で

See also: て, ح‎, ج‎, خ‎, and Շ

で U+3067, で
HIRAGANA LETTER DE
Composition:て [U+3066] + ◌゙ [U+3099]
← て
[U+3066] 		Hiragana と →
[U+3068]

Japanese
Stroke order

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [de̞]

Etymology 1

The hiragana character て (te) with a dakuten (゛).

Syllable

で (romaji de)

  1. The hiragana syllable で (de). Its equivalent in katakana is デ (de).
See also

Etymology 2

Originally a contraction of にて (nite), later treated as a conjugation of the copula だ (da).

Alternative forms
  • (informal, playful) de

Particle

で (rōmaji de)

  1. at: indicating a location at which something happens
    ここで休 (やす)みたい。
    Koko de yasumitai.
    I want to rest here (at this location).
  2. with, by, using: indicating the means by or with which something happens
    筆 (ふで)ペンで書 (か)く
    fudepen de kaku
    to write with a brush pen
    自 (じ)転 (てん)車 (しゃ)で行 (い)きましょう。
    Jitensha de ikimashō.
    Let's go by bicycle.
Synonyms

Interjection

で (rōmaji de)

  1. and? (requesting a continuation of a narration)

Verb

で (rōmaji de)

  1. is/am/are ... and: the て-form or conjunctive form of だ (da)
    これは本 (ほん)で、とても面白 (おもしろ)いです。
    Kore wa hon de, totemo omoshiroi desu.
    This is a book, and it is very interesting.

See also
Japanese basic inflections
Verbs-i adjectivesnouns and -na adjectives
NonpastPlainAffirmative Use the dictionary formstem + い (-i)noun + だ (da)
(noun + である (de aru))
Negative mizenkei + ない (-nai)stem + くない (-ku nai)noun + で（は）ない (de [wa] nai)
PoliteAffirmative ren'yōkei + ます (-masu)stem + いです (-i desu)noun + です (desu)
Negative ren'yōkei + ません (-masen)stem + くないです (-ku nai desu)
stem + くありません (-ku arimasen)		noun + で（は）ないです (de [wa] nai desu)
noun + で（は）ありません (de [wa] arimasen)
PastPlainAffirmative ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + た (-ta)stem + かった (-katta)noun + だった (datta)
(noun + であった (de atta))
Negative mizenkei + なかった (-nakatta)stem + くなかった (-ku nakatta)noun + で（は）なかった (de [wa] nakatta)
PoliteAffirmative ren'yōkei + ました (-mashita)stem + かったです (-katta desu)noun + でした (deshita)
Negative ren'yōkei + ませんでした (-masen deshita)stem + くなかったです (-ku nakatta desu)
stem + くありませんでした (-ku arimasen deshita)		noun + で（は）なかったです (de [wa] nakatta desu)
noun + で（は）ありませんでした (de [wa] arimasen deshita)
VolitionalPlain mizenkei (of Group I verbs) + う (-u > -o)
mizenkei (of other verbs) + よう (-yō)		†stem + かろう (-karō)
(stem + いだろう (-i darō))		noun + だろう (darō)
(noun + であろう (de arō))
Polite ren'yōkei + ましょう (-mashō)(stem + いでしょう (-i deshō))noun + でしょう (deshō)
Conjunctive ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + て (-te)stem + くて (-kute)noun + で (de)
(noun + であって (de atte))
Hypothetical conditional kateikei + ば (-ba)stem + ければ (-kereba)(noun + であれば (de areba))

Etymology 3

Considered to be a contraction of にて (nite) (where the ni is the continuative form of the negative auxiliary) or ずて (zute). In use since Early Middle Japanese.[1]

Suffix

で (rōmaji -de)

  1. (Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the negative conjunctive, equivalent to the modern ないで (-naide) or ずに (-zuni).

Etymology 4

Corrupted from ぜ (ze, “sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis”).

Particle

で (rōmaji de)

  1. (dialectal, chiefly Kansai) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis
    そないな事 (こと)したらあかんで。
    Sonai na koto shitara akan de.
    You shouldn't do like that.

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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