人民

Chinese
man; person; people the people; nationality; citizen
simp. and trad.
(人民)		 人 民
anagram 民人

Etymology

Attestable in pre-Qin texts. Modern sense Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 人 (じん)民 (みん) (jinmin, “the people”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 人民 (rénmín, “common people”).

Pronunciation
Rime
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 日 (38) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 眞 (43) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 如鄰切 彌鄰切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ȵiɪn/ /miɪn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ȵin/ /min/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȵʑjen/ /mjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ȵin/ /min/
Li
Rong		 /ȵiĕn/ /miĕn/
Wang
Li		 /ȵʑĭĕn/ /mĭĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ /mi̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 rén mín
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 rén mín
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ nyin › ‹ mjin ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ni[ŋ]/ /*mi[ŋ]/
English (other) person people

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 10800 9130
Phonetic
component		 人 民
Rime
group		 眞 眞
Rime
subdivision		 1 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 仁 民
Old
Chinese		 /*njin/ /*min/

Noun

人民

  1. people (collectively, as members of society)
    熱愛人民 / 热爱人民  ―  rè'ài rénmín  ―  to love the people
    科技應為人民利益服務。 [MSC, trad.]
    科技应为人民利益服务。 [MSC, simp.]
    Kējì yīng wèi rénmín lìyì fúwù. [Pinyin]
    Science and technology should work for the good of the people.
    中國人民政治協商會議 [MSC, trad.]
    中国人民政治协商会议 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhōngguó rénmín zhèngzhì xiéshāng huìyì [Pinyin]
    Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
    孟子曰：「諸侯之寶三：土地、人民、政事。寶珠玉者，殃必及身。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
    孟子曰：“诸侯之宝三：土地、人民、政事。宝珠玉者，殃必及身。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
    From: c. 300 BC, 孟子 盡心下:74 (Mencius (book)); translation: 1861, James Legge, The Works of Mencius
    Mèngzǐ yuē: “Zhūhóu zhī bǎo sān: tǔdì, rénmín, zhèngshì. Bǎo zhūyù zhě, yāng bì jíshēn.” [Pinyin]
    Mencius said, 'The precious things of a prince are three: the territory, the people, the government and its business. If one value as most precious pearls and jade, calamity is sure to befall him.'
  2. humanity; humans (as a collective); humankind; the human race

Usage notes

人民 (rénmín) can only refer to people collectively, as a unit. To refer to people as individually countable persons, use 人 (rén). To refer to people in an otherwise general sense, use 人們／人们 (rénmen).

Synonyms
  • (people):
Synonyms of 人民

Derived terms
Derived terms from 人民

Descendants

See also

Japanese
Kanji in this term
人 民
じん
Grade: 1		 みん
Grade: 4
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 人民 (MC ȵiɪn miɪn). Compare modern Mandarin 人民 (rénmín), Wu 人民 (zen min (T3)), Min Nan 人民 (jîn-bîn).

Formerly pronounced with a consistent goon reading of ninmin, later changing to a mixed kan'on / goon reading of jinmin.[1][2]

Pronunciation

Noun

人民 (hiragana じんみん, rōmaji jinmin)

  1. the people, the general public, the citizens

Synonyms

Derived terms
Derived terms

Descendants

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
人民

Hanja

人民 • (inmin) (hangeul 인민)

  1. Hanja form? of 인민 (“the people (of a country), citizens”).

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this word
人民

Noun

人民

  1. Hán tự form of nhân dân (“people”).
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