-de

• IPA^(key): /də/

• Audio

  (file)

-de

1. Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.

   ‎twee + ‎-de → ‎tweede

   ‎negen + ‎-de → ‎negende

   Synonyms: -e, -ste

The ordinal numbers of all numbers from 1 to 19 are formed with this suffix, except eerste and achtste. Ordinals of higher numbers are formed with -ste.

The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de). The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2^de, 9^de), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.[1]

From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Compare the equally rare doublet -te (from Low German). Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.

• IPA^(key): /də/

-de

1. (rare, not productive) forms abstract nouns from adjectives

   ‎gemein (“common”) + ‎-de → ‎Gemeinde (“community”)

• IPA^(key): [dɛ]

• Audio

  (file)

-de

1. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun indicating the place of the action.

   zene (“music”) → zenede (“school of music”)

• (noun-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -da is added to back vowel words

  -de is added to front vowel words

  -oda same as -da with a linking vowel

  -öde same as -de with a linking vowel

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

From Middle Low German -ede, from Old Saxon -itha, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.

• IPA^(key): /də/

-de

1. appended to an adjective, it makes a feminine noun referring to the size of the quality referred to by the adjective, cognate to -th.

   ‎hooch + ‎-de → ‎Hööchde

   ‎deep + ‎-de → ‎Deepde

   ‎eng + ‎-de → ‎Engde

   ‎lang (“long”) + ‎-de → ‎Längde (“length”)

2. appended to the stem of a verb, yields a feminine noun which refers to the object of such a verb.

   ‎schamen + ‎-de → ‎Schaamde

   ‎bögen + ‎-de → ‎Böögde

The use of the suffix is widespread in Northern Germany, however, some Low German varieties show a partial or complete suppression of the suffix. Most words listed above can also be found without the suffix, though this varies depending on the person speaking and the word. For example, Süükde is more often found as Süük with no suffix, than the original form with suffix. Hööchde can be found as Hööchd and Leevde as Leevd, with loss of the final -e. Though this process exists, the forms in -de remain largely prominent, with the notable exception of the following words: Süükde → Süük, Stillde → Still, Mengde → Meng, Stärkde → both Stärkde and Stärkd. Some words show only a form in -t, which is basically derived from the -de suffix. Examples of such words are Grött (“size”) and Hitt (“heat”).

• -te
• -t

• -dae
• -da
• -ide
• -ta

-de

1. Used to form adjectives from nouns, denoting quality, kind, origin or material.

• Rudolf Thurneysen (1940) A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, § 347

• -te

-de

1. Creates the past tense of weak verbs in the first conjugation.

   ‎att simma (“to swim”) + ‎-de → ‎simmade (“swam”)

   ‎att träffa (“to hit”) + ‎-de → ‎träffade (“hit (past)”)

Colloquially the suffix can be completely dropped and it is understood out of context that it is the past and not nominative sense that is used. In written form to clarify however, it might be good to mark this out with an apostrophe ('). Example of this:

• -te
• -de
• -dde

From Ottoman Turkish دا‎ (-de, “locative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-te (“locative suffix”), front vowel variant of *-ta. Cognate with Karakhanid دا‎ (-dē, “locative suffix”), Old Turkic 𐱅𐰀‎ (-te, “locative suffix”).

• IPA^(key): /de/

-de

1. Used to form locative of nouns.

   ‎köy (“village”) + ‎-de → ‎köyde (“in/at village”)

• It’s used when the noun’s last vowel is a front vowel.
• It could be “-da”, when the noun’s last vowel is a back vowel.

  okul → okulda

• It could be “-te”, when the noun’s final consonant is unvoiced.

  ofis → ofiste

• It must be used with an apostrophe while forming a proper noun.

  Türkiye → Türkiye’de

• -deki
• -nde
• -da
• -te