Confidence and supply

In a parliamentary democracy based on the Westminster system, confidence and supply are required for a minority government to retain power in the lower house.

A confidence-and-supply agreement is one whereby a party or independent members of parliament will support the government in motions of confidence and appropriation or budget (supply) votes, by either voting in favour or abstaining. However, parties and independent members normally retain the right to otherwise vote in favour of their own policies or on conscience on legislative bills.[1][2][3]

A coalition government is a more formal arrangement than a confidence-and-supply agreement, in that members from junior parties (i.e. parties other than the largest) gain positions in the cabinet, ministerial roles and may be expected to hold the government whip on passing legislation.

Confidence

In most parliamentary democracies, members of a parliament can propose a motion of confidence[4] or of no confidence in the government or executive. The results of such motions show how much support the government currently has in parliament. Should a motion of confidence fail, or a motion of no confidence pass, the government will usually either resign and allow other politicians to form a new government, or call an election.

Supply

Most parliamentary democracies require an annual state budget, an appropriation bill, or occasional financial measures to be passed by parliament in order for a government to pay its way and enact its policies. The failure of a supply bill is in effect the same as the failure of a confidence motion. In early modern England, the withholding of funds was one of parliament's few ways of controlling the monarch.

Examples of confidence-and-supply deals

Australia

The Australian Labor Party Gillard Government formed a minority government in the hung parliament elected at the 2010 federal election resulting from a confidence-and-supply agreement with three independent MPs and one Green MP.[5]

Canada

Ontario

Twenty-two days after the 1985 Ontario provincial election, the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario government resigned after a vote of no confidence, and the Ontario Liberal Party formed a government with the support of the Ontario New Democratic Party. The parties referred to their agreement as "The Accord".

British Columbia

After the 2017 British Columbia provincial election, the Green Party of British Columbia agreed to a confidence-and-supply agreement with the British Columbia New Democratic Party.[6] The incumbent British Columbia Liberal Party briefly tried to form a government, but was immediately defeated in a confidence vote by the NDP and Greens.

India

Third Front national governments were formed in 1989 and 1996 with outside support of one of the two major parties, BJP or Congress.

The CPI-M gave outside support to the Congress Party from 2004-2008, but later withdrew support after the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement.

Ireland

After the 2016 general election, a minority government was formed by Fine Gael and some independents, with confidence-and-supply (Irish: muinín agus soláthar[7]) support from Fianna Fáil in return for a published set of policy commitments from the government.[8] Fianna Fáil abstains on confidence and supply votes, but reserves the right to vote for or against any bill proposed in the Dáil or Seanad. The deal was to last until the end of 2018, with the possibility of renewal before then to extend it to the five-year maximum term of a Dáil.[9]

Malaysia

In the 14th general election held in May 2018, the Pakatan Harapan won 113 seats in the House of Representatives. Despite having already fulfilled the minimum requirement of 112 seats to achieve simple majority to form a government, Parti Warisan Sabah, which won 8 seats in the state of Sabah, UPKO and three independent MPs still pledged their support to the coalition. As a result, Pakatan Harapan and its allied parties formed the government of Malaysia with a total of 125 seats.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, confidence and supply arrangements are common due to the MMP system used in the country. The parties providing confidence and supply have a more prominent role than in other countries, with MPs from the support parties often being appointed to ministerial portfolios outside of Cabinet.[10] New Zealand codified the procedures it used to form these Governments in its Cabinet Manual.[11]

John Key's National Party administration formed a minority government in 2008 thanks to a confidence-and-supply agreement with the ACT, United Future and the Māori Party.[12] A similar arrangement in 2005 had led to Helen Clark's Labour Party forming a coalition government with the Progressive Party, with support on confidence and supply from New Zealand First and United Future. After the 2014 election, National re-entered confidence-and-supply agreements with United Future, the ACT Party, and the Māori Party. In 2017, despite National winning more votes than Labour in the election, New Zealand First chose to enter coalition with Labour to help them change the government, with support on confidence and supply from the left-wing Green Party.[11]

United Kingdom

Between 1977 and 1978, Jim Callaghan's Labour Party stayed in power thanks to a confidence-and-supply agreement with the Liberal Party, in a deal which became known as the Lib-Lab Pact. In return, the Labour Party agreed to modest policy concessions for the Liberal Party.[13][14]

In the aftermath of the 2017 general election which left Theresa May's Conservative Party without a majority, a confidence-and-supply agreement has been agreed with the Democratic Unionist Party.[15]

Devolved government

Confidence and supply deals are more frequent in the devolved legislatures of Scotland and Wales due to the use of proportional representation.

Scottish Parliament: The Scottish National Party and Scottish Green Party have a confidence and supply deal.[16]

Welsh Assembly: The Welsh Labour Party and Plaid Cymru had a similar co-operation deal until October 2017.[17]

References

  1. ↑ James Cook, Governments, coalitions and border politics, BBC News, 7 May 2010
  2. ↑ Why the PM is safe in No 10 for the moment, The Independent, 8 May 2010
  3. ↑ https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/IfG%20Insight%20Confidence%20and%20Supply%20final.pdf
  4. ↑ Otherwise, when it is proposed by the Government itself upon a piece of legislation, "the Chambers are enslaved in the exercise of their principal function just because it was thought that their being master of the fiduciary relationship were to be reaffirmed on each bill": Argondizzo, Domenico; Buonomo, Giampiero (April 2014). "Spigolature intorno all'attuale bicameralismo e proposte per quello futuro". Mondoperaio.net.  – via Questia (subscription required)
  5. ↑ Rodgers, Emma (7 September 2010). "Labor clings to power". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  6. ↑ Kines, Lindsay (29 June 2017). "Lieutenant-governor invites Horgan to take over, rejects another election". Times Colonist. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  7. ↑ https://comhar.ie/iris/77/8/muinin-agus-solathar/
  8. ↑ "Confidence and Supply Arrangement". Fianna Fáil. 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  9. ↑ Gallagher, Páraic (3 May 2016). "Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil parliamentary parties unanimously adopt Government deal". Newstalk. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  10. ↑ "What is confidence and supply… and how does it differ from a coalition?". Newshub. 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  11. 1 2 "CO (17) 10: Labour-New Zealand First Coalition, with Confidence and Supply from the Green Party: Consultation and Operating Arrangements". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  12. ↑ Bryant, Nick (7 May 2010). "Lessons from New Zealand in art of coalition building". BBC News.
  13. ↑ Weaver, Matthew (16 March 2015). "Politics: what is confidence and supply?". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  14. ↑ "Election 2017: DUP agrees 'confidence' deal with Tories". BBC News.
  15. ↑ Peck, Tom (10 June 2017). "Theresa May to enter into 'confidence and supply' arrangement with the Democratic Unionists". The Independent. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  16. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-38828873
  17. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-41526435
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