です

Japanese

Etymology

The copula です (desu) is thought to be a contracted version of であります (dearimasu), from (de) + あります (arimasu); however, there are other possibilities, namely でございます (degozaimasu), from (de) + ございます (gozaimasu); でする (desuru), from (de) + する (suru); でおわす (deowasu), from (de) + おわす (owasu); and でそうろう (desourou), from (de) + そうろう (sourou).

Pronunciation

Verb

です (rōmaji desu)

  1. (jodōshi, after a nominal) To be.
    これは (わたし)のパソコンです
    Kore wa watashi no pasokon desu.
    This is my PC.
  2. (jodōshi, after the plain past or nonpast form of -i adjectives or in some cases verbs) Used to express politeness toward the listener.

Usage notes

Perfective form is でした (deshita), volitional でしょう (deshou), conjunctive でして (deshite). Other forms are not used.

Replaces (da) in cases of nouns and adjectives which it is used with, e.g. becomes 犬です and 綺麗 becomes 綺麗です. Similarly, でしょう (deshou) replaces だろう (darou) and でして (deshite) replaces (de).

です (desu) attaches as is to adjectives used without (da), e.g. 美しい becomes 美しいです and 美しかった becomes 美しかったです. Forms such as 美しいでした and 美しいでして are nonstandard. For the forms ないです (nai desu) and なかったです (nakatta desu), there are synonyms ありません (arimasen) and ありませんでした (arimasen deshita). It can also be used to ask questions; です means "Is this a book?"

Derived terms

  • (informal) っす
  • です (たい) (desu tai)
  • ですます (たい) (desu-masu tai)
  • ですます調 (ちょう) (desu-masu chō)

See also

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