List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States

The fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, the five inhabited U.S. territories, and the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands have taken their names from a wide variety of languages. The names of 24 states derive from indigenous languages of the Americas and one from Hawaiian: eight come from Algonquian languages, seven from Siouan languages (one of those by way of Illinois, an Algonquian language), three from Iroquoian languages, one from a Uto-Aztecan language, and five from other Native American languages.

Map showing the source languages of state names

Twenty-two other state names derive from European languages: seven come from Latin (mostly from Latinate forms of English personal names, one coming from Welsh), five from English, five from Spanish (and one more from an Indigenous language by way of Spanish), and four from French (one of these by way of English). The etymologies of six states are disputed or unclear: Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Oregon, and Rhode Island (in the table below, those states have one row for each potential source language or meaning).

Of the fifty states, eleven are named after an individual person. Of those eleven, seven are named in honor of European monarchs: the two Carolinas, the two Virginias, Maryland, Louisiana, and Georgia. Over the years, several attempts have been made to name a state after one of the Founding Fathers or other great statesmen of U.S. history: the State of Franklin, the State of Jefferson (three separate attempts), the State of Lincoln (two separate attempts), and the State of Washington; in the end, only Washington materialized (Washington Territory was carved out of the Columbia District, and was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, which contains the city of Washington).[1][2]

Several of the states that derive their names from (corrupted) names used for Native peoples have retained the plural ending of "s": Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts, and Texas. One common naming pattern has been as follows:

Native tribal group → River → Territory → State

State names
State nameDate first attested in original languageYear first attested in original languageLanguage of originWord(s) in original languageMeaning and notes
 Alabama
April 191742Choctawalbah amo"Thicket-clearers"[3] or "plant-cutters", from albah, "(medicinal) plants", and amo, "to clear". The modern Choctaw name for the tribe is Albaamu.[4]
Alabamaalabamaaha
 Alaska
December 21897Aleut via Russianalaxsxaq via Аляска (Alyaska)"Mainland" (literally "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed").[5]
 Arizona
February 11883Basquearitz ona"The good oak".[6]
O'odham via Spanishali ṣona-g via Arizonac[7]"Having a little spring".[8]
 Arkansas
July 201796Kansa, Quapaw via Miami-Illinois and FrenchakaansaBorrowed from a French spelling of an Miami-Illinois rendering of the tribal name kką:ze (see Kansas, below), which the Miami and Illinois used to refer to the Quapaw.[8][9][10][11]
 California
May 221850SpanishUnknownProbably named for the fictional Island of California ruled by Queen Calafia in the 16th-century novel Las sergas de Esplandián by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.[12]
See also: Etymology of California
 Colorado
1743Spanishcolorado"Ruddy" or "red",[13] originally referring to the Colorado River.[14]
 Connecticut
April 151675Eastern AlgonquianquinnitukqutFrom some Eastern Algonquian language of southern New England (perhaps Mahican), meaning "at the long tidal river", after the Connecticut River.[15][16] The name reflects Proto-Eastern-Algonquian *kwən-, "long"; *-əhtəkw, "tidal river"; and *-ənk, the locative suffix).[17]
 Delaware
January 311680French via Englishde la WarrAfter the Delaware River, which was named for Lord de la Warr (originally probably Norman French de la guerre or de la werre, "of the war").[18] Lord de la Warr was the first Governor-General of the Colony of Virginia.[19]
 Florida
April 21513Spanish(pascua) florida"Flowery (Easter)"[20] (to distinguish it from Christmastide, which was also called Pascua), in honor of its discovery by the Spanish during the Easter season.[21]
Georgia
October 31674Latin via English (ultimately from Greek)GeorgiusThe feminine Latin form of "George", named after King George II of Great Britain.[22][23] It was also a reference to Saint George, whose name was derived from the Greek word georgos meaning "husbandman" or "farmer" from ge "earth" + ergon "work".[24]
 Hawaii
December 291879HawaiianHawaiʻiFrom Hawaiki, legendary homeland of the Polynesians.[25] Hawaiki is believed to mean "place of the gods".[26]
Named for Hawaiʻiloa, legendary discoverer of the Hawaiian Islands.[27]
 Idaho
June 61864noneIdahoProbably made up by George M. "Doc" Willing as a practical joke; originally claimed to have been derived from a word in a Native American language that meant "Gem of the Mountains".[28] The name was initially proposed for the Territory of Colorado until its origins were discovered. Years later it fell into common usage, and was proposed for the Territory of Idaho instead.[29][30]
Plains Apacheídaahę́Possibly from the Plains Apache word for "enemy" (ídaahę́), which was used to refer to the Comanches.[31]
 Illinois
March 241793Algonquian, Miami-Illinois via FrenchilenweewaThe state is named for the French adaptation of an Algonquian language (perhaps Miami-Illinois) word apparently meaning "speaks normally" (cf. Miami-Illinois ilenweewa,[32] Ojibwe <ilinoüek>,[33] Proto-Algonquian *elen-, "ordinary", and -we·, "to speak"),[34] referring to the Illiniwek (Illinois).[33]
 Indiana
December 21794Latin (ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian)"Land of the Indians".[35] The names "Indians" and "India" come, via Greek and Persian, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sindhu-, which originally referred to the Indus River.[36]
 Iowa
August 311818Dakota, Chiwere via Frenchayúxba / ayuxwe via AiouezBy way of French Aiouez, and named after the Iowa tribe. This demonym has no further known etymology,[37][38] though some give it the meaning "sleepy ones".[39]
 Kansas
May 121832Kansa via Frenchkką:ze via Cansez[40]Named after the Kansas River,[41][42] which in turn was named after the Kaw or Kansas tribe.[9] The name seems to be connected to the idea of "wind".[43]
 Kentucky
April 281728IroquoianOriginally referring to the Kentucky River. While some sources say the etymology is uncertain,[44][45] most agree on a meaning of "(on) the meadow" or "(on) the prairie"[46][47] (cf. Mohawk kenhtà:ke, Seneca gëdá’geh (phonemic /kẽtaʔkeh/), "at the field").[48]
 Louisiana
July 181787French (ultimately from Frankish)LouisianeAfter King Louis XIV of France.[49] The name Louis itself came from Frankish hluda, "heard of, famous" (cf. loud) + wiga, "war".[50]
 Maine
October 131729EnglishmainA common historical etymology is that the name refers to the mainland, as opposed to the coastal islands.[51][52]
FrenchAfter the French province of Maine.[53]
EnglishA more recent proposal is that the state was named after the English village of Broadmayne, which was the family estate of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the colony's founder.[29][54]
 Maryland
January 181691English (ultimately from Hebrew)MyriamAfter Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles I of England.[55] The name Mary originally meant in Hebrew "bitterness" or "rebelliousness", and could also have come from Egyptian "beloved" or "love".[56]
 Massachusetts
June 41665Eastern Algonquian, Massachusettmuswach8sutPlural of muswach8sut meaning "Near the great little-mountain" or "at the great hill", which is usually identified as Great Blue Hill on the border of Milton and Canton, Massachusetts[57] (cf. the Narragansett name Massachusêuck).[57]
 Michigan
October 281811Ojibwe via Frenchmishigami (ᒥᔑᑲᒥ)"Large water" or "large lake"[58][59] (in Old Algonquin, *meshi-gami).[60]
 Minnesota
April 211821Lakotamní sóta"Cloudy water", referring to the Minnesota River.[16][61]
 Mississippi
March 91800Ojibwe via Frenchmisi-ziibi (ᒥᓯᓰᐱ)"Great river", after the Mississippi River.[58][62]
 Missouri
September 71805Miami-Illinois via Frenchmihsoori"Dugout canoe". The Missouri tribe was noteworthy among the Illinois for their dugout canoes, and so was referred to as the wimihsoorita, "one who has a wood boat [dugout canoe]".[63]
 Montana
November 11860Spanishmontaña"Mountain".[64]
 Nebraska
June 221847Chiwereñįbraske"Flattened water", after the Platte River, which used to be known as the Nebraska River. Due to the flatness of the plains, flooding of the river would inundate the region with a flat expanse of water.[65]
 Nevada
February 91845Spanishnevado"Snow-covered",[66] after the Sierra Nevada ("snow-covered mountains").
 New Hampshire
August 271692English (ultimately from Old English)After the county of Hampshire in England,[67] whose name is derived from the original name for its largest city, Southampton, that being Hamtun, which is an Old English word that roughly translates to "Village-Town".
 New Jersey
April 21669French (ultimately from Old Norse)After Jersey,[68] the largest of the British Channel Islands and the birthplace of one of the colony's two co-founders, Sir George de Carteret.[68] The state was established under the name of New Caeserea or New Jersey because the Roman name of the island was thought to have been Caesarea.[69][70] The name "Jersey" most likely comes from the Norse name Geirrs ey, meaning "Geirr's Island".[71]
 New Mexico
November 11859Nahuatl via SpanishMēxihco via Nuevo MéxicoA calque of Spanish Nuevo México.[72] The name Mexico comes from Nahuatl Mēxihca (pronounced [meːˈʃiʔko]), which referred to the Aztec people who founded the city of Tenochtitlan.[73][74] Its literal meaning is unknown, though many possibilities have been proposed, such as that the name comes from the God Metztli.[75]
New York
October 151680EnglishAfter the then-Duke of York (later King James II of England). Named by then-King Charles II of England, James II's brother.[76] The name "York" is derived from its Latin name Eboracum (via Old English Eoforwic and then Old Norse Jórvík), apparently borrowed from Brythonic Celtic *eborakon, which probably meant "Yew-Tree Estate".[77] See also York#Toponymy for more information.
 North Carolina
June 301686Latin via English (ultimately from Frankish)Carolus via CarolanaAfter King Charles I of England.[78] The name Charles itself is derived from Frankish karl, "man, husband".[79]
 North Dakota
November 21867Sioux/Dakotadakhóta"Ally" or "friend",[65] after the Dakota tribe.[80]
 Ohio
April 191785Seneca via Frenchohi:yo’[81]"Large creek",[46] originally the name of both the Ohio River and Allegheny River.[82] Often incorrectly translated as "beautiful river",[83] due to a French mistranslation.[32]
 Oklahoma
September 51842Choctawokla + homaDevised as a rough translation of "Indian Territory". In Choctaw, okla means "people", "tribe", or "nation", and homa- means "red", thus "red people".[16][84]
 Oregon
July 201860UnknownDisputedDisputed meaning. First named by Major Robert Rogers in a petition to King George III.[85]
 Pennsylvania
March 81650Welsh and LatinPenn + silvania"Penn's woods", after Admiral William Penn, the father of its founder William Penn.[86] Pennsylvania is the only state that shares part of its name with its founder.[87] The name "Penn" comes from the Welsh word for "head".[88]
 Rhode Island
February 31680Dutchroodt eylandt"Red island", referring to Aquidneck Island.[89] The Modern Dutch form of the phrase is "rood eiland".
GreekΡόδος (Ródos)For a resemblance to the island of Rhodes in the Aegean Sea.[89]
 South Carolina
November 121687Latin via English (ultimately from Frankish)Carolus via CarolanaSee North Carolina, above.
 South Dakota
November 21867Sioux/DakotadakhótaSee North Dakota, above.
 Tennessee
May 241747CherokeeᏔᎾᏏ (tanasi)Tanasi (in Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) was the name of a Cherokee village;[90] the meaning is unknown.[91]
 Texas
June 301827Caddo via Spanishtáyshaʔ via Tejas"Friend",[92] used by the Caddo to refer the larger Caddo nation (in opposition to enemy tribes). The name was borrowed into Spanish as texa, plural texas, and was used to refer to the Nabedache people (and later to the Caddo Nation in general). When the Spanish decided to convert the Nabedache to Catholicism, they constructed La Misión de San Francisco de los Texas, which later came to be used in naming the Viceroyalty of New Spain’s province.[93]
 Utah
December 201877Apache/Ute via Spanishyúdah via yutaFrom the Spanish designation for the Ute people, yuta, in turn perhaps a borrowing from Western Apache yúdah, meaning "high"[94] (not, as is commonly stated,[95] "people of the mountains"[96] and not[97] from the Ute's own self-designation [nutʃi̥], plural [nuːtʃiu], as suggested by J. P. Harrington).[98][99]
 Vermont
September 271721Frenchvert + mont"Green mount" or "green mountain"; vert in French means "green", and mont means "mount" or "mountain". However, in French, "green mountain" would actually be written mont vert.[100][101]
 Virginia
March 211652Latin"Country of the Virgin", after Elizabeth I of England, who was known as the "Virgin Queen" because she never married.[102]
Washington
February 221872EnglishAfter George Washington,[103] whose surname was in turn derived from the town of Washington in historic County Durham, England.[104][105] The etymology of the town's name is disputed, but agreed to be ultimately Old English.
 West Virginia
September 11831LatinThe western, transmontane counties of Virginia, which separated from Virginia during the American Civil War. See Virginia, above.
 Wisconsin
February 51822Miami-Illinois via FrenchWishkonsing[106]Originally spelled Mescousing by the French, and later corrupted to Ouisconsin.[107] Likely it derives from a Miami-Illinois word Meskonsing, meaning "it lies red" or "river running through a red place".[107][108] It may also come from the Ojibwe term miskwasiniing, "red-stone place".[58]
 Wyoming
August 141877Munsee language/Delawarexwé:wamənk"At the big river flat"; the name was transplanted westward from the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania.[109]

Territory and federal district names
Territory
or federal district name		Date first attested in original languageYear first attested in original languageLanguage of originWord(s) in original languageMeaning and notes
 American Samoa
July 171911[110][note 1]SamoanAmerika SāmoaThe CIA World Factbook says "The name Samoa is composed of two parts, 'sa' meaning sacred and 'moa' meaning center, so the name can mean Holy Center; alternately, it can mean 'place of the sacred moa bird' of Polynesian mythology."[112] "American" is ultimately derived from Amerigo Vespucci.[113] The name "American Samoa" first started being used by the U.S. Navy around 1904,[111] and "American Samoa" was made official in 1911.[112]
 District of Columbia
1738New LatinNamed for Christopher Columbus.
 Guam
December 101898[114][note 2]ChamorroGuam
(from Guåhån)		"What we have", from Guåhån in Chamorro language.[115] The name "Guam" was first used in the Treaty of Paris (1898).[114]
 Northern Mariana Islands
1667[116][note 3]SpanishIslas MarianasMariana Islands chain named by Spain for Mariana of Austria.[117][116]
 Puerto Rico
1493[118]SpanishPuerto Rico"Rich port".[119] The CIA World Factbook says "Christopher Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista (Saint John the Baptist) and the capital city and main port Ciudad de Puerto Rico (Rich Port City); over time, however, the names were shortened and transposed and the island came to be called Puerto Rico and its capital San Juan."[118]
 U.S. Virgin Islands
1493[120]SpanishIslas VirgenesNamed by Christopher Columbus for Saint Ursula and her 11,000 virgins.[121][120] The name "Virgin Islands of the United States" (U.S. Virgin Islands) was adopted in 1917 when the islands were purchased by the U.S. from Denmark.[122][note 4]
United States Minor Outlying Islands
VariousVariousThe name "United States Minor Outlying Islands" first started being used in 1986.[123] Previously, some of the islands were included in a group called "United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands".
  • Baker Island was named for Michael Baker in 1832.[124]
  • Howland Island was named after a whaling vessel in 1842.[125]
  • Jarvis Island was named after three people named "Jarvis" in 1821 (when they discovered the island).[126]
  • Johnston Atoll was named for Captain Charles Johnston in 1807.[127]
  • Kingman Reef was named for Captain W. E. Kingman in 1853.[128]
  • Midway Atoll was named in the 19th century for its location being approximately halfway between North America and Asia.[129]
  • The CIA World Factbook says this about Navassa Island: "The flat island was named 'Navaza' by some of Christopher Columbus' sailors in 1504; the name derives from the Spanish term "nava" meaning 'flat land, plain, or field'".[130]
  • Palmyra Atoll was named in 1802 when the USS Palmyra shipwrecked there.[131]
  • Wake Island was named after Samuel Wake, a British captain, in 1796 — a different captain, William Wake, discovered the island in 1792.[132]

See also
  • List of Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies
  • Lists of U.S. county name etymologies
  • Toponymy

Notes
  1. This is the date that the name "American Samoa" was officially adopted.[110] It had been used unofficially since about 1904.[111] It is unclear when the word "Samoa" first started being used.
  2. This is the date for the origin of the name "Guam", not "Guåhån". There is no information about when "Guåhån" first started being used.
  3. 1667 is the date the Mariana Islands were named; the name "Northern Mariana Islands" appears to have been first used when its constitution was created on January 9, 1978.[116] Previously it was called the "Mariana Islands District" (within the TTPI).[116]
  4. Some of the Virgin Islands became, and still are, a separate political area — the British Virgin Islands.

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Bibliography
  • Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Guyton, Kathy (2009). U.S. State Names: The Stories of How Our States Were Named Nederland, Colorado: Mountain Storm Press.

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