Women in post-classical warfare

A variety of roles were played by women in post-classical warfare. James Illston says "the field of medieval gender studies is a growing one, and nowhere is this expansion more evident than the recent increase in studies which address the roles of medieval women in times of war....this change in research has been invaluable". He provides a 20-page bibliography of dozens of recent scholarly books and articles, most of them connected to the crusades.[1]

Timeline

Hua Mulan
Lady Xian
Dihya
Gülnar Hatun
Æthelflæd
Empress Xiao Yanyan
Matilda of Tuscany
Florine of Burgundy
Tomoe Gozen
Hōjō Masako
Hangaku Gozen
Hulagu Khan with Doquz Khatun
Rudrama Devi
Joanna of Flanders
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi
Jadwiga of Poland
Joan of Arc
Jeanne Hachette

5th century

  • 4th–6th century: Possible time period that the legendary woman warrior Hua Mulan may have lived.[2]
  • 451: Saint Genevieve is credited with averting Attila from Paris by rallying the people in prayer.[3]

6th century

7th century

8th century

9th century

10th century

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

  • 14th century: Urduja, a Filipino princess, takes part in several battles. Many historians believe that she was mythical, however.[86]
  • 1326: Isabella of France invades England with Roger de Mortimer, and overthrows Edward II of England, replacing him with her son Edward III of England, with her and de Mortimer acting as regents.[87]
  • 1331: Queen Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi leads her army to crush a rebellion in the areas of Sadeng and Keta.
  • 1335: During the Second War of Scottish Independence Christina Bruce commanded the garrison of Kildrummy Castle and successfully held the castle against pro-Baliol forces led by David III Strathbogie.
  • 1335: The Scots defeat a company led by the Count of Namur. Amongst the Count's casualties was a female lancer who had killed her opponent, Richard Shaw, at the same moment that he had killed her. Her gender was only discovered when the bodies were being stripped of their armor at the end of the engagement. "The chronicler Bower seems to have been at least as impressed by the rarity of two mounted soldiers simultaneously transfixing one another with their lances as with the fact that one of them was a woman."[88]
  • 1338: Agnes Randolph successfully defends her castle against a siege by England's earl of Salisbury.[89]
  • 1341: Anna of Trebizond marches to take the throne of Trebizond at the head of an army.
  • 1342–1343: Joanna of Flanders conquers the city of Redon and defends the city of Hennebont during the Breton war.[90]
  • 1354: Ibn Battuta reports seeing female warriors in Southeast Asia.[91]
  • 1351–1363: Han E serves as a soldier in the Chinese army as a man under the name Han Guanbao, and is promoted to lieutenant.[92]
  • 1351–1357: Cia Ordelaffi née Marzia degli Ubaldini an Italian noblewoman from Forlì came in help of Lodovico Ordelaffi during the battle of Dovadola (part of the Guelphs and Ghibellines war). In 1357 she took part in the defense of Cesena during the Forlivesi crusade induced by Pope Innocent VI.[93]
  • 1358: Richardis of Schwerin defends Sönderborg Castle on Als against Valdemar IV of Denmark.[94]
  • 1364–1405: Timur uses female archers to defend baggage trains.[91]
  • 1387: Queen Jadwiga of Poland leads two military campaigns.[95]
  • 1389: Frisian regent Foelke Kampana leads armies to assist her spouse Ocko Kenisna tom Brok, chief of Auricherland: after finding him dead on the battlefield, she returns to Aurich, and upon finding it taken by an enemy during her absence, she retakes it by military force.[96]
  • 1392: Maria, Queen of Sicily, conquers Sicily and defeats the rebelling barons as the leader of an army alongside her consort.

15th century

See also

References

  1. ↑ James Michael Illston, "'An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered," (Thesis, Department of History, University of Canterbury, 2009) p. 1
  2. ↑ Folktales and Fairy Tales: Traditions and Texts from around the World, 2nd edition. edited by Anne E. Duggan Ph.D., Donald Haase Ph.D., Helen J. Callow p.674
  3. ↑ Hayward, John (1857). The Book of Religions: Comprising the Views, Creeds, Sentiments, Or Opinions of all the Principal Sects in the World, Particularly of All Christian Denominations in Europe and America to which are added Church and Missionary Statistics together with Biographical Sketches. Boston: Sanborn, Carter, Bazin and Company. p. 428.
  4. ↑ "South Carlton Lincolnshire, 25 January 2004: Saxon Burials on the Ridge from channel.4.com". Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  5. ↑ Liu, Monica. "Militarist Lady Xian: the guardian of Lingnan people_History_www.newsgd.com". www.newsgd.com.
  6. ↑ People, Personal Expression, and Social Relations in Late Antiquity, Volume 1, Ralph W. Mathisen University of Michigan Press, 2003 - Foreign Language Study. p.234
  7. ↑ Gregory of Tours. "Chapter 15". Historia Francorum. Book X.
  8. ↑
    •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Olden, Thomas (1894). "Mochua". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  9. ↑  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "article name needed". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
  10. ↑ Peterson, Barbara Bennett, editor in chief; He Hong Fei; Wang Jiu; Han Tie; Zhang Guangyu; Associate editors (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. M.E. Sharpe Inc., New York. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7656-0504-7.
  11. ↑ Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of women's history. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-313-28803-6.
  12. ↑ Al-Hassani, Salin TS. "Women's Contribution to Classical Islamic Civilisation: Science, Medicine, and Politics". Muslim Heritage. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  13. ↑ Olsen, p. 31
  14. ↑ Girl Power. ABC News. Archived 15 December 2010 at WebCite
  15. ↑ Role of Muslim woman in society, Afzal-ur-Rahman Seerah Foundation, 1986, p.74
  16. 1 2 Prophet Muhammad And His Companions. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
  17. ↑ For God's Sake By Jane Caro, Antony Loewenstein, Simon Smart, Rachel Woodlock
  18. ↑ Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (Yale University Press, 1992) p.71
  19. ↑ Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1853). Woman's Record: Or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from "The Beginning Till A.D. 1850, Arranged in Four Eras, with Selections from Female Writers of Every Age. Harper Brothers. p. 120.
  20. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa By Ghada Talhami, p.287
  21. ↑ Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
  22. ↑ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  23. ↑ Black, Edwin (2004). Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000 Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict. John Wiley and Sons. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-471-70895-7.
  24. ↑ Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2001). Post-Colonial Memories: The Legend of the Kahina, a North African Heroine (Studies in African Literature). ISBN 978-0-325-00253-8.
  25. ↑ Otté, Elise C. (1874). Scandinavian History. Macmillan & co. p. 28.
  26. ↑ Macculloch, J.A. (2005). The Celtic and Scandinavian Religions. Cosimo, Inc. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-59605-416-5.
  27. ↑ Lindquist, Herman. Historien om Sverige ("History of Sweden"), Book (In Swedish).
  28. ↑ "Viking warrior from Birka grave confirmed as female". Archaeology News from Past Horizons. 8 September 2017. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  29. ↑ Ashley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson Publishing. p. 309.
  30. ↑ Golden, Peter (1980). Khazar Studies: An Historio-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Budapest: Akademia Kiado.
  31. ↑ Merkezi, T.C. MİLLÎ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI MERSİN / GÜLNAR / Halk Eğitim. "T.C. MİLLÎ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI MERSİN / GÜLNAR / Halk Eğitim Merkezi". gulnarhem.meb.k12.tr.
  32. ↑ "Gülnar Belediyesi". www.gulnar.bel.tr.
  33. ↑ Regan, Geoffrey (2000). The Brassey's book of military blunders. Brassey's Inc, Dulles, Virginia. p. 68. ISBN 1-57488-252-X.
  34. ↑ Bury,J.B. (1922). Cambridge Medieval History. Macmillan. Vol. III, p. 58; Blair, John; J. Willoughby Rosse (1856). Blair's Chronological Tables, Revised and Enlarged: Comprehending the Chronology and History of the World from the Earliest Times to the Russian Treaty of Peace, April 1856. H.G. Bohn, York Street, Convent Garden, London. p. 300.
  35. ↑ Hellēnikē Archaiometrikē Hetaireia. Symposium, Giór̄gos Fakoréllis̄, Nikos Zacharias, Kiki Polikreti: Proceedings of the 4th Symposium of the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry: National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 28–31 May 2003, Archaeopress, 2008
  36. ↑ King, William C. (1902). Woman; Her Position, Influence, and Achievement Throughout the Civilized World. Her Biography and History. The King-Richardson co., Springfield, Massachusetts. p. 177.
  37. ↑ Culture and Political History of Kashmir, Volume 1 By P. N. K. Bamzai p.140
  38. ↑ Harrison, D. & Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 978-91-27-35725-9. p. 71
  39. ↑ Jerome Kroll, Bernard S. Bachrach, Medieval Dynastic Decisions: Evolutionary Biology and Historical Explanation, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History,, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Summer, 1990), p. 9
  40. ↑ Peterson, Barbara, ed. (2000). Notable Women of China. M. E. Sharpe. p. 259. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  41. ↑ Van Derven, H. J., ed. (2000). Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. p. 199. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  42. ↑ Bauer, Susan (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. p. 569. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  43. ↑ Wang, Yuan-kang (2013). Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  44. ↑ Keay, John (2010). China: A History. HarperCollins. p. 79. ISBN 9780007372089.
  45. ↑ Thrapp, Dan L. (1991). Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: In Three Volumes. University of Nebraska Press. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-8032-9418-9.
  46. ↑ Bronvermelding: Anton Kos, Adela van Hamaland, in: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. URL: http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Adela%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D van Hamaland [13/01/2014]
  47. ↑ Campbell, James M.; R. E. Enthoven (1904). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume I, Part II, History of the Konkan Dahkan and Southern Maratha Country. Govt. Central Press, Bombay, India. p. 435.
  48. ↑ Krag, Claus. (2009, 13. februar). Bergljot Håkonsdatter. I Norsk biografisk leksikon. Hentet 27. August 2016 fra https://nbl.snl.no/Bergljot_H%C3%A5konsdatter.
  49. ↑ Barlow, Jeffrey G. (2002), "A Nong (c. 1005–1055)", in Commire, Anne, Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia, Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications, ISBN 0-7876-4074-3.
  50. ↑ De Pauw; Linda Grant (2000). Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8061-3288-4.
  51. ↑ Saunders, Corinne J.; Françoise Hazel Marie Le Saux; Neil Thomas (2004). Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare. DS Brewer. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-85991-843-5.
  52. ↑ Williams, Henry Smith (1908). The Historians' History of the World. Hooper & Jackson. p. 611.
  53. ↑ Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Matilda of Canossa" – via Wikisource.
  54. ↑ Edgington, Susan; Sarah Lambert (2002). Gendering the Crusades. Columbia University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-231-12598-7.
  55. ↑ Histoire des l'Académie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles Letres, Paris, 1736, t.IX, p.196.
  56. ↑ Steven Runciman: Geschichte der Kreuzzüge. München 1978 (Sonderausgabe), S. 341
  57. ↑ Stephens, H. Morse (1891). The Story of the Nations: Portugal. New York, G.P Putnam's Sons, London, T. Fisher Unwin. p. 29.
  58. ↑ Jinhua Dai; Jing Wang; Tani E. Barlow (2002). Cinema and Desire: Feminist Marxism and Cultural Politics in the Work of Dai Jinhua. Verso. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-85984-264-5.
  59. ↑ Lloyd, John E. (1935). A History of Carmarthenshire. Pub. Caerdydd. p. 140.
  60. ↑ Marjorie Chibnall, « Matilda (1102–1167) », Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
  61. ↑ Weiss, Sonia; Lorna Biddle Rinear; Contributor Adriana Leshko (2002). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Women's History. Alpha Books. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-02-864201-7.
  62. ↑ Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong & Henry Louis Gates: Dictionary of African Biography, Volym 6
  63. ↑ Eric Chronicles
  64. ↑ Igoe, Brian (2013). The Story of Ireland
  65. ↑ Deal, William E. (2007). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press, US. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-533126-4.
  66. ↑ Jones 1997, pp. 37–38
  67. ↑ Wilkinson, Linda (2007) Women in Thirteenth-Century Lincolnshire, Woodbridge: Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press; chapter 1. ISBN 0861932854
  68. ↑ Shek Ali, Dr. B., ed., The Hoysala Dynasty, Mysore, 1977.
  69. ↑ Derrett, J. D. M., The Hoysalas, London, 1957.
  70. ↑ Friday, Karl F. (2003). Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan: a military study. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-415-32962-0.
  71. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols Almost Conquered the World By Thomas J. Craughwell p.159
  72. ↑ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (13 March 2014). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 545–547. ISBN 9780765643162. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  73. ↑ Lorge, Peter A. (5 December 2011). Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9781139502559.
  74. ↑ The Pearson Guide To The Central Police Forces Examination, 2/E By Thorpe, p.3.8, written 2010
  75. ↑ History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time By Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, khān bahādur.), p.98 Written 1891.
  76. ↑ "A history of the Crusades", Steven Runciman, ISBN 978-0-14-013705-7, p.303
  77. ↑ Ramusack, Barbara N.; Sharon L. Sievers (1999). Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21267-2.
  78. ↑ Houghton Mifflin Company; Justin Kaplan (2003). The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography. p. 487. ISBN 0-618-25210-X.
  79. ↑ Low, Sidney James; Frederick Sanders Pulling (1910). The Dictionary of English History. Cassell and Company Limited, London, New York, Toronto, and Melbourne. p. 421.
  80. ↑ Williamson, Paul (1998). Gothic Sculpture, 1140-1300. Yale University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0300074522.
  81. ↑ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Mercadera, na»
  82. ↑ Bachmann, Dieter (2003). "I.33". Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  83. ↑ djr (20 March 2017). "Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland". www.inghist.nl.
  84. ↑ Woodacre, Elena (5 September 2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-137-33915-7. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  85. ↑ Rossabi, Morris (1989). Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. University of California Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0-520-06740-0.
  86. ↑ Apeles, Teena (2004). Women Warriors: Adventures from History's Greatest Female Fighters. Seal Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-58005-111-8.
  87. ↑ American Heritage Dictionary Editors (2005). The Riverside Dictionary of Biography. Houghton Mifflin Reference Books. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-618-49337-1.
  88. ↑ Brown, Chris (2006). The Second Scottish Wars of Independence. Tempus Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7524-3812-2.
  89. ↑ Lawson, John Parker (1849). Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland and of the Border Raids, Forays, and Conflicts. Edinburgh. p. 1:89
  90. ↑ Butler, Pierce, Women of Medieval France, Chapter IX, Barrie, London 1907.
  91. 1 2 Svinth, Joseph R. "Women's Martial Arts: A Chronological History, 479 BCE-1896 CE". Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences Guelph School of Japanese Sword Arts, July 2003. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  92. ↑ "Han E - the 'Hua Mulan' of Sichuan Province". Colorq.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  93. ↑ "Degli Ubaldini, Cia" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
  94. ↑ "86 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / XIV. Bind. Resen - Saxtrup)". runeberg.org.
  95. ↑ Halecki, Oscar (1991). Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. ISBN 0-88033-206-9.
  96. ↑ "Kampana, Foelke (ca. 1355-1417/1419)".
  97. ↑ djr (20 March 2017). "Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland". www.inghist.nl.
  98. ↑ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  99. ↑ Zollner, Anton (1991). "Die Burgen "Sankt Ladislaus" und "Golubatsch"". Mittelalterliche Burgen auf dem Gebiet des rumänischen Banats (in German).
  100. ↑ "Hans Christian Andersen : Godfather's Picture Book". www.andersen.sdu.dk.
  101. ↑ Pernoud, Regine (1982). Joan of Arc By Herself And Her Witnesses. Scarborough House.
  102. ↑ Berents, p.32
  103. ↑ Quest for the past. Pleasantville: Reader's Digest Association. 1984. p. 298. ISBN 0-89577-170-5.
  104. ↑ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Aldonça, de Bellera»
  105. ↑ Engelbrecht Engelbrechtssons historia, Eric Tundeld, 1784
  106. ↑ Mernissi, Fatima (1997). The Forgotten Queens of Islam. Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. University of Minnesota Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8166-2439-3.
  107. ↑ Wilhelmina Stålberg: Anteqningar om Svenska kvinnor (Notes on Swedish women) (Swedish)
  108. ↑ Svensk uppslagsbok. Malmö 1931.
  109. ↑ "The Secret History of Women". Sunday Mirror. January 2, 2000. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  110. ↑ „Ólöf ríka á Skarði. Sunnudagsblað Tímans, 28. júní 1964."
  111. ↑ The British Monarchy For Dummies By Philip Wilkinson, p.358
  112. ↑ Waters, Clara Erskine Clement (1886). Stories of Art and Artists. Ticknor and company. pp. 86–87.
  113. ↑ The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, eleventh edition, volume XII. Cambridge, England, at the University Press, New York 35 West 32nd street. 1910. p. 793.
  114. ↑ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Caterina, d'Ortafà»
  115. ↑ Davis-Kimball, Jeannine (2002). Warrior Women, An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines. Warner Books Inc. pp. 226–228. ISBN 978-0-446-52546-6.
  116. ↑ djr (20 March 2017). "Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland". www.inghist.nl.
  117. ↑ Suomen kansallisbiografia (National Biography of Finland)
  118. ↑ djr (20 March 2017). "Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland". www.inghist.nl.
  119. ↑ djr (20 March 2017). "Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland". www.inghist.nl.

Further reading

Surveys

  • De Pauw, Linda Grant. Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present (University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), popular history by a leading scholar
  • Fraser, Antonia. The Warrior Queens (Vintage Books, 1990)

Medieval

  • Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton. ISBN 0393078175.
  • Blythe, James M. "Women in the Military: Scholastic Arguments and Medieval Images of Female Warriors," History of Political Thought (2001), v.22 pp. 242–69.
  • Edgington, Susan B. and Sarah Lambert, eds. Gendering the Crusades (2002), 13 scholarly articles
  • Hacker, Barton C. "Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe: A Reconnaissance," Signs (1981), v6 pp. 643–71.
  • Hay, David. "Canon Laws Regarding Female Military Commanders up to the Time of Gratian: Some Texts and their Historical Contexts", in A Great Effusion of Blood'? Interpreting Medieval Violence, eds. Mark D. Meyerson, et al. (University of Toronto Press, 2004), pp. 287–313.
  • Hay, David. The Military Leadership of Matilda of Canossa, 1046-1115 (Manchester University Press, 2008).
  • Hingley, Richard, and Unwin, Christina. Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen (2006).
  • Illston, James Michael. 'An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered (MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2009) full text online, with detailed review of the literature
  • Lourie, E. "Black women warriors in the Muslim army besieging Valencia and the Cid's victory: A problem of interpretation," Traditio, 55 (2000), 181–209
  • McLaughlin, Megan. "The Woman Warrior: Gender, Warfare and Society in Medieval Europe," Women's Studies 17 (1990), pp. 193–209.
  • Maier, C.T. "The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey" Journal of medieval history (2004). 30#1 pp 61–82
  • Nicholson, Helen. "Women on the Third Crusade," Journal of Medieval History 23 (1997), pp. 335–49.
  • Solterer, Helen. "Figures of Female Militancy in Medieval France," Signs 16 (1991), pp. 522–49.
  • Tuotuo. Liaoshi [History of Liao]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974 (or Tuotuo, Liaoshi (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974))
  • Verbruggen, J.F. "Women in Medieval Armies," Journal of Medieval Military History 4 (2006), pp. 119–36.

China

  • Keay, John (2010). China: A History. HarperCollins UK. ISBN 0007372086.
  • McMahon, Keith (2013). Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442222905.
  • Peterson, Barbara Bennett, ed. (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765619296.
  • Toqto'a; et al. (1344). Liao Shi (宋史) [History of Liao] (in Chinese).
  • Van Derven, H. J., ed. (2000). Warfare in Chinese History. Volume 47 of Sinica Leidensia / Sinica Leidensia (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9004117741.
  • Wang, Yuan-Kang (2013). Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231522401.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.