Muş

Muş (pronounced [muʃ]; transliterated as Mush, also historically Moush or Moosh; Armenian: Մուշ, Kurdish: Mûş‎)[3] is a city and the provincial capital of Muş Province in Turkey.

Muş
Municipality
Muş
Coordinates: 38°44′00″N 41°29′28″E
CountryTurkey
ProvinceMuş
Government
 • MayorFeyat Asya (AKP)
Area
 • District2,604.14 km2 (1,005.46 sq mi)
Elevation
1,350 m (4,430 ft)
Population
 (2012)[2]
 • Urban
81,764
 • District
179,534
 • District density69/km2 (180/sq mi)
Websitewww.mus.bel.tr

History

Ancient and medieval

The date of foundation of Mush is unknown, although a settlement is believed to have been around by the time of Menua, the king of Urartu (c. 800 BC), whose cuneiform inscription was found in the city's vicinity.[4] During the Middle Ages, Mush was the center of the Taron region of Armenia. Its is first mentioned as a city in Armenian manuscripts of the 9th and 10th centuries. In the late 8th century Mush, along with the Taron region, came under control of the Armenian Bagratid (Bagratuni) dynasty, who reconquered it from the Arabs. Mush and the Taron region was captured and annexed to the Byzantine Empire in 969.[5]

After the 11th century, the town was ruled by Islamic dynasties such as the Ahlatshahs, Ayyubids, Ilkhanids and Kara Koyunlu. In the 10th-13th centuries Mush developed into a major city with an estimated population of 20 to 25 thousand people.[6] In 1387 the central Asian ruler Timur crossed the area and apparently captured Mush town without a battle.[7] Later the Akkoyunlu ruled the area and in the 16th the Ottomans took control over the town and region in the 16th century from the Persian Safavids. Mush remained part of the Ottoman Empire till the early 20th century and during these times retained a large Armenian population. In 1821 a Persian invasion reached Mush.[7]

Panorama of the city of Muş, then in the Ottoman Empire, photographed by the Norwegian missionary Bodil Katharine Biørn in 1905 (from the collections of the National Archives of Norway).

Modern

At the turn of the twentieth century, the city had around 20,000 inhabitants, of which 11,000 were Muslims, while 9,000 were Christian Armenians.[8] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) the town had 27,000 inhabitants, of whom 13,300 were Muslims and 13,700 Armenians.[9] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) the population was nearly equally divided between Kurds and Armenians.[10]

During the Armenian Genocide of 1915 the indigenous Armenian population of the region was exterminated.[11][12][13] Over 140,000 Armenians of the Mush sanjak (living in 234 villages and towns)[14] were targeted in June and July 1915.[15] Military-aged Armenian men were conscripted to serve in World War I. The Armenian population was largely defenseless to these threats.[16] The massacre of the Armenian population of the city of Mush came only after the surrounding villages were destroyed.[16]

The town was occupied during World War I by the forces of the Russian Empire in February 1916[17] and retaken by Ottoman troops on 30 April 1917.

Demographics

Population of the municipality of Muş numbers 72,774 according to a 2009 estimate.[18] The province of Muş is one of the 13 provinces of Turkey with a Kurdish majority.[19] Kurds make up the majority of the city's population as well.[20][21] The rest are Turks (mostly native, some are Balkan or Caucasian muhacirs), Arabs,[22] and Crypto-Armenians,[23] whose number is usually estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000.[24][25]

Main sights

The area of Muş has several ruined castles. Under the rule of the medieval Armenian dynasties monasteries and churches were built in localities near Mush such as the Arakelots Monastery, Surp Marineh Church, Mush, Surb Karapet Monastery most of which are now ruins.

Under the rule of the Muslim dynasties, other type of buildings were built as well. There are mosques from the Ottoman and pre-Ottoman period which show influences of Seljuk architecture. Mosques like the Alaeddin Bey (18th century),[7] Haci Seref (17th century),[7] and Ulu Mosque (14th century).[7] Caravanserais like the "Yıldızlı Han" (13th century) destroyed in 1916, the now almost completely ruined "Arslanli Han"[7] and also bathhouse and fountain of Alaeddin Bey and tombs of Muslim saints.

  • Muş Alaeddin Pasha Camii
  • Muş Alaeddin Pasha Camii
  • Muş Ulu Cami
  • Muş Ulu Cami
  • Muş Ulu Cami
  • Muş Hacı Şeref Camii
  • Muş Tuba Camii
  • Muş Street scene
  • Muş Street scene
  • Muş Street scene
  • Muş Old house
  • Muş Old house
  • Muş Hospital
  • Muş Castle
  • Muş Castle
  • Muş view

Notable locals

Climate

Muş has a hot summer Mediterranean continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa) with freezing, snowy winters and hot, very dry and very sunny summers.

Climate data for Muş (1960-2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4)		 15.0
(59.0)		 22.8
(73.0)		 30.0
(86.0)		 31.2
(88.2)		 37.4
(99.3)		 41.6
(106.9)		 41.2
(106.2)		 37.0
(98.6)		 30.6
(87.1)		 21.6
(70.9)		 16.0
(60.8)		 41.6
(106.9)
Average high °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 5.5
(41.9)		 14.4
(57.9)		 21.1
(70.0)		 27.3
(81.1)		 32.8
(91.0)		 32.9
(91.2)		 28.2
(82.8)		 19.8
(67.6)		 9.7
(49.5)		 0.9
(33.6)		 15.7
(60.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 0.7
(33.3)		 9.0
(48.2)		 14.9
(58.8)		 20.3
(68.5)		 25.3
(77.5)		 25.2
(77.4)		 20.1
(68.2)		 12.6
(54.7)		 4.5
(40.1)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 9.7
(49.5)
Average low °C (°F) −11.2
(11.8)		 −10.1
(13.8)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 4.0
(39.2)		 8.6
(47.5)		 12.5
(54.5)		 16.8
(62.2)		 16.6
(61.9)		 12.0
(53.6)		 6.6
(43.9)		 0.3
(32.5)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 3.9
(39.0)
Record low °C (°F) −32.6
(−26.7)		 −34.4
(−29.9)		 −31.4
(−24.5)		 −10.2
(13.6)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 2.2
(36.0)		 3.6
(38.5)		 8.0
(46.4)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 −25.8
(−14.4)		 −32.0
(−25.6)		 −34.4
(−29.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 84.8
(3.34)		 100.4
(3.95)		 101.7
(4.00)		 106.9
(4.21)		 67.1
(2.64)		 26.3
(1.04)		 6.2
(0.24)		 3.8
(0.15)		 13.2
(0.52)		 62.5
(2.46)		 90.9
(3.58)		 89.0
(3.50)		 752.8
(29.63)
Average precipitation days 13.2 12.3 13.7 14.5 13.6 6.3 2.0 1.5 3.0 9.0 10.0 12.5 111.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.1 86.8 148.8 198 285.2 354 387.5 372 315 226.3 129 65.1 2,632.8
Percent possible sunshine 21 29 40 50 64 80 86 88 84 65 43 22 59
Source: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü[27]

References
  1. "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  2. "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  3. Adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  4. Hakobyan 1987, p. 199.
  5. Thomas, David Richard (2001). Syrian Christians Under Islam: The First Thousand Years. BRILL. p. 160. ISBN 9789004120556.
  6. Hakobyan 1987, pp. -199-200.
  7. Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. pp. 293–294–333–335. ISBN 9780907132325.
  8. Hakobyan 1987, p. 200.
  9. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Mush" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  10. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mush" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  11. Walker, Christopher J. (1990) [1980]. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-0-312-04230-1.
  12. Dadrian, Vahakn N.; Akçam, Taner (2011). Judgment At Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials. Berghahn Books. p. 37. ISBN 9780857452863.
  13. Kévorkian 2011, pp. 339-345.
  14. Kévorkian 2011, p. 345.
  15. Kévorkian 2011, p. 339.
  16. Suny, Ronald G. (2015). "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide. Princeton University Press. p. 289. ISBN 9781400865581.
  17. Tucker, Spencer C. (2013-12-16). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-135-50694-0.
  18. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi (ADNKS) Sonuçları Archived 2015-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
  19. Watts, Nicole F. (2010). Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity). University of Washington Press. p. xi.
  20. Saracoglu, Cenk (2010). Kurds of Modern Turkey: Migration, Neoliberalism and Exclusion in Turkish Society. I.B.Tauris. p. 194.
  21. Tas, Latif (2014). Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee. Ashgate Publishing. p. 33.
  22. Gündoğdu, Raşit; Demir, Esra (11 April 2014). "The Arabs in Turkey". impr.org. International Middle East Peace Research Center. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  23. Gültekin, Uygar (23 September 2014). "Muş Ermenileri derneklerine kavuştu Paylaş". Agos (in Turkish).
  24. "Մուշում հայեր կան, բայց եղանակ ստեղծում են քրդերը" (in Armenian). GALA TV. 16 July 2010.
  25. "2.5 Million Islamized Armenians Estimated in Turkey". Asbarez. 29 October 2014.
  26. Hakobyan 1987, p. 203.
  27. İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine. Dmi.gov.tr. Retrieved on 2011-04-16.
Bibliography
  • Hakobyan, Tadevos (1987). "(Mush)". Պատմական Հայաստանի քաղաքները [Cities of historic Armenia] (in Armenian). Yerevan: "Hayastan" Publishing. pp. 196–203.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781848855618.
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