Demographics of Chile

This article is about the demographic features of Chile, including population density, ethnicity, economic status and other aspects of the population.

Demographics of Chile
Population pyramid of Chile, 2014
Population17,094,270 (2010)[1]
Growth rate0.9% (2010)
Birth rate14.7 births/1,000 population (2010)
Death rate5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2010)
Life expectancy79.57 years
  male76.26 years
  female82.96 years (2010)
Fertility rate1.89 children born/woman (2010)
Infant mortality rate7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2010)[2]
Age structure
0–14 years23.2% (male 1,966,017/female 1,877,963)
15–64 years67.8% (male 5,625,963/female 5,628,146)
65 and over9.1% (male 627,746/female 875,872) (2010)
Sex ratio
Total0.98 male(s)/female (2010)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years1 male(s)/female
65 and over0.72 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityChilean
Major ethnicEuropean 64% and Mestizo 30%[3]
Minor ethnicMapuche 10.2%, other indigenous groups 2.6% (2017 census)
Language
OfficialSpanish (de facto)

Chile's 2017 census reported a population of 17,574,003 people. Its rate of population growth has been decreasing since 1990, due to a declining birth rate.[4] By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people.[5] About 85% of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40% living in Greater Santiago. The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago with 5.6 million people, Greater Concepción with 861,000 and Greater Valparaíso with 824,000.[6]

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950 6,081,931    
1960 7,643,277+25.7%
1970 9,569,631+25.2%
1980 11,174,173+16.8%
1990 13,178,782+17.9%
2000 15,397,784+16.8%
2010 17,094,270+11.0%
2020 18,186,770+6.4%
Source:[7]

According to the 2019 revision of the World Population Prospects[8][9] the total population was 18,729,160 in 2018, compared to only 6,143,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 20.1%, 69.0% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 10.9% was 65 years or older.[10]

Total population
(× 1000)
Proportion
aged 0–14
(%)
Proportion
aged 15–64
(%)
Proportion
aged 65+
(%)
1950 6 14336.759.04.3
1955 6 86238.157.44.5
1960 7 69639.455.84.8
1965 8 61240.454.55.0
1970 9 56239.655.25.2
1975 10 42136.957.75.4
1980 11 23433.061.45.7
1985 12 10930.663.26.2
1990 13 14129.364.26.5
1995 14 19428.264.87.0
2000 15 17026.565.87.7
2005 16 09724.067.58.5
2010 17 01521.968.59.6
2015 17 94820.169.010.9
2020 19 11619.268.512.2

Structure of the population[11]

Structure of the population (01.07.2013) (Estimates) :

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 8,688,067 8,868,748 17,556,815 100
0–4 639,270 615,764 1,255,034 7.15
5–9 633,287 610,458 1,243,745 7.08
10–14 648,484 625,765 1,274,249 7.26
15–19 707,959 684,424 1,392,383 7.93
20–24 749,460 727,530 1,476,990 8.41
25–29 710,354 693,723 1,404,077 8.00
30–34 634,056 624,375 1,258,431 7.17
35–39 598,029 595,813 1,193,842 6.80
40–44 612,898 617,259 1,230,157 7.01
45–49 610,366 621,300 1,231,666 7.02
50–54 574,320 592,349 1,166,669 6.65
55–59 468,437 492,763 961,200 5.47
60–64 359,065 390,681 749,746 4.27
65–69 276,510 317,107 593,617 3.38
70–74 200,585 247,698 448,283 2.55
75–79 133,715 183,899 317,614 1.81
80+ 131,272 227,840 359,112 2.05
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1,921,041 1,851,987 3,773,028 21.49
15–64 6,024,944 6,040,217 12,065,161 68.72
65+ 742,082 976,544 1,718,626 9.79

Ancestry and ethnic structure

Ethnic groups background in Chile[12]
Ethnic groups Percent
White and Mestizo
95%
Mapuche
5%
Aymara
0.7%
Other Indigenous groups (includes Rapa Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana)
0.3%

Chile is a multiethnic society,[13] home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. Studies on the ethnic structure of Chile vary significantly from one another.

A public health book from the University of Chile (currently inaccessible) states that 65% of the population is of Caucasian origin; Castizos/Mestizos with an average 60% Caucasian ancestry and 40% Native American ancestry are estimated to amount a total of 30%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.[14]

UNAM professor of Latin American studies, Francisco Lizcano, in his social research estimates that a predominant 52.7% of the Chilean population can be classified as culturally European, with an estimated 44% as Mestizo.[15] Albeit this is an estimation based on cultural aspects. Other social studies put the total amount of Whites at over 60 percent.[16] Some publications, such as the CIA World Factbook, state that the entire population consist of a combined 95.4% of "Whites and Mixed-Race people", and 4.6% of Amerindians. These figures are based on a national census held in 2002, which classified the population as indigenous and non-indigenous, rather than as White or Mestizo.[17]

Despite the genetic considerations, many Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as white. However, a study performed in 2014 asked several Chileans about their ethnic self-classification, and then took a DNA test: 37.9% of the self-identified as white, yet the DNA tests showed that the average self identifying white was genetically only 74% European.[18]

The 2011 Latinobarómetro survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to belong to. Most answered "white" (59%), while 25% said "mestizo" and 8% self-classified as "indigenous".[19] A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans believed they possessed "some" (43.4%) or "much" (8.3%) indigenous blood, while 40.3% responded that they had none.[20]

Population genetics

Genetics studies fluctuate between 51.6% and 67.9% European;[21][22][23][24] between 32.1% and 44.3% amerindian;[22][25] and 2.5%—6.3% African ancestry percentages.[26][21]

European immigration

Italian (Emilian) immigrants to Capitán Pastene in southern Chile.

Chile was never an attractive place for migrants simply because it was far from Europe, and the difficulty of reaching such a remote place,[27][28] a situation recognized in the census of 1907, the census which recorded the highest percentage of Europeans versus the total population of Chile (2.2%).[29]

The observed increase in 1885 is due in large part to the annexation of three provinces after the Pacific War and the final conquest of the Araucanía. Given that our country receives almost no foreign immigration, this increase is significant, when compared with that of more advanced countries in this regard. The comparative table that follows demonstrates this:

(...)

Except for those lucky countries that have seen in the last half century flocking to its beaches, a huge influx of immigrants, a situation that unfortunately is not ours, the rate of increase of the population of Chile, figures honorably between the rate of the most prosperous countries on Earth.

National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas)[29]

The European migration did not result in a remarkable change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the region of Magellan.[30]

Spain was the largest source of European immigration to Chile,[27] since there was never a massive immigration, as happened in neighboring nations such as Argentina or Uruguay.[28] Therefore, neither have whitened the Chilean population to level of overall percentages.[28] Facts about the amount of the flow of immigration do not coincide with certain national chauvinistic discourse, in which Chile, like Argentina or Uruguay, would have been constituted due to immigration in one of the "white" Latin American countries, in contrast to what prevails in the rest of the continent.[28] However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a role in Chilean society.[28] Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received the 0.5% of the European immigration flow to Latin America, against 46% of Argentina, 33% of Brazil, 14% of Cuba, and 4% of Uruguay.[27] This was because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic, not the Pacific, and that this migration occurred mostly before the construction of the Panama Canal.[27] Also, Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking that long tour across the Straits of Magellan or crossing the Andes.[27] In 1907, European-born reached a top of 2.2% of Chilean population,[31] it down to 1.9% in 1920,[32] and 1.6% in 1930.[33]

The largest contingent of people to have arrived in post-independence Chile came from Spain and the Basque country, a region divided between northern Spain and southern France. Estimates of the number Chileans who have one or two surnames from Basque origin ranges from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 20% (3,200,000).[34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Note that this phenomenon occurs not only in Chile, but also in every Autonomous Community of Spain,[41] as well as in other Latin American countries one can see that a substantial portion of their populations have one or two surnames of Basque or Navarre origin,[42][43][44][45][46][47] tending to be more common in the upper classes, and hence becoming more unusual in lower classes.[48]

Chile's various waves of non-Spanish immigrants include Italians, Irish, French, Greeks, Germans, English, Scots, Croats, and Poles.

In 1848 an important and substantial German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community.[49][50] Sponsored by the Chilean government for the colonization of the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians), strongly influenced the cultural and racial composition of the southern provinces of Chile. It is difficult to count the number of descendants of Germans in Chile, given the great amount of time. Because many areas of southern Chile were sparsely populated, the traces of German immigration that are quite noticeable. An independent estimate calculates that about 500,000 Chileans could be descendants of German immigrants.[51]

Other historically significant immigrant groups included Croats, whose descendants today are estimated at 380,000 persons, or 2.4% of the Chilean population.[52][53] Some authors claim that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some Croatian ancestry.[54] Over 700,000 Chileans (4.5% of the Chilean population) may have British (English, Scottish, Irish or Welsh) forebears.[55] Chileans of Greek descent are estimated to number between 90,000 and 120,000;[56] most live in or near either Santiago or Antofagasta, and Chile is one of the five countries in the world most populated with descendants of Greeks.[57] The descendants of Swiss immigrants add 90,000,[58] and it is estimated that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry.[59] 600.000 Chileans descend from Italian immigrants. Other groups of Europeans have followed but are found in smaller numbers, as the descendants of Austrians[60] and Dutchmen it is currently estimated at about 50,000.[61][62] Altogether, these immigrants with their descendants, they have transformed the country culturally, economically and politically.

Latin American immigrants

Since the reestablishment of democracy in Chile, the former tendency for emigrants from the country to outnumber immigrants to it has reversed. Chile now is one of the two countries in Latin America with a positive migration rate.[63] Since 1990, with the opening of Chile to the world, through a free market system, and the consequent socioeconomic development of the country, has been noted the attraction of a significant number of immigrants from various Latin American countries, which represented in Census 2017, approximately 1,200,000 people, corresponding to 7% of the population residing in the Chilean territory, without counting their descendants born in Chile, due to the effects of the ius soli.[64] Their main origins, corresponds to: 288,233 Venezuelans, 223,923 Peruvians, 179,338 Haitians, 146,582 Colombians, 107,346 Bolivians, 74,713 Argentines, 36,994 Ecuadorians, 18,185 Brazilians, 17,959 Dominicans, 15,837 Cubans and 8,975 Mexicans.[65]

This has prompted a change in the physiognomy of certain communes in the country where its number is concentrated. In communes such as Santiago Centro and Independencia, 1/3 of residents is a Latin American immigrant (28% and 31% of the population of these communes, respectively).[66] Other communes of Greater Santiago with high numbers of immigrants are Estación Central (17%) and Recoleta (16%).[67] In the northern regions such as Antofagasta region, 17.3% of the population is a Latin American foreigner, with communes such as Ollagüe (31%), Mejillones (16%), Sierra Gorda (16%) and Antofagasta (11%), with high percentages of Latin American immigrants, mainly Bolivians, Colombians and Peruvians.[68]

Indigenous communities

1902 photograph of a Mapuche girl from Concepción, in southern Chile.

The 1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total country population. Only those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were considered, irrespective of their "racial purity."[69]

According to the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced a native culture or spoke a native language were surveyed, and 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description. Of that 4.6%, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.[70] Most of the indigenous population show varying degrees of mixed ancestry.[71]

Chile is one of the twenty-two countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989.[72] It was adopted in 1989 as the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified the convention in 2008. In November 2009, a court decision in Chile, considered to be a landmark ruling in indigenous rights concerns, made use of the ILO convention 169. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upholds rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.[73]

Those belonging to recognised indigenous communities (2002)
Alacaluf2,6220.02%Mapuche604,3494.00%
Atacameño21,0150.14%Quechua6,1750.04%
Aymara48,5010.32%Rapanui4,6470.03%
Colla3,1980.02%Yámana1,6850.01%

Other ethnic groups

It is estimated that about 5% of the population (800,000) is descendant of Asian immigrants, chiefly from the Middle East (i.e. Palestinians, Syrians and Lebanese, see Arab Chileans).[74][75] Most of these are Christians from the Levant,[76] of whom roughly 500,000 are Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile.[77][78][79][80][81][82] Additionally, about 18,000 - 25,000 Jews reside in Chile.[83]

In recent years, Chile has had a growing East Asian population, mainly from China (see Chinese Chilean), but also from Japan (see Japanese Chilean) and South Korea (see Koreans in Chile). The earliest wave of East Asian immigration took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly Chinese and Japanese contract laborers.

Chile administers Easter Island a territory 4,100 km west of the mainland. The Rapa Nui people are native to the island and are Polynesian in origin. About 3,500 live on the island,[84] but around 10,000 came to the mainland in the 20th century.

There is a sizable population of Romani people in Chile. They are widely and easily recognized, and continue to hold on to their traditions and language, and many continue to live semi-nomadic lifestyles traveling from city to city and living in small tented communities[85]

Languages

Languages background in Chile[12]
Languages Percent
Spanish
99.5%
English
10.2%
Indigenous (Mapudungun, Aymara, Quechua, Rapa Nui)
1%
Other
2.3%
Unspecified
0.2%

The Spanish spoken in Chile is distinctively accented and quite unlike that of neighbouring South American countries because final syllables and "s" sounds are dropped, and some consonants have a soft pronunciation. Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more noticeable are the small differences in accent based on social class or whether one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.[86]

There are several indigenous languages spoken in Chile: Mapudungun, Quechua, Aymara and Rapa Nui. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took over as the lingua franca and the indigenous languages have become minority languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.[87]

German is spoken to a great extent in southern Chile,[88] either in small countryside pockets or as a second language among the communities of larger cities.

Through initiatives such as the English Opens Doors program, the government made English mandatory for students in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile start teaching English from kindergarten.[89] Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech.[90] Since 2010, all students from 3rd grade in secondary school have been tested on listening and reading comprehension in English. The evaluation is compulsory and the instrument is TOIEC Bridge, developed by Educational Testing Service.

Religion

Religious background in Chile[12]
Religion Percent
Roman Catholic
67.4%
Evangelical or Protestant
15.7%
None
11.5%
Other
3.4%
Unspecified
1.1%
Jehovah Witness
1%

In the most recent census (2002), 70 percent of the population over age 14 identified as Roman Catholic and 15.1 percent as evangelical. In the census, the term "evangelical" referred to all non-Catholic Christian churches with the exception of the Orthodox Church (Arab, Greek, Persian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Seventh-day Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Approximately 90 percent of evangelicals are Pentecostal. Wesleyan, Lutheran, Reformed Evangelical, Presbyterian, Anglican, Episcopalian, Baptist and Methodist churches are also present.[91] Non-religious people, atheists account for around 8% of the population.

Vital statistics

Official statistics[92]

Average population Live births [93] Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate
1950 6,081,000 206,582 91,180 115,402 34.0 15.0 19.0
1951 6,218,000 209,794 92,728 117,066 33.7 14.9 18.8
1952 6,354,000 225,758 81,966 143,792 35.5 12.9 22.6
1953 6,491,000 222,956 80,068 142,888 34.3 12.4 21.9
1954 6,627,000 220,968 84,519 136,449 33.3 12.8 20.5
1955 6,764,000 237,213 87,843 149,370 35.1 13.0 22.1
1956 6,940,000 249,756 84,199 165,557 36.0 12.1 23.9
1957 7,116,000 262,746 91,506 171,240 36.9 12.9 24.0
1958 7,291,000 263,418 88,930 174,488 36.1 12.2 23.9
1959 7,467,000 267,657 94,491 173,166 35.8 12.7 23.1
1960 7,643,000 282,681 95,486 187,195 37.0 12.5 24.5
1961 7,843,000 290,412 91,348 199,064 37.0 11.6 25.4
1962 8,044,000 304,930 94,874 210,056 37.9 11.8 26.1
1963 8,245,000 309,908 98,293 211,615 37.6 11.9 25.7
1964 8,445,000 306,050 94,058 211,992 36.2 11.1 25.1
1965 8,646,000 308,014 91,648 216,366 35.6 10.6 25.0
1966 8,831,000 295,761 95,450 200,311 33.5 10.8 22.7
1967 9,015,000 277,009 86,840 190,169 30.7 9.6 21.1
1968 9,200,000 273,296 84,433 188,863 29.7 9.2 20.5
1969 9,385,000 268,807 84,336 184,471 28.6 9.0 19.6
1970 9,569,000 261,609 83,014 178,595 27.3 8.7 18.6
1971 9,738,000 273,518 83,456 190,062 28.1 8.6 19.5
1972 9,907,000 277,891 87,429 190,462 28.0 8.8 19.2
1973 10,076,000 276,650 80,994 195,656 27.5 8.0 19.5
1974 10,244,000 267,977 78,493 189,484 26.2 7.7 18.5
1975 10,413,000 256,543 74,481 182,062 24.6 7.2 17.4
1976 10,565,000 247,722 80,537 167,185 23.4 7.6 15.8
1977 10,717,000 240,463 73,446 167,017 22.4 6.8 15.6
1978 10,869,000 236,780 72,436 164,344 21.8 6.7 15.1
1979 11,021,000 241,077 74,528 166,549 21.9 6.8 15.1
1980 11,174,000 247,013 74,109 172,904 22.1 6.6 15.5
1981 11,359,000 264,809 69,971 194,838 23.3 6.2 17.1
1982 11,545,000 270,003 69,887 200,116 23.4 6.1 17.3
1983 11,731,000 256,539 74,296 182,243 21.9 6.3 15.6
1984 11,916,000 265,016 74,669 190,347 22.2 6.3 15.9
1985 12,047,000 261,978 73,534 188,444 21.7 6.1 15.6
1986 12,248,000 272,997 72,209 200,788 22.3 5.9 16.4
1987 12,454,000 279,762 70,559 209,203 22.5 5.7 16.8
1988 12,667,000 296,581 74,435 222,146 23.4 5.9 17.5
1989 12,883,000 303,798 75,453 228,345 23.6 5.9 17.7
1990 13,179,000 307,522 78,434 229,118 23.3 6.0 17.3
1991 13,422,000 299,456 74,862 224,594 22.3 5.6 16.7
1992 13,665,000 293,787 74,090 219,697 21.5 5.4 16.1 2.54
1993 13,908,000 290,438 76,261 214,177 20.9 5.5 15.4 2.48
1994 14,152,000 288,175 75,445 212,730 20.4 5.3 15.1 2.41
1995 14,395,000 279,928 78,517 201,411 19.4 5.5 13.9 2.34
1996 14,596,000 278,729 79,123 199,606 19.1 5.4 13.7 2.28
1997 14,796,000 273,641 78,472 195,169 18.5 5.3 13.2 2.22
1998 14,997,000 270,637 80,257 190,380 18.0 5.4 12.6 2.17
1999 15,197,000 263,867 81,984 181,883 17.4 5.4 12.0 2.11
2000 15,398,000 261,993 78,814 183,179 17.0 5.1 11.9 2.07
2001 15,572,000 259,069 81,871 177,198 16.6 5.3 11.3 2.03
2002 15,746,000 251,559 81,080 170,479 16.0 5.1 10.9 1.97
2003 15,919,000 246,827 83,672 163,155 15.5 5.3 10.2 1.92
2004 16,093,000 242,476 86,138 156,338 15.1 5.4 9.7 1.88
2005 16,267,000 242,980 86,102 156,878 14.9 5.3 9.6 1.87
2006 16,433,000 243,561 85,639 157,922 14.8 5.2 9.6 1.89
2007 16,598,000 242,054 93,000 149,054 14.6 5.6 9.0 1.93
2008 16,763,000 248,366 90,168 158,198 14.8 5.4 9.4 1.97
2009 16,929,000 253,584 91,965 161,619 15.0 5.4 9.6 1.96
2010 17,094,000 251,199 97,930 153,269 14.7 5.7 9.0 1.93
2011 17,248,0001 247,358 94,985 152,373 14.4 5.5 8.9 1.88
2012 17,445,000 243,635 98,711 144,924 14.0 5.7 8.3 1.84
2013 17,612,000 242,862 99,770 143,092 13.8 5.7 8.1 1.84
2014 17,787,000 252,194 101,960 150,234 14.2 5.7 8.5 1.85
2015 17,971,000 245,406 103,327 142,079 13.6 5.7 7.9 1.80
2016 18,167,000 232,616 104,026 128,590 12.8 5.7 7.1 1.69
2017 18,419,000 219,494 106,388 113,106 11.9 5.8 6.1 1.61
2018 18,751,000 221,724 106,786 114,938 11.8 5.7 6.1

1This estimate and those of previous years were made before the 2012 census results were known.

United Nations estimates

The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [10]

Period Live births
per year
Deaths
per year
Natural change
per year
CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR* Life expectancy
total
Life expectancy
males
Life expectancy
females
1950–1955244,00094,000150,00037.514.523.05.1512054.952.956.8
1955–1960268,00095,000173,00036.813.123.75.1811856.253.858.7
1960–1965285,00095,000190,00035.011.623.44.9610958.155.361.0
1965–1970291,00093,000198,00032.110.221.94.468960.857.763.9
1970–1975271,00088,000183,00027.18.818.33.576963.760.667.0
1975–1980257,00084,000173,00023.87.816.02.934567.464.070.8
1980–1985265,00082,000183,00022.77.115.62.662470.967.474.4
1985–1990286,00081,000205,00022.76.416.32.601872.869.676.0
1990–1995278,00080,000198,00020.45.914.52.381474.571.577.4
1995–2000261,00080,000181,00017.85.512.32.161275.972.878.9
2000–2005248,00082,000166,00015.95.210.72.00877.974.880.9
2005–2010240,00085,000155,00014.55.19.41.88778.675.581.7
2010–2015235,00089,000146,00013.55.18.41.78679.877.082.6
2015–2020233,00096,000137,00013.35.27.51.73581.078.383.6
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

2012 Census

According to the Chilean census held in 2012, the population of Chile was 16,634,603.[94]

The methodology used for the census was questioned by advisors to the National Statistics Institute (INE), however, which led to an investigation and the resignation of its director, Francisco Labbé, in April 2013. At the same time, the Chilean government ruled out doing the census over again.[94][95]

Largest cities

This list includes conurbations and cities with over 150,000 inhabitants. Information is from the 2002 census. (Note: The population given is limited to the city area and is not the population in the whole commune.)[96]

Graphs and maps

References

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  15. Fernández, Francisco Lizcano (2007). Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI. ISBN 9789707570528.
  16. Esteva-Fabregat (1988). "El mestizaje en lberoamérica". a white majority that would exceed 60% of the Chilean population Missing or empty |url= (help)
  17. "CIA World Factbook: Chile". Cia.gov. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  18. Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola (September 25, 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
  19. Informe Latinobarómetro 2011, Latinobarómetro.
  20. "Encuesta CEP, Julio 2002" (in Spanish). July 2002. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
  21. "O IMPACTO DAS MIGRAÇÕES NA CONSTITUIÇÃO GENÉTICA DE POPULAÇÕES LATINO-AMERICANAS" (PDF). Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  22. Valenzuela C. (1984). Marco de Referencia Sociogenético para los Estudios de Salud Pública en Chile. Revista Chilena de Pediatría; 55: 123-7.
  23. Vanegas l, Jairo; Villalón c, Marcelo; Valenzuela y, Carlos (2008). "Consideraciones acerca del uso de la variable etnia/Raza en investigación epidemiológica para la Salud Pública: A propósito de investigaciones en inequidades". Revista Médica de Chile. 136 (5). doi:10.4067/S0034-98872008000500014.
  24. Cruz-Coke, R.; Moreno, R. S. (1994). "Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile". Journal of Medical Genetics. 31 (9): 702–706. doi:10.1136/jmg.31.9.702. PMC 1050080. PMID 7815439.
  25. doi:10.4067/S0034-98872014000300001.
  26. Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon; Alarcón-Riquelme, Marta E.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
  27. De los Vascos, Oñati y los Elorza Archived August 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine DE LOS VASCOS, OÑATI Y LOS ELORZA Waldo Ayarza Elorza. Page 59, 65, 66
  28. Salazar Vergara, Gabriel; Pinto, Julio (1999). "La Presencia Inmigrante". Historia Contemporánea de Chile. Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones. pp. 76–81. ISBN 978-956-282-174-2. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
  29. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas: 1907 Population Census, Page XVII (Page 14/1277 in the PDF document) (in Spanish)
  30. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile: Censo de población de 1907, page-PDF 55/1277 and page-PDF 1249/1277 (in Spanish)
  31. Censo de Población 1907
  32. Censo de Población 1920
  33. Censo de Población 1930
  34. Diariovasco. Diariovasco. (December 1, 1997).
  35. vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
  36. Basques au Chili. Euskonews.com.
  37. Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas. Universitat de València Cita: "Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco".
  38. (in Spanish) La población chilena con ascendencia vasca bordea entre el 15% y el 20% del total, por lo que es uno de los países con mayor presencia de emigrantes venidos de Euskadi. Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  39. De los Vascos, Oñati y los Elorza Archived August 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine DE LOS VASCOS, OÑATI Y LOS ELORZA Waldo Ayarza Elorza.
  40. (in Spanish) Presencia vasca en Chile.
  41. Apellidos y migraciones internas en la España cristiana de la Reconquista. Fernando González del Campo Román
  42. "Presente y futuro de los Centros Vascos en Argentina (I de III)". Archived from the original on September 21, 2003. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  43. Luis Gorostiza, (1912).
  44. Vascos en Colombia, Tomos 1 y 2, Francisco de Abrisketa, Jaime de Kerexet
  45. Christian, Shirley (November 21, 1989). "Montevideo Journal: Basques Have Lots to Boast of (and at Times Do)". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2010. A fourth of Uruguay's three million people have at least one parent with a Basque surname.
  46. Bacaicoa Sanz, Francisco: "Apellidos vascos en el México de los Virreyes", en BIAEV, XXX, Bilbao, 1979.
  47. De Ispizúa, Segundo: Los vascos en América: Simón Bolívar Volumen 2;Volumen 5
  48. Presencia vasca en América, 1492–1992: una mirada crítica
    (Fragment)Hoy día los apellidos vascos son frecuentes en los grupos dirigentes, políticos y económicos, de gran número de países de América Latina. Una lista de las cincuenta mayores familias propietarias de Argentina...
  49. (in Spanish) Los colonos Archived January 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  50. (in Spanish) Alemanes en Chile. Archived October 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  51. "Alemanes en Chile: entre el pasado colono y el presente empresarial" (in Spanish). Deustche-Welle. March 31, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2012. Hoy, el perfil de los alemanes residentes aquí es distinto y ya no tienen el peso numérico que alguna vez alcanzaron. En los años 40 y 50 eran en Chile el segundo mayor grupo de extranjeros, representando el 13% (13.000 alemanes). Según el último censo de 2002, en cambio, están en el octavo lugar: son sólo 5.500 personas, lo que equivale al 3% de los foráneos. Sin embargo, la colonia formada por familias de origen alemán es activa y numerosa. Según explica Karla Berndt, gerente de comunicaciones de la Cámara Chileno-Alemana de Comercio (Camchal), los descendientes suman 500.000. Concentrados en el sur y centro del país, donde encuentran un clima más afín, su red de instituciones es amplia. “Hay clínicas, clubes, una Liga Chileno-Alemana, compañías de bomberos y un periódico semanal en alemán llamado Cóndor. Chile es el lugar en el que se concentra el mayor número de colegios alemanes, 24, lo que es mucho para un país tan chico de sólo 16 millones de habitantes”, relata Berndt. / (Translation) Today, the profile of the Germans living here is different and no longer have the numerical weight they once reached. In the 1940s and 1950s they were in Chile's second largest foreign group, accounting for 13% (13,000 Germans). According to the last census in 2002, however, they are in eighth place: they are only 5,500 people, equivalent to 3% of outsiders. However, the colony of families of German origin is active and numerous. According to Karla Berndt, communications manager for the German-Chilean Chamber of Commerce (Camchal), descendants totaled 500,000. Concentrated in the south and center of the country, where they find a more congenial climate, its network of institutions is wide. "There are clinics, clubs, a Chilean-German League, fire companies and a German weekly newspaper called Condor. Chile is the place in which the largest number of German schools, 24 which is a lot for such a small country of only 16 million people", says Berndt.
  52. (in Spanish) Diaspora Croata.
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  57. (in Spanish) Griegos de Chile Archived October 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
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  59. (in Spanish) 5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances. Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
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  66. Canal 13: Censo 2017: 28% de habitantes en la comuna de Santiago son inmigrantes. Published: 2018-5-5.
  67. Estas son las comunas de Chile con mayor porcentaje de población extranjera. 24 Horas Chile. Published 2018-5-5.
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  74. (in Spanish) Arabes de Chile.
  75. (in Spanish) En Chile viven unas 700.000 personas de origen árabe y de ellas 500.000 son descendientes de emigrantes palestinos que llegaron a comienzos del siglo pasado y que constituyen la comunidad de ese origen más grande fuera del mundo árabe. Archived March 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
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  79. (in Spanish) Santiago de Chile es un modelo de convivencia palestino-judía.
  80. Exiling Palestinians to Chile. Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  81. (in Spanish) Chile tiene la comunidad palestina más grande fuera del mundo árabe, unos 500.000 descendientes.
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