52%48%
 Portugal61%39%
 Romania59%41%
 Slovakia47%53%
 Slovenia29%71%
 Spain43%57%
 Sweden37%63%
 EU2743%57%

ICM polling

An ICM online poll of 1,000 adults in each of nine European countries in November 2015 found an average of 53% in favour of the UK's remaining in the EU.[66]

Country Remain Leave
 Denmark46%24%
 Finland49%19%
 France51%22%
 Germany55%19%
 Italy63%20%
 Norway34%27%
 Portugal74%8%
 Spain69%11%
 Sweden43%26%

On the possible withdrawal of other countries

  • Denmark Denmark – A poll commissioned in January 2013 following David Cameron's EU referendum speech found that 52% of Danes would still want their country to stay within the EU even if the UK voted to withdraw. However, 47% said they would like the Danish Government to attempt to renegotiate improved terms of their membership.[67][68]
  • Republic of Ireland Ireland – A Red C poll, commissioned by European Movement Ireland in January 2013, found most Irish people would opt for Ireland to remain inside the EU – 66% – even if the UK decided to leave. Just 29% of those asked said that Ireland should leave if the UK does.[69]

Post–referendum polling

Right / Wrong

Following the EU referendum, there have been several opinion polls on the question of whether the UK was 'right' or 'wrong' to vote to leave the EU. The results of these polls are shown in the table below.

Date(s) conducted Right Wrong Undecided Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type Notes
8-9 Oct 2018 40% 47% 13% 7% 1,647 YouGov Online
3-4 Oct 2018 42% 46% 12% 4% 1,746 YouGov Online
30 Sep-1 Oct 2018 42% 47% 11% 5% 1,607 YouGov Online
21-22 Sep 2018 42% 46% 12% 4% 1,643 YouGov Online
18-19 Sep 2018 40% 47% 12% 7% 2,509 YouGov Online
4-5 Sep 2018 43% 46% 11% 3% 1,628 YouGov Online
3-4 Sep 2018 42% 48% 11% 6% 1,883 YouGov Online
28-29 Aug 2018 42% 47% 11% 5% 1,664 YouGov Online
20-21 Aug 2018 41% 47% 12% 6% 1,697 YouGov Online
13-14 Aug 2018 43% 45% 12% 2% 1,660 YouGov Online
8-9 Aug 2018 42% 45% 13% 3% 1,675 YouGov Online
22-23 Jul 2018 42% 46% 12% 4% 1,650 YouGov Online
16-17 Jul 2018 42% 47% 12% 5% 1,657 YouGov Online
10-11 Jul 2018 41% 46% 12% 5% 1,732 YouGov Online
8-9 Jul 2018 Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson resign.[70]
8-9 Jul 2018 42% 46% 12% 4% 1,669 YouGov Online
5-8 Jul 2018 76% 21% 2% 55% 966 YouGov Online Conservative Party members
6 Jul 2018 The UK Cabinet agrees the Chequers Statement, setting out a proposal on the future UK-EU relationship.[71]
3-4 Jul 2018 41% 46% 13% 5% 1,641 YouGov Online
25-26 Jun 2018 43% 46% 11% 3% 1,645 YouGov Online
19-20 Jun 2018 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,663 YouGov Online
18-19 Jun 2018 43% 44% 13% 1% 1,606 YouGov Online
11-12 Jun 2018 43% 46% 12% 3% 1,638 YouGov Online
4-5 Jun 2018 44% 44% 13% 0% 1,619 YouGov Online
28-29 May 2018 40% 47% 13% 7% 1,670 YouGov Online
20-21 May 2018 43% 44% 13% 1% 1,660 YouGov Online
13-14 May 2018 44% 45% 12% 1% 1,634 YouGov Online
8-9 May 2018 43% 45% 12% 2% 1,648 YouGov Online
30 Apr-1 May 2018 42% 47% 11% 5% 1,585 YouGov Online
24-25 Apr 2018 42% 45% 13% 3% 1,668 YouGov Online
16-17 Apr 2018 42% 45% 13% 3% 1,631 YouGov Online
9-10 Apr 2018 42% 46% 12% 4% 1,639 YouGov Online
26-27 Mar 2018 42% 45% 13% 3% 1,659 YouGov Online
5-6 Mar 2018 43% 45% 12% 2% 1,641 YouGov Online
2 Mar 2018 Theresa May makes Mansion House speech, outlining the UK Government's policy on the future UK-EU relationship.[72]
26-27 Feb 2018 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,622 YouGov Online
19-20 Feb 2018 42% 45% 12% 3% 1,650 YouGov Online
12-13 Feb 2018 42% 46% 12% 4% 1,639 YouGov Online
5-6 Feb 2018 43% 44% 13% 1% 2,000 YouGov Online
28-29 Jan 2018 40% 46% 14% 6% 1,669 YouGov Online
16-17 Jan 2018 45% 44% 12% 1% 1,672 YouGov Online
7-8 Jan 2018 42% 46% 12% 4% 1,663 YouGov Online
19-20 Dec 2017 42% 45% 12% 3% 1,610 YouGov Online
15 Dec 2017 The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations.[73]
10-11 Dec 2017 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,680 YouGov Online
4-5 Dec 2017 42% 45% 13% 3% 1,638 YouGov Online
7-8 Nov 2017 42% 46% 12% 4% 2,012 YouGov Online
23-24 Oct 2017 43% 45% 12% 2% 1,637 YouGov Online
18-19 Oct 2017 42% 45% 14% 3% 1,648 YouGov Online
10-11 Oct 2017 42% 47% 11% 5% 1,680 YouGov Online
22-24 Sep 2017 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,716 YouGov Online
22 Sep 2017 Theresa May makes Florence speech, in an attempt to 'unblock' the Brexit negotiations.[74]
30-31 Aug 2017 44% 44% 12% 0% 1,658 YouGov Online
21-22 Aug 2017 43% 45% 11% 2% 1,664 YouGov Online
31 Jul-1 Aug 2017 45% 45% 10% 0% 1,665 YouGov Online
18-19 Jul 2017 43% 43% 14% 0% 1,593 YouGov Online
10-11 Jul 2017 45% 43% 12% 2% 1,700 YouGov Online
21-22 Jun 2017 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,670 YouGov Online
19 Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin.[75]
12-13 Jun 2017 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,651 YouGov Online
8 Jun 2017 United Kingdom general election, 2017
5-7 Jun 2017 45% 45% 10% 0% 2,130 YouGov Online
30-31 May 2017 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,875 YouGov Online
24-25 May 2017 46% 43% 11% 3% 2,052 YouGov Online
16-17 May 2017 46% 43% 11% 3% 1,861 YouGov Online
3-14 May 2017 45% 41% 14% 4% 1,952 GfK Online
9-10 May 2017 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,651 YouGov Online
2-3 May 2017 46% 43% 11% 3% 2,066 YouGov Online
25-26 Apr 2017 43% 45% 12% 2% 1,590 YouGov Online
20-21 Apr 2017 44% 44% 12% 0% 1,590 YouGov Online
18-19 Apr 2017 46% 43% 11% 3% 1,727 YouGov Online
12-13 Apr 2017 45% 43% 12% 2% 2,069 YouGov Online
5-6 Apr 2017 46% 42% 11% 4% 1,651 YouGov Online
29 Mar 2017 The United Kingdom invokes Article 50.[76]
26-27 Mar 2017 44% 43% 13% 1% 1,957 YouGov Online
20-21 Mar 2017 44% 44% 12% 0% 1,627 YouGov Online
1-15 Mar 2017 46% 41% 13% 5% 1,938 GfK Online
13-14 Mar 2017 44% 42% 15% 2% 1,631 YouGov Online
10-14 Mar 2017 49% 41% 10% 8% 2,003 Opinium Online
27-28 Feb 2017 45% 44% 11% 1% 1,666 YouGov Online
21-22 Feb 2017 45% 45% 10% 0% 2,060 YouGov Online
12-13 Feb 2017 46% 42% 12% 4% 2,052 YouGov Online
30-31 Jan 2017 45% 42% 12% 3% 1,705 YouGov Online
17-18 Jan 2017 46% 42% 12% 4% 1,654 YouGov Online
17 Jan 2017 Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech, setting out the UK Government's negotiating priorities.[77]
9-12 Jan 2017 52% 39% 9% 13% 2,005 Opinium Online
9-10 Jan 2017 46% 42% 12% 4% 1,660 YouGov Online
3-4 Jan 2017 45% 44% 11% 1% 1,740 YouGov Online
18-19 Dec 2016 44% 44% 12% 0% 1,595 YouGov Online
4-5 Dec 2016 44% 42% 14% 2% 1,667 YouGov Online
28-29 Nov 2016 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,624 YouGov Online
14-15 Nov 2016 46% 43% 11% 3% 1,717 YouGov Online
19-20 Oct 2016 45% 44% 11% 1% 1,608 YouGov Online
11-12 Oct 2016 45% 44% 11% 1% 1,669 YouGov Online
2 Oct 2016 Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech, announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017.[78]
13-14 Sep 2016 46% 44% 10% 2% 1,732 YouGov Online
30-31 Aug 2016 47% 44% 9% 3% 1,687 YouGov Online
22-23 Aug 2016 45% 43% 12% 2% 1,660 YouGov Online
16-17 Aug 2016 46% 43% 11% 3% 1,677 YouGov Online
8-9 Aug 2016 45% 44% 12% 1% 1,692 YouGov Online
1-2 Aug 2016 46% 42% 12% 4% 1,722 YouGov Online
13 Jul 2016 Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.[79]

Remain / Leave

There have also been polls to gauge support for remaining in or leaving the EU. The following polls, unless the notes state otherwise, asked how respondents would vote in a second referendum.

Date(s) conducted Remain Leave Neither Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type Notes
3-6 Oct 2018 90% 7% 2% 83% 665 YouGov Online SNP members; unweighted
08-26 Sep 2018 51% 34% 15% 17% 841 Kantar public Face to face
13-18 Sep 2018 90% 7% 3% 83% 1,054 YouGov Online Labour Party members
6-11 Sep 2018 63% 18% 19% 45% 1,645 YouGov Online 18-24 age group
69% 13% 18% 56% 480 Respondents of voting age only since 2016's referendum
6-10 Sep 2018 42% 35% 23% 7% 1,119 Kantar Online
7-9 Sep 2018 46% 42% 11% 4% 2,051 ICM Online
7 Sep 2018 47% 46% 8% 1% 854 Survation Online Likely voters
46% 44% 10% 2% 975 Possible voters
30 Aug-5 Sep 2018 55% 37% 8% 18% 620 YouGov Online GMB members
30 Aug-5 Sep 2018 68% 27% 6% 41% 1,081 YouGov Online UNISON members
30 Aug-5 Sep 2018 61% 35% 4% 26% 1,058 YouGov Online Unite the Union members
28 Aug-4 Sep 2018 46% 42% 12% 4% 10,215 YouGov Online
31 Jul-4 Sep 2018 46% 41% 13% 5% 25,641 YouGov Online
31 Jul-3 Sep 2018 58% 30% 11% 28% 3,051 YouGov Online London only
31 Aug-1 Sep 2018 47% 47% 6% 0% 1,017 Survation Online Likely voters
14-20 Aug 2018 46% 41% 13% 5% 10,299 YouGov Online
31 Jul-20 Aug 2018 46% 40% 13% 6% 18,772 YouGov Online
31 Jul-20 Aug 2018 42% 42% 16% 0% 807 YouGov Online North East England only
31 Jul-19 Aug 2018 44% 42% 14% 2% 939 YouGov Online Wales only
8-14 Aug 2018 58% 30% 12% 28% 1,977 YouGov Online Scotland only
9-13 Aug 2018 40% 35% 25% 5% 1,119 Kantar Online
6-10 Aug 2018 50% 43% 7% 7% 1,316 BMG Research Online With squeeze responses. [note 1]
49% 41% 10% 8% Without squeeze responses. [note 1]
31 Jul-7 Aug 2018 46% 40% 14% 6% 10,121 YouGov Online
31 Jul-7 Aug 2018 46% 43% 11% 3% 930 YouGov Online South West England only
26-31 Jul 2018 46% 41% 13% 5% 4,957 YouGov Online
25-26 Jul 2018 45% 42% 13% 3% 1,631 YouGov Online
23-24 Jul 2018 47% 41% 12% 6% 1,627 YouGov Online
19-20 Jul 2018 44% 40% 16% 4% 1,668 YouGov Online
12-14 Jul 2018 45% 45% 11% 0% 1,484 Deltapoll Online
8-9 Jul 2018 Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson resign.[80]
5-9 Jul 2018 40% 32% 28% 8% 1,086 Kantar Online
7 Jul 2018 49% 45% 5% 4% 1,007 Survation Online
6 Jul 2018 The UK Cabinet agrees the Chequers Statement, setting out a proposal on the future UK-EU relationship.[81]
3-5 Jul 2018 51% 45% 5% 6% 1,359 BMG Research Online With squeeze responses. [note 1]
49% 43% 8% 6% Without squeeze responses. [note 1]
28 Jun-2 Jul 2018 44% 39% 17% 5% 1,031 YouGov Online Wales only
26-27 Jun 2018 44% 44% 12% 0% 1,626 YouGov Online [note 1]
19-20 Jun 2018 50% 44% 6% 6% 1,022 Survation Online
10-11 Jun 2018 45% 40% 15% 5% 1,654 YouGov Online
5-8 Jun 2018 48% 45% 6% 3% 1,350 BMG Research Online With squeeze responses. [note 1]
46% 43% 10% 3% Without squeeze responses. [note 1]
31 May-4 Jun 2018 48% 47% 5% 1% 2,012 Survation Online
9-16 May 2018 47% 42% 11% 5% 2,006 Deltapoll Online
8-10 May 2018 47% 47% 6% 0% 1,585 Survation Online
1-4 May 2018 49% 44% 7% 5% 1,361 BMG Research Online With squeeze responses. [note 1]
47% 43% 11% 4% Without squeeze responses. [note 1]
25-30 Apr 2018 45% 42% 13% 3% 1,637 YouGov Online
14 Apr 2018 47% 46% 7% 1% 2,060 Survation Online
10-13 Apr 2018 51% 42% 6% 9% 1,432 BMG Research Online With squeeze responses. [note 1]
49% 40% 10% 9% Without squeeze responses. [note 1]
6-8 Apr 2018 45% 44% 11% 1% 2,012 ICM Online
5-6 Apr 2018 44% 41% 15% 3% 1,636 YouGov Online
13-16 Mar 2018 50% 44% 6% 6% 1,815 BMG Research Online With squeeze responses. [note 1]
49% 42% 9% 7% Without squeeze responses. [note 1]
12-15 Mar 2018 45% 44% 12% 1% 1,015 YouGov Online Wales only
7-8 Mar 2018 44% 49% 7% 5% 2,092 ORB Online Not weighted by 2016 vote
2 Mar 2018 43% 46% 12% 3% 1,096 ComRes Online Not weighted by 2016 vote
2 Mar 2018 Theresa May makes Mansion House speech, outlining the UK Government's policy on the future UK-EU relationship.[82]
27-28 Feb 2018 44% 41% 14% 3% 1,646 YouGov Online
14-16 Feb 2018 46% 42% 13% 4% 1,482 Sky Data Online
26-29 Jan 2018 49% 46% 6% 3% 1,059 Survation Online
18-22 Jan 2018 46% 42% 12% 4% 1,633 YouGov Online
16-19 Jan 2018 49% 41% 10% 8% 1,096 Sky Data Online
10-19 Jan 2018 45% 43% 12% 2% 5,075 ICM Online
11 Jan 2018 51% 43% 6% 8% 1,049 ComRes Online Not weighted by 2016 vote
15 Dec 2017 The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations.[83]
8-10 Dec 2017 46% 43% 11% 3% 2,006 ICM Online
5-8 Dec 2017 51% 41% 8% 10% 1,509 BMG Research Online [note 1]
30 Nov-1 Dec 2017 49% 46% 6% 3% 1,003 Survation Online
21-24 Nov 2017 45% 40% 15% 5% 1,016 YouGov Online Wales only
16-17 Nov 2017 43% 43% 14% 0% 1,672 YouGov Online
14-17 Nov 2017 45% 45% 10% 0% 1,509 BMG Research Online [note 1]
18-24 Oct 2017 44% 40% 16% 4% 1,648 YouGov Online
19-20 Oct 2017 46% 45% 9% 1% 1,005 Opinium Online
17-20 Oct 2017 47% 44% 8% 3% 1,506 BMG Research Online [note 1]
4-5 Oct 2017 49% 45% 6% 4% 2,047 Survation Online
23 Sep 2017 46% 47% 6% 1% 1,174 Survation Online
22 Sep 2017 Theresa May makes Florence speech, in an attempt to 'unblock' the Brexit negotiations.[84]
19-22 Sep 2017 45% 44% 12% 1% 2,004 Opinium Online
15-20 Sep 2017 47% 47% 5% 0% 1,614 Survation Online
12-15 Sep 2017 47% 43% 10% 4% 1,447 BMG Research Online
12-15 Sep 2017 45% 45% 10% 0% 2,009 Opinium Online
4-7 Sep 2017 46% 42% 12% 4% 1,011 YouGov Online Wales only
15-18 Aug 2017 47% 44% 9% 3% 2,006 Opinium Online
8-11 Aug 2017 46% 45% 9% 1% 1,512 BMG Research Online [note 1]
23-24 Jul 2017 46% 43% 11% 3% 1,609 YouGov Online
14-15 Jul 2017 47% 48% 5% 1% 1,024 Survation Online
11-14 Jul 2017 46% 45% 9% 1% 1,518 BMG Research Online [note 1]
28-30 Jun 2017 52% 44% 5% 8% 1,017 Survation Telephone
23-30 Jun 2017 46% 42% 13% 4% 1,661 YouGov Online
16-21 Jun 2017 46% 50% 4% 4% 5,481 Panelbase Online
19 Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin.[85]
16-17 Jun 2017 50% 48% 3% 2% 1,005 Survation Telephone Likely voters
10 Jun 2017 48% 46% 6% 2% 1,036 Survation Online
8 Jun 2017 United Kingdom general election, 2017
2-7 Jun 2017 46% 51% 3% 5% 3,018 Panelbase Online
2-5 Jun 2017 47% 44% 9% 3% 1,503 BMG Research Online [note 1]
26 May-1 Jun 2017 47% 49% 4% 2% 1,224 Panelbase Online
29-31 May 2017 42% 45% 13% 3% 1,014 YouGov Online Wales only
25-30 May 2017 35% 38% 27% 3% 1,199 Kantar TNS Online
19-22 May 2017 45% 45% 10% 0% 1,499 BMG Research Online [note 1]
18-21 May 2017 45% 43% 13% 2% 1,025 YouGov Online Wales only
12-15 May 2017 47% 50% 3% 3% 1,026 Panelbase Online
5-9 May 2017 47% 49% 4% 2% 1,027 Panelbase Online
5-7 May 2017 43% 44% 13% 1% 1,018 YouGov Online Wales only
28 Apr-2 May 2017 48% 49% 3% 1% 1,034 Panelbase Online Likely voters
21-24 Apr 2017 45% 45% 10% 0% 1,552 BMG Research Online [note 1]
20-24 Apr 2017 46% 50% 4% 4% 1,026 Panelbase Online Likely voters
19-21 Apr 2017 43% 43% 14% 0% 1,029 YouGov Online Wales only
28-31 Mar 2017 46% 46% 8% 0% 1,576 BMG Research Online [note 1]
23-30 Mar 2017 44% 43% 14% 1% 1,643 YouGov Online
29 Mar 2017 The United Kingdom invokes Article 50.[86]
21-24 Feb 2017 45% 46% 9% 1% 1,543 BMG Research Online [note 1]
19-24 Jan 2017 43% 44% 13% 1% 1,643 YouGov Online
17 Jan 2017 Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech, setting out the UK Government's negotiating priorities.[87]
6-9 Jan 2017 44% 45% 11% 1% 1,520 BMG Research Online [note 1]
14-21 Dec 2016 44% 43% 13% 1% 1,569 YouGov Online
6-9 Dec 2016 43% 46% 11% 3% 1,532 BMG Research Online [note 1]
25-27 Nov 2016 46% 47% 6% 1% 2,035 ComRes Online
22-25 Nov 2016 43% 43% 14% 0% 1,523 BMG Research Online [note 1]
20-25 Oct 2016 44% 43% 13% 1% 1,631 YouGov Online
19-24 Oct 2016 45% 43% 12% 2% 1,546 BMG Research Online [note 1]
10-12 Oct 2016 44% 44% 12% 0% 1,002 Survation Online
2 Oct 2016 Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech, announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017.[88]
16-20 Sep 2016 42% 46% 11% 4% 1,601 YouGov Online
31 Aug-9 Sep 2016 43% 45% 13% 2% 1,711 YouGov Online
20-27 Jul 2016 43% 44% 13% 1% 1,673 YouGov Online
13 Jul 2016 Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.[89]
3-4 Jul 2016 45% 45% 10% 0% 1,820 YouGov Online
29-30 Jun 2016 45% 37% 19% 8% 1,017 BMG Research Online
28-30 Jun 2016 48% 42% 9% 6% 2,006 Opinium Online
23 Jun 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Question does not explicitly ask how respondents would vote in a referendum.

Three-option referendum

The following table shows opinion polls that have been conducted on how people would vote in a three-option referendum. The table shows the poll results for a first round in which all three options would be available, and for a second round in which only the top two options in the first round would be available.

Date(s) conducted Round Remain Deal No Deal None Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type Notes
6-11 Sep 2018 I 58% 10% 9% 23% 48% 1,645 YouGov Online 18-24 age group
II 82% 18% 64%
31 Jul-7 Aug 2018 I 40% 11% 27% 22% 13% 10,121 YouGov Online
II 56% 44% 12%
20-23 Jul 2018 I 48% 13% 27% 11% 21% 1,466 Sky Data Online
II 59% 41% 18%
19-20 Jul 2018 I 41% 9% 31% 19% 10% 1,668 YouGov Online
II 54% 46% 8%
16-17 Jul 2018 I 42% 15% 28% 15% 14% 1,657 YouGov Online
II 55% 45% 10%
8-9 Jul 2018 Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson resign.[90]
6 Jul 2018 The UK Cabinet agrees the Chequers Statement, setting out a proposal on the future UK-EU relationship.[91]
23 Jun 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

On Britain rejoining the EU

Number Cruncher Politics asked people to imagine the UK had now left the EU and how, in that situation, they would answer "Should the UK join the EU, or not?"

Date(s) conducted Join Not Join Undecided Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type
27 Mar-5 Apr 2018 31% 47% 22% 16% 1,037 Number Cruncher Politics Online


Support for a second referendum

There have been opinion polls to gauge support for a second referendum on whether to accept or reject the final Brexit deal.

Date(s) conducted Support Oppose Neither Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type Notes
3-6 Oct 2018 83% 10% 6% 73% 665 YouGov Online SNP members; unweighted
25-26 Sep 2018 34% 50% 16% 16% 1,634 YouGov Online [note 1]
37% 48% 15% 11% [note 2]
21-22 Sep 2018 39% 43% 17% 4% 1,643 YouGov Online
18-19 Sep 2018 40% 43% 17% 3% 2,509 YouGov Online
13-18 Sep 2018 86% 8% 6% 78% 1,054 YouGov Online Labour Party members
6-11 Sep 2018 52% 22% 25% 30% 1,645 YouGov Online 18-24 age group
4-5 Sep 2018 40% 41% 18% 1% 1,628 YouGov Online
30 Aug-5 Sep 2018 56% 33% 10% 23% 620 YouGov Online GMB members
30 Aug-5 Sep 2018 66% 22% 11% 44% 1,081 YouGov Online UNISON members
30 Aug-5 Sep 2018 59% 33% 8% 26% 1,058 YouGov Online Unite the Union members
31 Jul-4 Sep 2018 45% 35% 21% 10% 25,641 YouGov Online
31 Jul-3 Sep 2018 52% 30% 19% 22% 3,051 YouGov Online London only
31 Aug-1 Sep 2018 40% 43% 17% 3% 1,600 YouGov Online
31 Jul-20 Aug 2018 45% 33% 22% 12% 18,772 YouGov Online
31 Jul-19 Aug 2018 44% 36% 21% 8% 939 YouGov Online Wales only
26-31 Jul 2018 43% 41% 17% 2% 4,957 YouGov Online
25-26 Jul 2018 42% 40% 18% 2% 1,631 YouGov Online
24 Jul 2018 The Independent launches its campaign for a second referendum.[92]
16-17 Jul 2018 40% 42% 18% 2% 1,657 YouGov Online
36% 47% 17% 11% Three-option referendum
10-11 Jul 2018 37% 41% 23% 4% 1,732 YouGov Online
8-9 Jul 2018 Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson resign.[93]
5-8 Jul 2018 14% 82% 4% 68% 966 YouGov Online Conservative Party members
6 Jul 2018 The UK Cabinet agrees the Chequers Statement, setting out a proposal on the future UK-EU relationship.[94]
28 Jun-2 Jul 2018 40% 45% 15% 5% 1,031 YouGov Online Wales only
27-30 Jun 2018 57% 34% 9% 23% 902 YouGov Online Unite the Union members
13-14 May 2018 38% 46% 16% 8% 1,634 YouGov Online
12 May 2018 The National Union of Students calls for a referendum on the final deal.[95]
1-4 May 2018 53% 31% 16% 22% 2,005 Opinium
15 Apr 2018 People's Vote campaign launched.[96]
10-12 Apr 2018 52% 31% 17% 21% 2,008 Opinium Online
9-10 Apr 2018 38% 45% 17% 7% 1,639 YouGov Online
6-8 Apr 2018 47% 36% 17% 11% 2,012 ICM Online [note 2]
26-27 Mar 2018 36% 42% 22% 6% 1,659 YouGov Online
12-15 Mar 2018 39% 49% 12% 10% 1,015 YouGov Online Wales only
5-6 Mar 2018 36% 43% 20% 7% 1,641 YouGov Online
2 Mar 2018 Theresa May makes Mansion House speech, outlining the UK Government's policy on the future UK-EU relationship.[97]
10-19 Jan 2018 47% 34% 19% 13% 5,075 ICM Online [note 2]
9-10 Jan 2018 36% 43% 21% 7% 1,714 YouGov Online
15 Dec 2017 The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations.[98]
10-11 Dec 2017 33% 42% 24% 9% 1,680 YouGov Online
30 Nov-1 Dec 2017 50% 34% 16% 16% 1,003 Survation Online
21-24 Nov 2017 44% 43% 13% 1% 1,016 YouGov Online Wales only
23-24 Oct 2017 32% 46% 22% 14% 1,637 YouGov Online
22-24 Sep 2017 34% 46% 21% 12% 1,716 YouGov Online
22 Sep 2017 Theresa May makes Florence speech, in an attempt to 'unblock' the Brexit negotiations.[99]
12-13 Sep 2017 34% 47% 19% 13% 1,660 YouGov Online
4-7 Sep 2017 40% 48% 12% 8% 1,011 YouGov Online Wales only
14-15 Jul 2017 46% 39% 15% 7% 1,024 Survation Online
7-11 Jul 2017 41% 48% 12% 7% 2,005 Opinium [note 2]
28-30 Jun 2017 46% 48% 6% 2% 1,017 Survation Telephone
16-20 Jun 2017 38% 51% 11% 13% 2,005 Opinium [note 2]
19 Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin.[100]
16-17 Jun 2017 48% 43% 9% 5% 1,005 Survation Telephone
16-17 Jun 2017 38% 57% 4% 19% 1,005 Survation Telephone [note 2]
8 Jun 2017 United Kingdom general election, 2017
29-31 May 2017 33% 56% 11% 23% 1,025 YouGov Online Wales only
18-21 May 2017 37% 52% 11% 15% 1,025 YouGov Online Wales only
5-7 May 2017 37% 53% 10% 16% 1,018 YouGov Online Wales only
28 Apr-2 May 2017 36% 53% 11% 17% 2,003 Opinium [note 2]
27-28 Apr 2017 31% 49% 20% 18% 1,612 YouGov Online
20-21 Apr 2017 31% 48% 21% 17% 1,590 YouGov Online
19-21 Apr 2017 35% 53% 12% 18% 1,029 YouGov Online Wales only
29 Mar 2017 The United Kingdom invokes Article 50.[101]
17-21 Mar 2017 38% 52% 10% 14% 2,003 Opinium [note 2]
17 Jan 2017 Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech, setting out the UK Government's negotiating priorities.[102]
13-16 Dec 2016 33% 52% 15% 19% 2,000 Opinium [note 2]
2 Oct 2016 Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech, announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017.[103]
13 Jul 2016 Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.[104]
29-30 Jun 2016 32% 60% 7% 28% 1,017 BMG Research Online [note 3]
23 Jun 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
  1. ↑ Referendum on whether to accept the negotiated terms or leave the EU without a deal.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Referendum on whether to accept the negotiated terms or remain in the EU.
  3. ↑ Question asked about a second EU referendum, not necessarily on the final deal.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Toby Helm (2 April 2016). "EU referendum: poll shows young voters could hold key in June vote". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  2. ↑ John Curtice, senior research fellow at NatCen and professor of politics at Strathclyde University (October 2015). "Britain divided? Who supports and who opposes EU membership" (PDF). Economic and Social Research Council.
  3. ↑ Charlie Cooper (18 May 2016). "EU referendum outcome on a knife edge, according to latest survey". Independent. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  4. ↑ Nick Eardley (18 February 2016). "Is Scotland the most pro-EU part of the UK?". BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Cook, Chris (30 March 2016). "How to read the EU referendum opinion polls". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  6. ↑ Andy Morris (20 May 2016). "Revealed: new evidence reveals greater skews in phone polls". YouGov. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  7. ↑ Jim Pickard; Kiran Stacey; Gavin Jackson (28 April 2015). "Pollsters disagree on who is ahead in UK general election race". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  8. ↑ Peter Kellner (20 May 2016). "EU referendum: "remain" on course for clear victory". The Politics Counter. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  9. ↑ "EU referendum: All still to play for but not neck and neck". ComRes. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  10. ↑ Tom Clark (16 May 2016). "Phone survey finds 10-point lead for remain but web poll puts leave ahead". Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  11. ↑ Matt Singh; James Kanagasooriam (29 March 2016). "Polls apart". Populus. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  12. ↑ Natalie Jackson (24 June 2016). "How Brexit Polls Missed The 'Leave' Victory". The Huffington Post.
  13. 1 2 Freddie Sayers (28 June 2016). "The online polls were RIGHT, and other lessons from the referendum". Yougov.
  14. ↑ "EU Referendum Poll of Polls". What UK Thinks: EU. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  15. ↑ Stephen Fisher; Alan Renwick (23 June 2016). "Final combined EU Referendum forecast". Elections Etc. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  16. ↑ "UK European Union Referendum". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  17. ↑ Matt Singh (22 June 2016). "UK EU referendum". Number Cruncher Politics. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  18. ↑ "Brexit poll tracker". Financial Times. 13 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  19. ↑ John Burn-Murdoch (9 June 2016). "How accurate are the Brexit polls?". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  20. ↑ "EU referendum poll latest tracker and odds". The Telegraph. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  21. ↑ "The Economist's Brexit poll tracker". The Economist. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  22. 1 2 "Northern Irish poll on the EU referendum". ukpollingreport.co.uk. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
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  25. ↑ "Polls, Damn Polls and Statistics". Full Fact. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  26. ↑ "EU referendum campaigns suspended until Sunday after Jo Cox attack". BBC News. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  27. ↑ "Martin Boon on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  28. ↑ ""Remain" has a knife-edge lead as Britain enters the final three weeks of the campaign". Opinium Research. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  29. ↑ Daniel Boffey (5 June 2016). "Poll gives Brexit campaign lead of three percentage points". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  30. ↑ Peter Dominiczak (24 May 2016). "EU referendum poll: pensioners, Tory voters and men are deserting the Brexit campaign". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  31. ↑ "EU referendum: NHS cash row as campaigns get under way". BBC News. 15 April 2016.
  32. ↑ "Government Responds to Public desire for EU Facts". HM Government. 6 April 2016.
  33. ↑ "Government spends almost £10 million of taxpayers' money delivering its pro-EU propaganda leaflet to every home in the country". MailOnline. 6 April 2016.
  34. ↑ "David Cameron announces EU referendum date: As it happened". Independent. 20 February 2016.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "EU Referendum" (PDF). YouGov. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  36. ↑ Oliver Wright (20 February 2016). "EU renegotiation: What David Cameron wanted – and what he really got". Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  37. ↑ "EU Referendum" (PDF). YouGov. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  38. ↑ Elliott, Larry (9 May 2016). "Business support for EU membership has fallen in run-up to vote". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  39. ↑ "BCC EU Survey: Business vote tightens as referendum campaign heads to the finish line". britishchambers.org.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  40. ↑ Inman, Phillip (15 March 2016). "CBI member survey reveals huge support for remaining in EU". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  41. ↑ Chu, Ben (21 March 2016). "EU referendum: CBI warns Brexit could blow £100bn hole in economy and cost 950,000 jobs". The Independent. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  42. ↑ "CBI to make economic case to remain in EU after reaffirming strong member mandate – CBI". news.cbi.org.uk. Confederation of British Industry. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  43. ↑ "Growth Climate Index, Report #1" (PDF). businessgrowthfund.co.uk/. Business Growth Fund. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  44. 1 2 Burn-Callander, Rebecca (29 March 2016). "British business leaders lose resolve to stay in the EU". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  45. 1 2 "Growth Climate Index #3" (PDF). businessgrowthfund.co.uk. March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  46. ↑ "Six in ten EEF members want the UK to remain in the EU". EEF. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
  47. ↑ Macalister, Terry (22 February 2016). "Most business leaders will vote to stay in EU, polls find". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
  48. ↑ Allen, Katie (3 April 2016). "UK finance chiefs delay hiring and investment as Brexit tops risk list". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  49. ↑ "The Deloitte CFO Survey: 2016 Q1". Deloitte.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  50. ↑ Kleinman, Mark (11 April 2016). "Brexit Threat To UK Jobs, ICC Survey Warns". Sky News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  51. ↑ Cordell, Jake (12 April 2016). "EU business leaders: Don't go for Brexit". City AM. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
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  53. ↑ Cordell, Jake (11 May 2016). "EU businesses want a hard line in any post-Brexit negotiations". City AM. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  54. ↑ "Brexit: The View From Europe". King & Wood Mallesons. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  55. 1 2 Cressey, Daniel (30 March 2016). "Scientists say 'no' to UK exit from Europe in Nature poll". Nature. 531 (7596): 559–559. doi:10.1038/531559a. PMID 27029257.
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  62. ↑ "Les Français favorables à une sortie de la Grande-Bretagne de l'UE" (in French). 26 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  63. ↑ Holly Ellyatt (28 January 2013). "Most French People Want 'Les Rosbifs' to Leave EU". CNBC. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  64. ↑ "Most Germans want Britain to stay in EU". The Local. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
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  70. ↑ "Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit 'dream'". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  71. ↑ "Brexit: Cabinet agrees 'collective' stance on future EU deal". BBC News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  72. ↑ "'Hard facts' for both sides in Brexit talks - Theresa May". BBC News. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  73. ↑ "Brexit: EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage". BBC News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  74. ↑ "Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  75. ↑ "Brexit negotiations: Barnier rules out 'concessions'". BBC News. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  76. ↑ "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  77. ↑ "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC News. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  78. ↑ "Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  79. ↑ "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  80. ↑ "Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit 'dream'". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  81. ↑ "Brexit: Cabinet agrees 'collective' stance on future EU deal". BBC News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  82. ↑ "'Hard facts' for both sides in Brexit talks - Theresa May". BBC News. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  83. ↑ "Brexit: EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage". BBC News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  84. ↑ "Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  85. ↑ "Brexit negotiations: Barnier rules out 'concessions'". BBC News. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  86. ↑ "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  87. ↑ "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC News. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  88. ↑ "Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  89. ↑ "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  90. ↑ "Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit 'dream'". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  91. ↑ "Brexit: Cabinet agrees 'collective' stance on future EU deal". BBC News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  92. ↑ "The referendum gave sovereignty to the British people, so now they deserve a final say on the Brexit deal". The Independent. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  93. ↑ "Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit 'dream'". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  94. ↑ "Brexit: Cabinet agrees 'collective' stance on future EU deal". BBC News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  95. ↑ Helm, Toby (12 May 2018). "One million students join calls for vote on Brexit deal". The Observer. Retrieved 10 Sep 2018.
  96. ↑ Quinn, Ben (16 April 2018). "Brexit: MPs from four parties jointly launch push for people's vote campaign". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  97. ↑ "'Hard facts' for both sides in Brexit talks - Theresa May". BBC News. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  98. ↑ "Brexit: EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage". BBC News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  99. ↑ "Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  100. ↑ "Brexit negotiations: Barnier rules out 'concessions'". BBC News. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  101. ↑ "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  102. ↑ "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC News. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  103. ↑ "Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  104. ↑ "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
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