Japanese general election, 2017

Japanese general election, 2017
	22 October 2017
	22 October 2017
All 465 seats to the House of Representatives of Japan; 233 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	53.68% (1.02%)
	Single-member district and PR block seats won by respective parties
Prime Minister before election; Shinzō Abe; Liberal Democratic	Elected Prime Minister ; Shinzō Abe; Liberal Democratic

The 48th general election of members of the House of Representatives (Japanese: 第48回衆議院議員総選挙, Hepburn: dai-yonjūhachikai Shūgiin giin sōsenkyo) took place on 22 October 2017. Voting took place in all Representatives constituencies of Japan – 289 single-member districts and eleven proportional blocks – in order to appoint all 465 members (down from 475) of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the then 707-member bicameral National Diet of Japan. Incumbent Prime Minister Shinzō Abe's governing coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and Komeito retained their seats in light of what was perceived as weak opposition, winning his fourth term in office and holding on to the two-thirds supermajority in order to revise the war-renouncing Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution.^[1]

The snap election was called in the midst of the North Korea missile threat and with the largest opposition party, the Democratic Party, in disarray. Just hours before Abe's announcement of the snap election on 25 September, Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike launched a new conservative reformist party Kibō no Tō, the Party of Hope, which was seen as a viable alternative to the ruling coalition. It soon led to the dissolution of the Democratic Party and its party members defecting to the Kibō no Tō. However, the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, whose members Koike refused to nominate, formed the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) led by Yukio Edano, splitting the opposition in half.^[2] The election turned into a three-way contest as the CDP joined with the Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party on a common platform opposing the constitutional revision. While Kibō no Tō fell short of expectation, the CDP surged in the polls in the last days before the election and beat Kibō no Tō to emerge as first among the opposition parties.^[3]

Despite being disrupted by Typhoon Lan, the election saw a slight increase in turnout rate of 53.68 percent but still was the second lowest in postwar Japan. The lowest ever turnout was recorded in 2014.^[4] It was also the first election after the voting age was lowered from 20 to 18.^[5] Abe also became the first Prime Minister to win three consecutive general elections since 1953 and the first LDP leader to do that. He is also set to be the longest serving Prime Minister if he finishes his full term of four years.^[6]

Background

The House of Representatives has a fixed term of four years. Under the postwar constitution drafted in 1947, the interpretation of Article 7 states that the cabinet may instruct the Emperor to dissolve the House of Representatives before the end of term at will. Elections must be held within 40 days after dissolution.^[7] In June 2015, the Public Office Election Law was amended to lower the voting age from 20 to 18 years of age.^[5]

As of June 2015, the largest opposition party Democratic Party of Japan was reportedly preparing a roster of up to 250 candidates so as to be prepared in the event that the next general election was to be held alongside the House of Councillors election in the summer of 2016, before it merged with the Japan Innovation Party to form the Democratic Party in March 2016.^[8] The Democratic Party suffered a considerable defeat at the hands of the ruling coalition in the election, in which the Abe government took almost two-thirds of the seats.

In January 2017, Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike established a new local party, Tomin First, to challenge the establishment Liberal Democratic Party in the Tokyo metropolitan election to be held in July. Tomin First won a resounding victory in the election, which came in the wake of the Moritomo Gakuen and Kake Gakuen scandals calling into question the propriety of the Abe government's decision making.^[9]^[10] After the election, Defense Minister Tomomi Inada resigned in connection with another scandal involving the Japan Self-Defense Forces concealing evidence of a battle in South Sudan.^[10] Meanwhile, the main national opposition Democratic Party was severely hurt by the resignation of its leader Renho in July, as well as several high-profile defections.^[11]

The government of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe began publicly discussing the possibility of an election in mid-September 2017, as the North Korea crisis was ongoing. Continuing the momentum of her Tokyo election victory, Koike announced the formation of a new national political party, Kibō no Tō (Party of Hope), on 25 September. Abe called the general election just hours later on the same day.^[11] Soon after the Party of Hope was established, Democratic Party leader Seiji Maehara sought to merge with Kibō no Tō. Maehara's decision was strongly criticised by the liberal wing of the party, whose candidacies were rejected by Koike. The liberal wing surrounding the deputy president Yukio Edano announced the formation of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan on 2 October 2017.^[12] Opposition politicians claim Abe called the election partly to evade further questioning in parliament over his alleged misuse of power in securing approval for a veterinary college campus in Imabari.^[13]

One wedge issue between the two major coalitions is the scheduled consumption tax hike in October 2019. The LDP coalition advocates keeping the tax hike and using the funds for child care and education, while the Kibo coalition advocates freezing the tax hike.^[14] Nonetheless, Koike stated on 8 October that she was open to the option of a grand coalition with the LDP.^[15]

The LDP fielded 332 candidates, while Komeito fielded 53, Kibō no Tō fielded 235, and Nippon Ishin fielded 52. The Constitutional Democratic Party, Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party joined forces to support a total number of 342 candidates on the common platform of opposing the revision the pacifist Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan and the new national security legislation.^[16]^[17]

Several U.S.-Japan policy experts, including James Zumwalt and Michael Green, opined in October that the election was unlikely to have a major impact on policy as the LDP was expected to retain control; however, there was anxiety about the prospect of a leadership vacuum if Abe was eventually forced to resign as head of the LDP.^[18]

Contesting parties and candidates

Numbers of candidates by party^[16]
Party		Before election	Const.	PR	Total
	LDP	290	277	313	332
	Kibo	57	198	234	235
	Komei	34	9	44	53
	JCP	21	206	65	243
	CDP	15	63	77	78
	Ishin	14	47	52	52
	SDP	2	19	21	21
	Kokoro	0	0	2	2
	Others	0	44	47	91
	Ind.	39	73	–	73
Total		472	936	855	1,180

Ruling coalition

The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the conservative party led by Prime Minister Shinzō Abe who has been in power since the 2012 House of Representative election. The LDP currently enjoys the two-thirds majority with its coalition partner Komeito which allows the government to push forward the revision of the war-renouncing Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution.
Komeito, a nominally Buddhist party led by Natsuo Yamaguchi, is the junior coalition partner of the incumbent government. Holding 35 seats in the House of Representatives, the party is considered as social conservative and closely associated with the Soka Gakkai religious movement.

Koike's coalition

Kibō no Tō, also known as the Party of Hope, is the brand new conservative reformist party launched by Yuriko Koike, former LDP minister and incumbent Governor of Tokyo, on 25 September 2017 ahead of the general election. The new party attracted former members of the LDP as well as the conservative wing of the Democratic Party, the largest opposition party at the time, led by Seiji Maehara to join with the aims of overthrowing the Abe government.^[19] Three members of the Ichirō Ozawa's Liberal Party also decided run under Koike's banner. Despite being tipped as the first Japan's woman Prime Minister, Koike has expressed no intention to run in the general election and stated that her party would not name a prime ministerial candidate during the election.^[20] The party has promised to freeze the planned consumption tax increase and promote debate on the constitutional revision.^[21]
Nippon Ishin no Kai, previously known as Initiatives from Osaka, is a Kansai-based party led by Governor of Osaka Ichirō Matsui. It split from the Japan Innovation Party in 2015. Having similar policies with Kibō no Tō, the party has agreed to cooperate with Koike in the coming election.^[22]

Pacifist coalition

The Japanese Communist Party (JCP), the left-wing party led by Kazuo Shii, saw its recent resurgence in the 2014 House of Representative election due to its firm pacifist stance against the revision of Article 9 of the Constitution. The party currently is the second largest opposition party, holding 21 seats in the House of Representatives. The party forms an alliance with two other left-leaning parties, the Constitutional Democrats and the Social Democrats, and plans to field 243 candidates.
The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), a brand new centre-left social liberal party formed by Yukio Edano on 2 October 2017 by the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, the then largest opposition party, after Kibō no Tō refused to nominate the liberal candidates of the Democratic Party when the party leader Seiji Maehara decided to join Kibō no Tō with the party.^[23] The party calls for Japan to phase out nuclear power, opposes the constitutional revision and the new national security legislation with two other left-leaning opposition parties. The party plans to field 78 candidates in the coming election.
The Social Democratic Party (SDP) is the centre-left social democratic party led by Tadatomo Yoshida, which currently holds 2 seats in the House of Representatives. It opposes the revision of the pacifist Article 9 of the Constitution, and forms an alliance with two other left-leaning to stop the constitutional revisionists from winning a two-thirds majority.^[24]

Other parties

The Party for Japanese Kokoro (PJK), formerly called the Party for Future Generations, currently holds no seat in the House of Representatives after its two members left to rejoin the Liberal Democratic Party in 2015. It is led by Masashi Nakano after its former leader Kyoko Nakayama left to join Kibō no Tō in late September and provides confidence and supply to the Abe cabinet. The party was formed by the right-wing nationalist wing led by Shintarō Ishihara who split from the Japan Restoration Party in 2014.

Gender representation

Fewer than 20% of the 1,180 candidates that ran in the election were women. 9% of current elected figures are women, Japan ranks 165th out of 193 countries on this aspect.^[25]

Opinion polling

Voting intention (PR blocks)

Date	Polling Firm/Source	LDP	DP	Komei	JCP	PJK	SDP	LP	Ishin	Kibō	CDP	Oth.	Und.	No Answer	Lead
Date	Polling Firm/Source											Oth.	Und.	No Answer	Lead
17–19 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	33		8	6				5	13	17	2	16		16
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	34		7	5	1	1		4	11	13	1	23		21
14–15 Oct	FNN & Sankei Shimbun	32.9		8.5	5.4	0.9	1.0		4.8	15.0	14.6	4.8	12.1		17.9
6–9 Oct	Jiji Press	30.7		5.9	4.5		1.2		3.1	11.8	4.4		33.2		18.9
7–8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	32		5	4	0	1		3	13	7	1	27	6	19
3–4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	35		7	6	0	1	1	4	12	7	0	27		23
2 Oct	Liberal wing of the Democratic Party splits to form the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan
30 Sep–1 Oct	Kyodo News	24.1		4.9	4.9	0.4	0.1	0.3	2.4	14.8		0	42.8		9.3
30 Sep–1 Oct	ANN	29		6	6		1	1	2	14		0	39		15
29 Sep–1 Oct	Seijiyama	22.7		3.4	6.3	(Oth.)	2.1	(Oth.)	3.2	11.3		0.9	32.4	3.6	11.4
28–29 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	34		6	5	0	1	1	2	19		0	25	7	15
28 Sep	The Democratic Party dissolves and announces its candidacies under Kibō no Tō banner
26–27 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	32	8	6	5	0	2	1	3	13		1	29		19
26–27 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun	29	8	5	5	0	0	1	3	18		16			11
25 Sep	Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announces his intention to seek a general election to be held on 22 October 2017
25 Sep	Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike launches the party Kibō no Tō
23–24 Sep	Kyodo News	27.0	8.0	4.6	3.5	0	0.3	0.1	2.2	6.2			42.2		19
22–24 Sep	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo^{[nb 1]}	44	8	3	5	0	1	1	3	8		5	20		24

Voting intention (districts)

Date	Polling Firm/Source	LDP	DP	Komei	JCP	PJK	SDP	LP	Ishin	Kibō	CDP	Oth.	Ind.	Und. + No Answer	Lead
Date	Polling Firm/Source											Oth.	Ind.	Und. + No Answer	Lead
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	33		3	4		1		2	9	7	0	2	39	24
3–4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	31		4	4	0	0	1	2	10	4	0	0	44	21
26–27 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	31	9	3	4	0	1	0	2	6		1	1	42	22
23–24 Sep	Kyodo News	28.1	6.4	3.8	-	-	-	-	-	6.6		-	-	-	21.5

Party approval

Date	Polling Firm/Source	LDP	DP	Komei	JCP	PJK	SDP	LP	Ishin	Kibō	CDP	Oth.	No party	Und. + No Answer	Lead
Date	Polling Firm/Source											Oth.	No party	Und. + No Answer	Lead
17–19 Oct	The Nikkei	41								11	13		11		28
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	32	1	4	3	0	1	0	2	6	7	1	27	16	5
14–15 Oct	FNN	34.5	0.7	5.4	3.6	0.2	0.5	0.0	3.3	9.5	11.6	1.5	27.9	1.3	6.6
14–15 Oct	JNN	32.8	1.2	3.8	3.2	0.1	0.5	0.1	1.8	5.2	7.3	0.8	38.1	5.3	5.3
13–15 Oct	NHK	32.8	1.0	4.3	3.4	0.1	0.6	0.2	1.7	5.4	6.6		34.0		1.2
10–11 Oct	The Nikkei	39		5	5	0	1		3	13	11		11		28
7–9 Oct	NHK	31.2	1.6	3.8	2.7	0.0	0.5	0.0	1.3	4.8	4.4	0.4	39.1	10.0	7.9
6–9 Oct	Jiji Press	23.9	1.6	3.6	2.5	0.1	0.2	0.0	1.4	2.6	2.7		57.2		33.3
7–8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	33	1	3	3		0	0	1	8	4	0	38	8	5
3–4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	30	2	5	2	0	0	0	1	5	3	1	30	21	Tied
30 Sep – 1 Oct	ANN	39.6	7.1	4.6	5.8		1.9	0.6	2.8	9.6		0.0	28.0		11.6
29 Sep – 1 Oct	NHK	30.8	3.9	3.8	3.3		0.6	0.3	1.0	5.4			40.4		9.6
28–29 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	32	4	4	3		0	0	1	9		0	40	7	8
26–27 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	31	6	4	3	0	1	0	1	3		1	32	18	1
26–27 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun	28	5	4	4	0	0	1	2	13		1	39		11
22–24 Sep	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	44	7	3	5	0	1	0	2			0	32	6	12
16–17 Sep	ANN	46.2	11.3	3.5	5.7	0.0	0.8	0.3	1.8			1.4	29.0		17.2
8–11 Sep	Jiji Press	23.7	4.3	4.9	1.3	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.0				62.9		39.2
8–10 Sep	NHK	37.7	6.7	3.1	2.6	0.0	0.5	0.3	1.1			0.2	40.8	7.1	3.1
8–10 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	40	5	3	3		0	0	1			0	45	2	5
25-27 Aug	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	41	7	3	4	0	1	0	2			1	36	5	5
19-20 Aug	FNN	33.0	6.9	3.1	3.9	0.2	0.8	1.0	2.9			3.2	44.6	0.4	11.6
5-6 Aug	Asahi Shimbun	33	6	3	3	0	0	0	1			1	46	7	13
5-6 Aug	ANN	38.1	10.8	3.9	5.6	0.1	1.5	0.8	1.4			0.7	37.1		1.0
4-6 Aug	NHK	34.8	5.7	3.7	2.8	0.2	0.9	0.3	0.5			0.5	45.7	4.8	10.9
3-6 Aug	Jiji Press	25.7	3.2	2.5	2.3	0.0	0.8	0.2	0.8				62.2		36.5
3-4 Aug	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	37	8	5	5	0	1	0	2			0	36	6	1
3-4 Aug	Yomiuri Shimbun	36	6	3	3		1	0	1			0	45	4	9
3-4 Aug	Mainichi Shimbun	26	7	5	5	0	1	0	3			1	47		21
3-4 Aug	Kyodo News	39.0	7.3	5.9	5.1	0.2	0.4	0.3	2.6				37.9		1.1
22-23 Jul	Mainichi Shimbun	25	5	3	5	0	1	1	2			2	53		28
22-23 Jul	FNN	29.1	7.0	5.3	4.6	0.2	1.3	0.8	3.2			2.0	45.7	0.8	16.6
7-10 Jul	Jiji Press	21.1	3.8	3.2	2.1	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.1				65.3		44.2
8-9 Jul	Asahi Shimbun	30	5	4	4	0	1	0	1			1	47	7	17
7-9 Jul	NTV	35.6	9.2	3.7	5.6	0.0	1.5	0.4	1.1			0.1	38.1	4.6	2.5
7-9 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	31	6	4	4	0	0	0	1			2	47	4	16
7-9 Jul	NHK	30.7	5.8	4.1	3.3	0.2	0.3	0.5	1.2			0.3	47.0	5.8	16.3
17-18 Jun	Mainichi Shimbun	27	8	3	4	0	1	1	2			1	47		20
17-18 Jun	FNN	36.0	8.3	4.1	5.6	0.2	0.8	1.3	3.5			1.7	38.1	0.4	2.1
17-18 Jun	Yomiuri Shimbun	41	7	3	3	0	1	0	1			0	40	4	1
17-18 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	34	8	4	4	0	1	0	1			0	41	7	7
16-18 Jun	NTV	38.5	11.0	5.1	4.1	0.0	1.4	0.1	1.1			0.3	33.4	5.0	5.1
9-11 Jun	NHK	36.4	7.9	4.2	2.7	0.0	0.9	0.4	1.2			0.3	40.8	5.1	4.4
13-14 May	FNN	41.6	8.0	2.9	4.3	0.6	0.8	0.8	2.9			2.1	35.6	0.4	6.0
12-14 May	Yomiuri Shimbun	43	6	2	2		0	0	1			1	39	5	4
12-14 May	NHK	37.5	7.3	3.8	2.7	0.1	1.0	0.3	1.0			0.1	38.4	7.5	0.9
14-16 Apr	Yomiuri Shimbun	44	6	3	3		0	0	2			0	38	4	6
7-9 Apr	NHK	38.1	6.7	3.8	3.2	0.1	0.6	0.5	1.1			0.2	38.7	7.0	0.6
18-19 Mar	Yomiuri Shimbun	40	7	2	3		1	0	2			0	43	2	3
10-12 Mar	NHK	36.9	7.6	4.1	2.8	0.0	1.1	0.1	1.6			0.4	38.9	6.6	2.0
17-19 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	43	6	4	3	0	0	0	1			0	40	2	3
11-12 Feb	NHK	38.2	6.4	2.8	4.4		0.7	0.4				0.3	40.1	5.2	1.9
27-29 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	40	7	3	4	0	0	0	1			0	42	2	2
7-9 Jan	NHK	38.3	8.7	3.5	3.2		0.9	0.0				0.3	38.3	5.3	Tied
2017
8-10 Oct	NHK	37.1	9.9	3.9	3.9	0.0	1.1	0.1	1.1			0.2	37.8	4.9	0.7
7-9 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	40	7	3	3	0	1	0	2			1	39	4	1
9-11 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	46.0	8.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	3.0			1.0	31.0	2.0	15.0
9-11 Sep	NHK	40.2	8.3	4.3	2.5	0.2	0.4	0.0	1.9			0.2	36.0	6.1	4.2
4-6 Mar	Yomiuri Shimbun	37.0	8.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0			0.0	43.0	2.0	6.0
12-14 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	42.0	7.0	3.0	3.0		0.0		1.0			0.0	40.0	3.0	2.0
5-7 Feb	NHK	37.6	9.6	3.6	3.9	0.2	0.2	0.0	1.6			0.1	35.1	7.4	2.5
30-31 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	40.0	7.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0			0.0	39.0	3.0	1.0
9-11 Jan	NHK	37.5	8.1	4.3	4.2	0.0	0.6	0.3	1.9			0.2	33.1	9.4	4.4
8-10 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	40.0	8.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0			0.0	37.0	4.0	3.0
2016
17-18 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	37.0	9.0	5.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	2.0			0.0	39.0	0.0	2.0
11-13 Dec	NHK	37.5	8.5	4.7	5.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	1.8			0.2	34.3	7.0	3.2
4-6 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	36.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	4.0			0.0	43.0	2.0	7.0
6-8 Nov	Yomiuri Shimbun	40.0	7.0	3.0	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0			0.0	39.0	2.0	1.0
6-8 Nov	NHK	37.1	8.4	3.4	4.1	0.0	0.5	0.3	1.1			0.1	36.3	8.2	0.8
10-12 Oct	NHK	35.6	8.6	3.3	4.2	0.2	0.9	0.3				0.1	35.7	10.3	0.1
7-8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	39.0	10.0	3.0	3.0		1.0	0.0				0.0	39.0	1.0	Tied
19-20 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	33.0	11.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	1.0				0.0	42.0	3.0	9.0
11–13 Sep	NHK	34.7	9.8	3.7	4.0	0.1	0.6	0.2				0.6	36.2	9.0	1.5
15-16 Aug	Yomiuri Shimbun	37.0	10.0	3.0	4.0		1.0	0.0				0.0	39.0	3.0	2.0
7–9 Aug	NHK	34.3	10.9	3.0	4.2	0.2	0.7	0.0				0.1	34.5	9.6	0.2
24-26 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	36.0	8.0	3.0	5.0		0.0	0.0				0.0	41.0	3.0	5.0
18–19 Jul	Asahi Shimbun	31.0	9.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	41.0	7.0	10.0
11–12 Jul	Asahi Shimbun	32.0	8.0	4.0	4.0	1.0	0.0	0.0				0.0	38.0	10.0	6.0
10–12 Jul	NHK	34.7	7.7	4.2	3.3	0.1	0.7	0.4				0.1	36.8	9.5	2.1
3-5 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	35.0	9.0	4.0	3.0	0.0	1.0					0.0	44.0	1.0	9.0
20–21 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	36.0	7.0	3.0	3.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	41.0	7.0	5.0
5-7 Jun	Yomiuri Shimbun	38.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0				0.0	42.0	2.0	4.0
5–7 Jun	NHK	35.8	9.4	3.6	4.4	0.0	0.9	0.0				0.2	33.9	9.3	1.9
16–17 May	Asahi Shimbun	39.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0				1.0	33.0	10.0	6.0
8-10 May	Yomiuri Shimbun	43.0	10.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	35.0	2.0	8.0
8–10 May	NHK	37.5	7.8	5.3	3.5	0.0	0.8	0.2				0.0	34.7	8.4	2.8
18–19 Apr	Asahi Shimbun	36.0	7.0	4.0	5.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	34.0	10.0	2.0
10–12 Apr	NHK	37.8	9.2	4.1	4.8	0.2	0.9	0.1				0.3	29.2	9.9	8.6
3-5 Apr	Yomiuri Shimbun	41.0	7.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	40.0	1.0	1.0
14–15 Mar	Asahi Shimbun	38.0	8.0	3.0	3.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	37.0	8.0	1.0
6–8 Mar	NHK	36.7	10.9	3.8	4.6	0.0	1.6	0.3				0.3	31.8	8.1	4.9
28 Jan-28 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	43.0	9.0	4.0	4.0	1.0	1.0	1.0				0.0	30.0	1.0	13.0
14–15 Feb	Asahi Shimbun	40.0	7.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	35.0	7.0	5.0
6–8 Feb	NHK	41.2	10.3	4.9	4.2	0.1	0.7	0.0				0.1	29.7	6.5	11.5
6-7 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	42.0	11.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	35.0	1.0	8.0
17–18 Jan	Asahi Shimbun	33.0	9.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	38.0	7.0	5.0
10–12 Jan	NHK	39.4	9.2	4.0	3.7	0.4	0.8	0.1				0.2	31.9	7.7	7.5
9-11 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	41.0	8.0	3.0	5.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	38.0	1.0	3.0
2015
24-25 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	36.0	11.0	5.0	6.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	32.0	3.0	4.0
15–16 Dec	Asahi Shimbun	35.0	7.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	33.0	12.0	2.0
14 Dec 2014	General Election	33.1	18.3	13.7	11.4	2.7	2.5	1.9	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7	N/A	N/A	14.9

Preferred prime minister

Date	Polling Firm/Source	Abe	Koike	Oth.	Und. + No Answer	Lead
Date	Polling Firm/Source			Oth.	Und. + No Answer	Lead
14–15 Oct	FNN & Sankei Shimbun	54.0	26.5	19.5		27.5
30 Sep – 1 Oct	Kyodo News	45.9	33.0		21.1	12.9

Preferred outcome

Date	Polling Firm/Source	Government gains seats	LDP re-election	Balanced	Opposition gains seats	Change in government	Und. + No Answer
Date	Polling Firm/Source
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun		37			36	27
14–15 Oct	FNN & Sankei Shimbun		50.5			40.6	8.9
14–15 Oct	JNN	35			47		18
13–15 Oct	NHK	22			33		39
7–9 Oct	NHK	21			32		41
7–8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun		44			42^{[nb 2]}	14
3–4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun		43			33	24
30 Sep – 1 Oct	ANN		44			38	18
30 Sep – 1 Oct	Kyodo News		27.4	48.6		16.9
29 Sep – 1 Oct	NHK	20			33		42
26–27 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun	34			49

Cabinet approval / disapproval ratings

Date	Polling Firm/Source	PM	Approval	Disapproval	Und. + No Answer
Date	Polling Firm/Source	PM
17–19 Oct	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	46	44	22
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	38	40	22
15–16 Oct	go2senkyo.com	Shinzō Abe	50	50	0
14–15 Oct	FNN	Shinzō Abe	42.5	46.3	11.2
14–15 Oct	JNN	Shinzō Abe	48.7	49.2	2.0
13–15 Oct	NHK	Shinzō Abe	39	42
10–11 Oct	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	37	48
10–11 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	43	41
7–9 Oct	NHK	Shinzō Abe	37	43
6–9 Oct	Jiji Press	Shinzō Abe	37.1	41.8
8 Oct	go2senkyo.com	Shinzō Abe	45	54	1
7-8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	41	46	13
3-4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	40	38	22
1 Oct	go2senkyo.com	Shinzō Abe	47	52	1
30 Sep - 1 Oct	ANN	Shinzō Abe	36.9	46.3	16.8
30 Sep - 1 Oct	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	40.6	46.2
29 Sep - 1 Oct	Seijiyama	Shinzō Abe	35.7	47.7	16.6
29 Sep - 1 Oct	NHK	Shinzō Abe	37	44
28-29 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	43	46	11
26-27 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	36	39	25
26-27 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	36	42	19
23-24 Sep	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	45.0	41.3
22-24 Sep	Nikkei & TV Tokyo	Shinzō Abe	50	42	8
16-17 Sep	ANN	Shinzō Abe	41.3	39.6	19.1
16-17 Sep	FNN	Shinzō Abe	50.3	40.0
8-11 Sep	Jiji News	Shinzō Abe	41.8	36.7
9-10 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	38	38
8-10 Sep	NHK	Shinzō Abe	44	36
8-10 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	50	39
8-10 Sep	NTV	Shinzō Abe	42.1	41.0	17.0
2-3 Sep	JNN	Shinzō Abe	48.1	50.5	1.5
2-3 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	39	36	22
2-3 Sep	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	44.5	46.1
25-27 Aug	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	Shinzō Abe	46	46
19-20 Aug	FNN	Shinzō Abe	43.8	49.0	7.2
5-6 Aug	ANN	Shinzō Abe	37.6	47.2	15.2
5-6 Aug	JNN	Shinzō Abe	39.7	59.0	1.3
5-6 Aug	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	35	45
4-6 Aug	NHK	Shinzō Abe	39	43
4-6 Aug	NTV	Shinzō Abe	35.6	47.3	17.1
3-6 Aug	Jiji Press	Shinzō Abe	36.6	44.1
3-4 Aug	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	44.4	43.2
3-4 Aug	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	42	48
3-4 Aug	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	Shinzō Abe	42	49
3-4 Aug	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	35	47	17
22-23 Jul	FNN	Shinzō Abe	34.7	56.1	9.2
22-23 Jul	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	Shinzō Abe	39	52
22-23 Jul	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	26	56	17
15-16 Jul	ANN	Shinzō Abe	29.2	54.5	16.3
15-16 Jul	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	35.8	53.1
7-10 Jul	Jiji Press	Shinzō Abe	29.9	48.6
8-9 Jul	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	33	47	20
7-9 Jul	NTV	Shinzō Abe	31.9	49.2	18.9
7-9 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	36	52	11
7-9 Jul	NHK	Shinzō Abe	35	48	17
1-2 Jul	JNN	Shinzō Abe	43.3	55.5	1.3
17-18 Jun	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	36	44	17
17-18 Jun	ANN	Shinzō Abe	37.9	41.6	20.5
17-18 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	41	37	20
17-18 Jun	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	44.9	43.1
17-18 Jun	FNN	Shinzō Abe	47.6	42.9	9.5
17-18 Jun	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	41	10
16-18 Jun	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	49	42
16-18 Jun	NTV	Shinzō Abe	39.8	41.8	18.4
9-11 Jun	NHK	Shinzō Abe	48	36	16
3-4 Jun	JNN	Shinzō Abe	54.4	44.1	1.5
25-28 May	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	56	36
20-21 May	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	46	35	16
20-21 May	ANN	Shinzō Abe	46.4	32.4	21.2
19-21 May	NTV	Shinzō Abe	46.1	36.4	17.6
13-14 May	FNN	Shinzō Abe	56.1	34.7	9.2
12-14 May	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	61	28	11
12-14 May	NHK	Shinzō Abe	51	30	19
29-30 Apr	JNN	Shinzō Abe	63.3	34.8	1.9
27-30 Apr	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	60	32
22-23 Apr	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	51	30	17
22-23 Apr	ANN	Shinzō Abe	50.4	33.0	16.6
15-16 Apr	FNN	Shinzō Abe	59.3	30.4	10.3
14-16 Apr	NTV	Shinzō Abe	50.4	30.8	18.8
14-16 Apr	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	60	29	11
7-9 Apr	NHK	Shinzō Abe	53	27	20
1-2 Apr	JNN	Shinzō Abe	57.0	40.6	2.4
25-26 Mar	ANN	Shinzō Abe	50.5	31.2	18.3
24-26 Mar	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	62	30
18-19 Mar	FNN	Shinzō Abe	57.4	30.9	11.7
18-19 Mar	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	56	33	12
17-19 Mar	NTV	Shinzō Abe	47.6	32.9	19.5
10-12 Mar	NHK	Shinzō Abe	51	31	18
4-5 Mar	JNN	Shinzō Abe	61.0	37.3	1.7
25-26 Feb	ANN	Shinzō Abe	54.5	27.9	17.6
24-26 Feb	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	60	30
18-19 Feb	FNN	Shinzō Abe	58.8	30.1	11.1
17-19 Feb	NTV	Shinzō Abe	54.9	26.0	19.1
17-19 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	66	24	9
11-12 Feb	NHK	Shinzō Abe	58	23	19
4-5 Feb	JNN	Shinzō Abe	65.4	33.4	1.2
28-29 Jan	FNN	Shinzō Abe	60.7	30.7	8.6
28-29 Jan	ANN	Shinzō Abe	55.3	27.5	17.2
27-29 Jan	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	66	26
27-29 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	61	31	8
20-22 Jan	NTV	Shinzō Abe	57.2	28.9	13.9
14-15 Jan	JNN	Shinzō Abe	67.0	31.5	1.7
7-9 Jan	NHK	Shinzō Abe	55	29	16
2017
17-18 Dec	FNN	Shinzō Abe	55.6	30.9	13.5
12-13 Nov	FNN	Shinzō Abe	57.9	31.9	10.2
15-16 Oct	FNN	Shinzō Abe	57.6	35.5	6.9
17-18 Sep	FNN	Shinzō Abe	56.6	33.3	10.1
9-11 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	62	29	9
9-11 Sep	NHK	Shinzō Abe	57	26	17
6-7 Aug	FNN	Shinzō Abe	55.4	33.1	11.5
16-17 Jul	FNN	Shinzō Abe	49.8	39.1	11.1
18-19 Jun	FNN	Shinzō Abe	49.4	38.1	10.6
4-6 Mar	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	40	11
12-14 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	52	36	12
5-7 Feb	NHK	Shinzō Abe	50	34	16
30-31 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	56	34	9
9-11 Jan	NHK	Shinzō Abe	46	35	19
8-10 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	54	36	9
2016
17-18 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	39	12
11-13 Dec	NHK	Shinzō Abe	46	36	18
4-6 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	48	40	12
6-8 Nov	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	51	38	11
6-8 Nov	NHK	Shinzō Abe	47	39	14
10-12 Oct	NHK	Shinzō Abe	43	40	17
7-8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	46	45	8
19-20 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	41	51	8
11–13 Sep	NHK	Shinzō Abe	43	39	18
15-16 Aug	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	45	45	10
7–9 Aug	NHK	Shinzō Abe	37	46	17
24-26 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	43	49	8
18–19 Jul	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	37	46	17
11–12 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	39	42	19
10–12 Jul	NHK	Shinzō Abe	41	43	16
3-5 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	40	10
20–21 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	39	37	24
5-7 Jun	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	53	36	10
5–7 Jun	NHK	Shinzō Abe	48	34	18
16–17 May	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	45	32	23
8-10 May	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	58	32	10
8–10 May	NHK	Shinzō Abe	51	32	17
18–19 Apr	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	44	35	21
10–12 Apr	NHK	Shinzō Abe	51	34	15
3-5 Apr	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	57	35	8
14–15 Mar	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	46	33	21
6–8 Mar	NHK	Shinzō Abe	46	37	17
28 Jan-28 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	56	36	8
14–15 Feb	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	50	31	19
6–8 Feb	NHK	Shinzō Abe	54	29	17
6-7 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	58	34	8
17–18 Jan	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	42	37	21
10–12 Jan	NHK	Shinzō Abe	50	32	18
9-11 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	53	38	9
2015
24-25 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	41	10
15–16 Dec	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	43	34	23
5–7 Dec	NHK	Shinzō Abe	47	38	15
2014

Approval (blue) and Disapproval (red) Ratings for Second and Third Abe Cabinet

Results

← Summary of the 22 October 2017 House of Representatives election results →
Parties			Constituency				PR Block				Total seats

Parties			Votes	%	±pp	Seats	Votes	%	±pp	Seats	Seats	±	%	±pp
		Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)	26,719,032	48.21	0.11	218	18,555,717	33.28	0.17	66	284	6	61.08	0.02
		Komeitō (NKP)	832,453	1.50	0.05	8	6,977,712	12.51	1.20	21	29	5	6.24	0.92
Governing coalition			27,551,485	49.71	0.17	226	25,533,429	45.79	1.03	87	313	11	67.31	0.90
		Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP)	4,852,097	8.75	New	18	11,084,890	19.88	New	37	55	40	11.83	6.66
		Japanese Communist Party (JCP)	4,998,932	9.02	4.28	1	4,404,081	7.90	3.47	11	12	9	2.58	1.84
		Social Democratic Party (SDP)	634,719	1.15	0.36	1	941,324	1.69	0.77	1	2	0	0.43	0.01
Pacifist coalition			10,485,748	18.92	–	20	16,430,295	29.47	–	49	69	31	14.84	6.84
		Kibō no Tō (Party of Hope)	11,437,601	20.64	New	18	9,677,524	17.36	New	32	50	7	10.75	1.25
		Nippon Ishin no Kai (JIP)	1,765,053	3.18	4.98	3	3,387,097	6.07	9.65	8	11	3	2.37	0.58
Koike coalition			13,202,654	23.82	–	21	13,064,621	23.43	–	40	61	10	13.12	1.83
	Happiness Realization Party (HRP)		159,171	0.29	–	0	292,084	0.52	0.03	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
	New Party Daichi		–	–	–	–	226,552	0.41	–	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
	No Party to Support		–	–	–	–	125,019	0.22	0.02	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
	Party for Japanese Kokoro (PJK)		–	–	–	–	85,552	0.15	2.50	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
	Others		52,080	0.03	–	0	–	–	–	–	0	0	0.00	0.00
	Independents		3,970,946	7.16	4.31	22	–	–	–	–	22	17	4.73	3.48
Total			55,422,087	100.00	–	289	55,757,552	100.00	–	176	465	10	100.00	–

Seats, of total, by party

Liberal Democratic (61.08%)

CDP (11.83%)

Kibō no Tō (10.75%)

Komeito (6.24%)

Communist (2.58%)

Nippon Ishin no Kai (2.37%)

Social Democratic (0.43%)

Independent (4.73%)

Total 465 lower house seats

Liberal Democratic			61.08%
Constitutional Democratic			11.83%
Kibō no Tō			10.75%
Komeito			6.24%
Independent			4.73%
Communist			2.58%
Nippon Ishin no Kai			2.37%
Social Democratic			0.43%

FPTP vote in 289 single-member constituencies

LDP (contesting 277)			48.21%
Kibo (contesting 198)			20.64%
JCP (contesting 206)			9.02%
CDP (contesting 63)			8.75%
Ind. (contesting 73)			7.16%
Ishin (contesting 47)			3.18%
Komei (contesting 9)			1.50%
SDP (contesting 19)			1.15%

Proportional vote in 11 multi-member blocks

LDP (contesting 11)			33.28%
CDP (contesting 11)			19.88%
Kibo (contesting 11)			17.36%
Komei (contesting 11)			12.51%
JCP (contesting 11)			7.90%
Ishin (contesting 11)			6.07%
SDP (contesting 11)			1.69%
HRP (contesting 11)			0.52%
NPD (contesting 1)			0.41%
NPS (contesting 1)			0.22%
PJK (contesting 2)			0.15%

Notable defeats

	Name	Constituency	Year elected	Defeated by		Details
Liberal Democratic	Yūji Yamamoto	Kochi-2nd	1990 (in Kochi-3rd)	Hajime Hirota	Independent	Agriculture Minister in the Third Abe Cabinet. He was returned to the Diet through the Shikoku PR block.^[26]
	Koya Nishikawa	Tochigi-2nd (Kita-Kantō PR block)	1996	Akio Fukuda	Independent	Agriculture Minister in the Second Abe Cabinet who was defeated in the district in 2014 but managed to return through the PR block at that time. He didn't enter the block this time round and therefore was not returned to the Diet.^[27]
	Yūko Nakagawa	Hokkaido-11th	2012	Kaori Ishikawa	Constitutional Democratic	MP since 2012 and widow of former Finance Minister, Shōichi Nakagawa.^[28]
	Miki Yamada	Tokyo-1st	2012	Banri Kaieda	Constitutional Democratic	Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Third Abe Cabinet. Yamada famously defeated former DPJ leader Kaieda in the 2014 election.^[29]^[30] Kaieda regained his seat in this election. Yamada was able to retain her Diet seat through the LDP list for the Tokyo PR block.^[31]
	Takao Ochi	Tokyo-6th	2012	Takayuki Ochiai	Constitutional Democratic	Vice Minister of the Cabinet Office in the Second and Third Abe Cabinet. Ochi was able to hold on to his Diet seat through the LDP list for the Tokyo PR block.^[32]
	Masatada Tsuchiya	Tokyo-18th	2012	Naoto Kan	Constitutional Democratic	Former mayor of Musashino. Tsuchiya defeated former PM Kan in the 2014 election. Kan was able to return to the parliament through the Tokyo PR block and was the very last (475th) MP elected that night.^[29]^[30] He regained his seat in the election. Conversely, Tsuchiya wasn't returned to the Diet as he was not in the LDP list for the Tokyo PR block.^[33]
Komeito	Isamu Ueda	Kanagawa-6th	2000 (block) 2003 (district)	Yōichirō Aoyagi	Constitutional Democratic	Deputy Secretary General of the Komeito party and Vice Finance Minister in the Second and Third Koizumi Cabinet^[34]
Kibō	Masaru Wakasa	Tokyo-10th	2014 (block) 2016 (district)	Hayato Suzuki	Liberal Democratic	A founding member of Kibō no Tō and one of the closest allies of Yuriko Koike. He was in the Kibō list for the Tokyo PR block, but was not able to hold on to his Diet seat due to receiving inadequate votes.^[35]^[36]
Kibō	Sumio Mabuchi	Nara-1st	2003	Shigeki Kobayashi	Liberal Democratic	Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in the Kan cabinet and a candidate for the 2012 DPJ leadership election. Mabuchi has the highest ratio of margin of defeat (97.27%) among all defeated candidates in the election.^[37]
Independent (formerly LDP)	Keiichirō Asao	Kanagawa-4th	2009	Yuki Waseda	Constitutional Democratic	Former chairman of the defunct Your Party. He contested as an independent as he wasn't selected by the LDP in the snap election.^[38]
Independent (formerly LDP)	Mayuko Toyota	Saitama-4th	2012	Yasushi Hosaka	Liberal Democratic	Toyota resigned from the LDP due to a high-profile bullying scandal in June 2017.^[39] At the time of the election, she was under investigation for assaulting her former aide. She contested as an independent as she wasn't selected by the LDP in the snap election.^[40]

Post-election

Results of the Prime Minister election^[41]^[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes
Party		Candidate	Rep	Cou
	LDP–Kōmei	Shinzō Abe	312	151
	CDP	Yukio Edano	60	9
	Kibō	Shū Watanabe	51	3
	DP	Kōhei Ōtsuka	16	48
	JCP	Kazuo Shii	12	14
	Ishin	Toranosuke Katayama	11	11
	Former DP	Seiji Maehara	1	0
	Independent	Eiichirō Washio	1	0
	Independent	Kenzō Fujisue	0	2
Invalid/blank vote			1	1
Did not vote			0	3
Total			465	242

Reactions and analysis

The success of the CDP in surpassing the Kibō no Tō in the number of seats and becoming the official opposition party was surprising. It presents a potential challenge for the ruling coalition to pass the constitutional amendment of Article 9, which was one of the main issues of the 2017 general election that was supported by Koike but opposed by the pacifist coalition.^[43] With the super-majority in both the upper and the lower house, the ruling coalition are expected to pass other legislation without much resistance.^[44] In a post-election conference, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe was optimistic about moving forward, stating that the victory was the first time the LDP have "won three consecutive victories" under the same party leader.^[45] The landslide victory achieved by the LDP campaign has been observed as not completely related to the popularity of Shinzo Abe, as the victory was also significantly influenced by the disconnect between the oppositions, notably the failure of Koike and the pacifist coalition to unite over many election issues.^[45]^[46]

Investiture vote

A special Diet session was convened on 1 November to elect the next prime minister.^[47] Abe was re-elected with 312 and 151 votes in the House of Representatives and House of Councillors respectively.^[41]^[42] The new cabinet was formed later on the day.

Notes

↑ This poll is not specific to the PR blocks, but is rather a general voting-intention poll. "At the next elections, what is the party that you would like to vote for, or to which your preferred candidate belongs?".
↑ This response was phrased as "The government loses its majority", which would include both those wishing for a change in government, as well as those wishing for the coalition to negotiate with other parties.

References

↑ "Shinzo Abe gains big victory in Japan election". Financial Times. 22 October 2017.
↑ "How Japanese PM Shinzo Abe won a sweeping electoral triumph". Financial Times. 22 October 2017.
↑ "立憲民主党、野党第1党が確実（衆院選2017)". Huffington Post. 2017-10-22.
↑ "Election turnout likely second-lowest in postwar period, estimate says". The Japan Times. 2017-10-23.
1 2 Umeda, Sayuri. "Japan: Voting Age Lowered from 20 to 18". Library of Congress.
↑ Rich, M. (2017, November 22). Japan Election Vindicates Shinzo Abe as His Party Wins Big. New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/world/asia/japan-election-shinzo-abe.html?_r=0
↑ MIC/e-gov legal database: 公職選挙法, chapter 5 (election dates), article 31 (general elections)
↑ "民主、衆参同日選も想定　年内に候補者170人擁立めざす". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 6 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
↑ Rich, Motoko (2017-07-03). "Tokyo Voters' Rebuke Signals Doubt About Shinzo Abe's Future". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
1 2 Repeta, Lawrence (2017-10-15). "Backstory to Abe's Snap Election – the Secrets of Moritomo, Kake and the "Missing" Japan SDF Activity Logs". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
1 2 Rich, Motoko (2017-09-25). "Shinzo Abe of Japan Calls Early Election, as a Rival Party Forms". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
↑ "Former DP heavyweight Yukio Edano seeks to fill void with new liberal-minded party". Japan Times. 2 October 2017.
↑ "Why the LDP keeps winning elections in Japan: pragmatism". The Economist. 12 October 2017.
↑ "2017 Lower House Election / LDP, Kibo to lock horns over consumption tax rate hike". The Japan News. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
↑ "2017 Lower House Election / Koike leaves open scenario of forming coalition with LDP". The Japan News. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
1 2 "党派別立候補者数". 日本経済新聞.
↑ "VOTE 2017: Campaigning to kick off for 3-way Lower House election：The Asahi Shimbun". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
↑ "Japan's 'Nothing'Election: The View From Washington | Politics | Tokyo Business Today". Tokyo Business Today. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
↑ Yoshida, Reiji (28 September 2017). "Democratic Party effectively disbands, throwing support behind Koike's party for Lower House poll". The Japan Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
↑ "VOTE 2017: Koike refuses to name candidate to replace Abe as prime minister：The Asahi Shimbun". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
↑ "Tokyo Gov. Koike's upstart party Kibo no To vows to halt tax hike, debate war-renouncing Article 9". Japan Times. 6 October 2017.
↑ "Kibo no To and Osaka's Nippon Ishin in cautious collaboration with wide policy overlap". Japan Times. 6 October 2017.
↑ "VOTE 2017: Edano plans to form new party as liberal force in election". Asahi Shimbun. 2 October 2017.
↑ "Japan's opposition races to assemble slates as tumult persists". SGA. 4 October 2017.
↑ Japan Ranks Low in Female Lawmakers. An Election Won’t Change That., by MOTOKO RICHOCT. 21, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2gVN79s New York Times
↑ "高知２区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "栃木２区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "北海道１１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
1 2 Aoki, Mizuho; Yoshida, Reiji. "Kaieda quits as DPJ chief after humiliating ejection from Diet". The Japan Times. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
1 2 "民主・海江田代表、辞任を表明　後継者争い混沌　党分裂の危機". Yūkan Fuji. December 15, 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "東京１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "東京6区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
↑ "東京１８区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "神奈川６区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "東京１０区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ Sim, Walter (October 24, 2017). "Koike fails miserably, even in her stronghold". The Straits Times. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "奈良１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "埼玉４区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
↑ "Female Japanese politician Mayuko Toyota resigns after attacking male aide". The Straits Times. June 23, 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
↑ "埼玉４区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
1 2 第195回国会本会議第1号（平成29年11月1日（水曜日）） (in Japanese)
1 2 第195回国会（2017年11月1日）投票結果ー内閣総理大臣の指名 (in Japanese)
↑ "After win, Abe takes cautious tack on revising Constitution". Asahi Shimbun. October 24, 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
↑ Osborne, Samuel; Yamaguchi, Mari (October 24, 2017). "What does Shinzo Abe's election win mean for Japan?". The Independent. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
1 2 Shimada, Gaku; Kagaya, Kazuki (October 24, 2017). "Overconfidence emerges as Abe's biggest risk after opposition sink". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
↑ "Japan's Abe Has Pulled Off a Landslide— But He's Not as Popular as You Might Think". Bloomberg. October 24, 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
↑ "Diet to convene session Wednesday to re-elect Abe as PM". Japan Times. October 26, 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[26] This poll is not specific to the PR blocks, but is rather a general voting-intention poll. "At the next elections, what is the party that you would like to vote for, or to which your preferred candidate belongs?".

[27] This response was phrased as "The government loses its majority", which would include both those wishing for a change in government, as well as those wishing for the coalition to negotiate with other parties.

[1] "Shinzo Abe gains big victory in Japan election". Financial Times. 22 October 2017.

[2] "How Japanese PM Shinzo Abe won a sweeping electoral triumph". Financial Times. 22 October 2017.

[3] "立憲民主党、野党第1党が確実（衆院選2017)". Huffington Post. 2017-10-22.

[4] "Election turnout likely second-lowest in postwar period, estimate says". The Japan Times. 2017-10-23.

[age-5] 1 2 Umeda, Sayuri. "Japan: Voting Age Lowered from 20 to 18". Library of Congress.

[6] Rich, M. (2017, November 22). Japan Election Vindicates Shinzo Abe as His Party Wins Big. New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/world/asia/japan-election-shinzo-abe.html?_r=0

[7] MIC/e-gov legal database: 公職選挙法, chapter 5 (election dates), article 31 (general elections)

[8] "民主、衆参同日選も想定　年内に候補者170人擁立めざす". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 6 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

[9] Rich, Motoko (2017-07-03). "Tokyo Voters' Rebuke Signals Doubt About Shinzo Abe's Future". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[:1-10] 1 2 Repeta, Lawrence (2017-10-15). "Backstory to Abe's Snap Election – the Secrets of Moritomo, Kake and the "Missing" Japan SDF Activity Logs". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 2017-10-17.

[:0-11] 1 2 Rich, Motoko (2017-09-25). "Shinzo Abe of Japan Calls Early Election, as a Rival Party Forms". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[12] "Former DP heavyweight Yukio Edano seeks to fill void with new liberal-minded party". Japan Times. 2 October 2017.

[“veconomist”-13] "Why the LDP keeps winning elections in Japan: pragmatism". The Economist. 12 October 2017.

[14] "2017 Lower House Election / LDP, Kibo to lock horns over consumption tax rate hike". The Japan News. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[15] "2017 Lower House Election / Koike leaves open scenario of forming coalition with LDP". The Japan News. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[number-16] 1 2 "党派別立候補者数". 日本経済新聞.

[17] "VOTE 2017: Campaigning to kick off for 3-way Lower House election：The Asahi Shimbun". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[18] "Japan's 'Nothing'Election: The View From Washington | Politics | Tokyo Business Today". Tokyo Business Today. Retrieved 2017-10-19.

[19] Yoshida, Reiji (28 September 2017). "Democratic Party effectively disbands, throwing support behind Koike's party for Lower House poll". The Japan Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

[20] "VOTE 2017: Koike refuses to name candidate to replace Abe as prime minister：The Asahi Shimbun". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[21] "Tokyo Gov. Koike's upstart party Kibo no To vows to halt tax hike, debate war-renouncing Article 9". Japan Times. 6 October 2017.

[22] "Kibo no To and Osaka's Nippon Ishin in cautious collaboration with wide policy overlap". Japan Times. 6 October 2017.

[23] "VOTE 2017: Edano plans to form new party as liberal force in election". Asahi Shimbun. 2 October 2017.

[sga-24] "Japan's opposition races to assemble slates as tumult persists". SGA. 4 October 2017.

[25] Japan Ranks Low in Female Lawmakers. An Election Won’t Change That., by MOTOKO RICHOCT. 21, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2gVN79s New York Times

[28] "高知２区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[29] "栃木２区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[30] "北海道１１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[Kaieda_2014-31] 1 2 Aoki, Mizuho; Yoshida, Reiji. "Kaieda quits as DPJ chief after humiliating ejection from Diet". The Japan Times. Retrieved 21 November 2017.

[DPJ_2014-32] 1 2 "民主・海江田代表、辞任を表明　後継者争い混沌　党分裂の危機". Yūkan Fuji. December 15, 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[33] "東京１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[34] "東京6区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 9 November 2017.

[35] "東京１８区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[36] "神奈川６区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[37] "東京１０区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[38] Sim, Walter (October 24, 2017). "Koike fails miserably, even in her stronghold". The Straits Times. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[39] "奈良１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[40] "埼玉４区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[41] "Female Japanese politician Mayuko Toyota resigns after attacking male aide". The Straits Times. June 23, 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.

[42] "埼玉４区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[shugiinvote-43] 1 2 第195回国会本会議第1号（平成29年11月1日（水曜日）） (in Japanese)

[sangiinvote-44] 1 2 第195回国会（2017年11月1日）投票結果ー内閣総理大臣の指名 (in Japanese)

[45] "After win, Abe takes cautious tack on revising Constitution". Asahi Shimbun. October 24, 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[NBR-46] Osborne, Samuel; Yamaguchi, Mari (October 24, 2017). "What does Shinzo Abe's election win mean for Japan?". The Independent. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[NAR-47] 1 2 Shimada, Gaku; Kagaya, Kazuki (October 24, 2017). "Overconfidence emerges as Abe's biggest risk after opposition sink". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[48] "Japan's Abe Has Pulled Off a Landslide— But He's Not as Popular as You Might Think". Bloomberg. October 24, 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[49] "Diet to convene session Wednesday to re-elect Abe as PM". Japan Times. October 26, 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.

Elections in Japan
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