Mahatma Gandhi Setu

Mahatma Gandhi Setu
Aerial view of Mahatma Gandhi Setu
Coordinates	25°37′19.0″N 85°12′25.7″E / 25.621944°N 85.207139°E / 25.621944; 85.207139Coordinates: 25°37′19.0″N 85°12′25.7″E / 25.621944°N 85.207139°E / 25.621944; 85.207139
Carries	National Highway 22 and National Highway 31[1]
Crosses	Ganga
Locale	Patna - Hajipur
Official name	Mahatma Gandhi Setu
Other name(s)	Ganga Setu
Named for	Mahatma Gandhi
Maintained by	National Highways Authority of India
Characteristics
Design	Girder bridge
Material	Concrete and steel
Total length	5.75 km (3.57 mi)
Width	25 m (82 ft)
No. of spans	45
History
Designer	Gammon India
Constructed by	Gammon India Limited
Construction start	1972
Construction end	1982
Opened	May 1982
Statistics
Toll	No (revoked)[2]

Mahatma Gandhi Setu (also called Gandhi Setu or Ganga Setu) is a bridge over the river Ganges connecting Patna in the south to Hajipur in the north of Bihar.^[3] Its length is 5,750 metres (18,860 ft)^[4] and it is the second longest river bridge in India.^[5][6] It was inaugurated in May 1982 by the then Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi, inauguration took place at north end of the bridge located in Hajipur viewed by thousands of people.

Planning and Significance

Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India

The bridge was approved by the Central Government in 1969 and built by Gammon India Limited over a period of ten years, from 1972 to 1982 with total expenditure of Rs 87.22 crore at that time. It was built to connect North Bihar with the rest of Bihar and part of national highway 19 (NH19). Before this bridge was constructed, Rajendra Setu, opened in 1959, was the only link to North Bihar. Since then, the Vikramshila Setu has also been built across the Ganges. Two more rail-cum-road bridges are currently under construction, between Digha and Sonepur^[7] and at Munger.^[8]

The Indian postal department issued a commemorative postage stamp on Landmark Bridges Of India: Mahatma Gandhi Setu of denomination 0500 Paise on 17 August 2007.^[9]

Engineering Details

The bridge consists 45 intermediate spans of 121.065 metres (397.19 ft) each and a span of 65.530 metres (214.99 ft) at each end.^[10] The deck provides for a 7.5 metres (25 ft) wide two-lane roadway for IRC class 70 R loading with footpaths on either side.^[11] The cantilever segmental construction method was adopted to construct this mega bridge. Each span has two cantilever beams on both sides which are free to move at the ends. It has two lanes one upstream and the other downstream each with a width of around 6m. Both the lanes are also free from each other and are not connected anywhere. It was constructed by using 3-meter pre-casted parts being joined at both ends to complete the span. The Spans are connected by using a Protrusion which is free to move longitudinally also along the river flow. In upwards and downwards direction it is such that it allows vibration to transfer smoothly to the next span while vehicular movement without much discreteness.^[12] The building of the bridge cost over $180,000

Traffic Congestion

In recent times, the bridge has been witnessing major traffic chaos and accidents due to exceeding number of vehicles passing over it and regularly overloading the structure. Bihar Government is planning to build two Pontoon bridges in parallel to it, in order to ease traffic.^[13] Over 85,000 vehicles pass through Gandhi Setu along with 12,000 pedestrians daily.

Basic History

• Construction started: Year 1972
• Scheduled opening: June '78.
• Tender cost: Rs 23.50 crore
• 1st Extension of Time (EOT): June '80
• Allocated cost: Rs 46.67 crore
• Reasons for cost increase: This extra cost is the outcome of an "in-built" cost escalation clause in the contract
• Reasons for delay: Heavy storm in April '79 destroyed two gantries and casting beds. Each gantry crane weighs 300 tonnes. Huge shortage of cement and building material and a workers' strike

• Reports: Cement and other building materials stored for this project find their way into Nepal and parts of Bihar

from the northern side of the bridge.

• 2nd Extension of Time (EOT): December '81
• Project progress: 80% ( physical ) up to September '80
• Billed value: Rs 41 crore
• Contractor’s extra claim : Rs 50 crore

Litigation & arbitration: Disagreement between the contractors and the Government overpayments stalled construction activity. Claims and bills got referred to the Law Department. Final completion date: June '82 ( Eastern carriageway ) Completion date: April '87 ( Western carriageway ) Total cost: 87 crores Minister of State for Public Works: Raghunath Jha Chief Minister: Jagannath Mishra

Structural integrity and failure

It is not designed for so much loading. It started major repairs within 5 years of its completion Providing central hinge bearing, poor maintenance, coupled with wear and tear caused by the unprecedented surge in traffic, made the structure vulnerable. Other bridges across the country built with the same design in cantilever technology but with slight variations have also developed cracks.

Investigations into the fissures developed in the segmental box revealed hammering at the hinges when vehicles plied; finger-type expansion joints in an advanced state of distress; wearing coat cracks; spilling of concrete at transverse joints; longitudinal cracks in precast segments; leakage of water inside the box girder from joints between segments and from holes provided for lifting the segments.

Gandhi Setu is now being dismantled. It may have happened that due to such inferior quality of reinforcement coupled with inferior concrete have been causes for such catastrophic failure. Stressed cables are not grouted at all. They are acting like de-bonded tendons. There is minimal stress left. That is why external pre-stressing made later could not make up the stresses losss. Even cables do not conform to the As-Built drawings submitted. All As-Built drawings say how improper the design was. Providing central hinge bearing may not have given so much of adverse effect as the problems cited above. Now it is becoming clear that there were faults in all the departments, be it design or construction or supervision or material deficiency. Needless to say, these are the reasons behind the dilapidated conditions of the bridge now.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahatma Gandhi Setu.

See also

• List of longest bridges in the world
• List of longest bridges above water in India
• List of bridges in India
• Kacchi Dargah-Bidupur Bridge