2020 in mammal paleontology

This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind are scheduled to be described during the year 2020, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals that are scheduled to occur in the year 2020.

List of years in mammal paleontology
In paleontology
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
In science
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

General research
  • A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the haramiyidans and on the consistency between the known morphology and age of Juramaia and other mammaliaforms from the Yanliao Biota, as indicated by Bayesian tip-dated phylogenetic methods, is published by King & Beck (2020).[1]
  • A study aiming to determine resource and habitat use, niche occupation and trophic interactions of mammals living during the Great American Interchange, as indicated by carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions of tooth enamel of fossil mammals from the late Miocene to the late Pleistocene of the Pampean region of Argentina, is published by Domingo et al. (2020).[2]
  • A study on predator richness in mammalian communities from the Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (Argentina), aiming to determine whether the mammalian predator guild from this area was impoverished prior to the Great American Interchange, is published by Rodríguez-Gómez et al. (2020).[3]

Metatherians
  • A study comparing the anatomy of the skull and teeth of Thylacosmilus atrox and placental saber-toothed carnivores is published by Janis et al. (2020), who question the interpretation of T. atrox as having a similar type of predatory behavior to placental saber-tooths, and consider it unlikely that T. atrox used its canines to dispatch its prey.[4]
  • A study on the anatomy of the petrosal and inner ear of Peratherium elegans and Amphiperatherium elegans, and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of herpetotheriids and peradectids, is published online by Ladevèze, Selva & de Muizon (2020).[5]
  • A study on the anatomy of the teeth of Groeberia, and on the phylogenetic affinities of this genus, is published by Zimicz & Goin (2020).[6]
  • A study on the relationship between variation in skull and mandibular shape of extant and extinct macropodiforms and ecological factors such as diet, locomotion and body mass, and on the implications of this relationship for the knowledge of the feeding ecology of the fossil macropodiforms from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, is published online by Butler et al. (2020).[7]
  • A study on the morphology of the humeri of fossil kangaroos belonging to the subfamily Sthenurinae and of Protemnodon, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the mode of locomotion in these marsupials, is published online by Janis et al. (2020).[8]
  • The hypothesis that marsupial forelimbs are restricted by long-term developmental constraints resulting from their reproductive strategy, is challenged in a paper to be published by Martin-Serra and Benson (2020).[9]
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Apeirodon[10] Gen. et sp. nov In press Babot et al. Eocene (Priabonian) Geste  Argentina A small bunodont metatherian, possibly an early divergent member of Polydolopimorphia. Genus includes new species A. sorianoi. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Australogale[11] Gen. et sp. nov In press Engelman, Anaya & Croft Laventan (Serravallian) Honda Group  Bolivia A member of Sparassodonta. Genus includes new species A. leptognathus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is scheduled to be published in 2020.
Lekaneleo[12] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Gillespie, Archer & Hand Oligocene–Miocene Riversleigh  Australia A marsupial lion; a new genus for "Priscileo" roskellyae Gillespie (1997)
Mukupirna[13] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Beck et al. Late Oligocene Namba  Australia A member of Vombatoidea. The type species is M. nambensis.
Pujatodon[14] Gen. et sp. nov In press Goin et al. Eocene (Ypresian) La Meseta Antarctica
(Seymour Island)		 Probably a member of Polydolopimorphia. Genus includes new species P. ektopos. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is scheduled to be published in 2020.

Eutherians
  • A review of the origins, evolution and paleoecology of major clades of extinct native South American ungulates is published by Croft, Gelfo & López (2020).[15]
  • A study on zinc isotope ratios in tooth enamel of Late Pleistocene mammals from the Tam Hay Marklot cave (Laos) is published by Bourgon et al. (2020), who evaluate potential utility of zinc isotopes as dietary tracers in paleontology and archeology.[16]

Xenarthrans
  • A metacarpal of a member of Xenarthra of uncertain phylogenetic placement is reported from the Eocene La Meseta Formation (Seymour Island) by Davis et al. (2020), supporting previously controversial reports of Xenarthra from Antarctica.[17]
  • A study on an assemblage of at least 22 specimens of Eremotherium laurillardi from the Pleistocene locality Tanque Loma (Ecuador) is published by Lindsey et al. (2020), who interpret this assemblage as likely resulting from a mass mortality event, and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of the ecology of ground sloths.[18]
  • A study on the external and internal anatomy of the skull of Catonyx tarijensis is published by Boscaini et al. (2020).[19]
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Chlamyphractus[20] Gen. et sp. nov Junior homonym Barasoain et al. Late Miocene  Argentina A fairy armadillo. Genus includes new species C. dimartinoi. The generic name is preoccupied by Chlamyphractus Castellanos (1939).
Prozaedyus scillatoyanei[21] Sp. nov In press Barasoain et al. Miocene (Chasicoan) Loma de Las Tapias  Argentina An armadillo belonging to the subfamily Euphractinae.
Sibotherium[22] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Rincón, Valerio & Laurito Miocene (Hemphillian) Curré  Costa Rica A sloth belonging to the family Megatheriidae. Genus includes new species S. ka.
Xibalbaonyx exinferis[23] Sp. nov In press Stinnesbeck et al. Pleistocene  Mexico A sloth belonging to the family Megalonychidae.

Afrotherians
  • A study on dietary differences among Pleistocene proboscideans in North America, and their implications for the knowledge of the causes of extinction of Cuvieronius, is published by Smith & DeSantis (2020).[24]
  • Evidence of dietary resource partitioning among three proboscidean taxa from the early Pliocene locality of Langebaanweg in South Africa (Anancus capensis, Mammuthus subplanifrons and Loxodonta cookei) is presented by Groenewald et al. (2020).[25]
  • A study on the morphology of teeth and mandible of Serridentinus gobiensis and Miomastodon tongxinensis, as well as on the phylogenetic affinities of these taxa, is published by Wang, Zhang & Li (2020), who reestablish Miomastodon as a genus distinct from Zygolophodon, and transfer S. gobiensis to the genus Miomastodon.[26]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Trichechus hesperamazonicus[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Perini, Nascimento & Cozzuol

Late Pleistocene

 Brazil

A manatee.

Bats
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Mops kerio[28]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gunnell & Manthi

Pliocene

Kanapoi site

 Kenya

A species of Mops. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Mops turkwellensis[28]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gunnell & Manthi

Pliocene

Kanapoi site

 Kenya

A species of Mops. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Rousettus pattersoni[28]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gunnell & Manthi

Pliocene

Kanapoi site

 Kenya

A species of Rousettus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Saccolaimus kenyensis[28]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gunnell & Manthi

Pliocene

Kanapoi site

 Kenya

A species of Saccolaimus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Turkanycteris[28]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gunnell & Manthi

Pliocene

Kanapoi site

 Kenya

A very large fruit bat, larger than all extant fruit bats other than some species of Pteropus and Hypsignathus. Genus includes new species T. harrisi. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Notoungulates
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Juchuysillu[29] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Croft & Anaya Miocene Nazareno  Bolivia A member of the family Interatheriidae. Genus includes new species J. arenalesensis.
Teratopithecus[30] Gen. et sp. nov Valid López et al. Early Eocene ?Laguna del Hunco  Argentina A member of the family Archaeopithecidae. Genus includes new species T. elpidophoros.

Odd-toed ungulates
  • A study comparing changes of body mass of ungulates belonging to the genera Lophiodon and Propalaeotherium from the middle Eocene site of Geiseltal (Germany) is published by Ring et al. (2020).[31]
  • A study on the diet of lophialetid tapiroids from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin (China), as indicated by tooth wear, is published online by Gong et al. (2020).[32]
  • Iurino et al. (2020) describe the braincase with a natural brain endocast of a 12–18 months old rhinocerotine rhinoceros from the Middle Pleistocene site of Melpignano (Italy).[33]
  • Revision of the fossil material of hipparionines from the Miocene locality of Tizi N’Tadderht (Morocco) is published by Cirilli et al. (2020).[34]
  • Catalano et al. (2020) reconstruct a near complete mitogenome of a specimen of Equus hydruntinus from San Teodoro Cave (Sicily, Italy), and evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon.[35]
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Amynodontopsis jiyuanensis[36] Sp. nov In press Wang et al. Middle Eocene Niezhuang  China A member of the family Amynodontidae
"Ceratotherium" advenientis[37] Sp. nov In press Pandolfi et al. Late Miocene  Italy A rhinoceros. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
"Dihoplus" bethlehemsis[38] Sp. nov Valid Pandolfi, Rivals & Rabinovich Pliocene Israel-Palestine water divide A rhinoceros

Even-toed ungulates
  • New sample of isolated fossil auditory ossicles of cainotheriids is reported from the Paleogene karstic infillings of Dams (France) by Assemat et al. (2020), who provide the first description of a reconstructed ossicular chain of Caenomeryx filholi.[39]
  • A study on the Old World fossil record of the family Camelidae, aiming to determine the timing of the divergence between the Bactrian camel and the dromedary, is published by Geraads et al. (2020).[40]
  • A study on the systematic relationships of extant and fossil members of the family Cervidae is published by Heckeberg (2020).[41]
  • Description of new fossil bovid material from Xishuigou (Gansu, China) and a revision of the type material of "Eotragus" halamagaiensis from the Halamagai Formation (Xinjiang, China) is published by Li et al. (2020), who transfer "E." halamagaiensis to the genus Turcocerus.[42]
  • A study on the anatomy of molars of extant and fossil suids, and on its implications for reconstructions of diets of fossil suids from the Plio‐Pleistocene Turkana Basin (Kenya), is published by Rannikko et al. (2020).[43]
  • A study comparing the distribution of ecomorphologies in the artiodactyl communities of North American Neogene savannas and modern-day African savannas is published by Morales-García, Säilä & Janis (2020).[44]
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Cervus canadensis combrayicus[45] Subsp. nov In press Croitor Late Pleistocene  France A subspecies of the elk. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Geniokeryx[46] Gen. et comb. nov In press Ducrocq Late Eocene Krabi Basin  Thailand A member of the family Anthracotheriidae; a new genus for "Anthracokeryx" thailandicus Ducrocq (1999).
Heliosus[47] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Burger & Jolley Eocene (Bridgerian) Washakie  United States
( Wyoming)		 A member of the family Helohyidae. The type species is H. apophis.
Nyanzachoerus nakaliensis[48] Sp. nov Valid Tsubamoto et al. Late Miocene Nakali  Kenya A member of the family Suidae belonging to the subfamily Tetraconodontinae
Paukkaungmeryx[49] Gen. et sp. nov In press Ducrocq et al. Middle Eocene Pondaung  Myanmar A relative of Archaeomeryx. Genus includes new species P. minutus.
Qurliqnoria chorakensis[50] Sp. nov In press Kostopoulos et al. Late Miocene  Turkey A stem-caprine bovid. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Stenomeryx[49] Gen. et sp. nov In press Ducrocq et al. Middle Eocene Pondaung  Myanmar Probably an early chevrotain. Genus includes new species S. bahinensis.

Cetaceans
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Antwerpibalaena[51] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Lavigerie et al. Pliocene  Belgium A stem-balaenid. Genus includes new species A. liberatlas.
Archaebalaenoptera liesselensis[52] Sp. nov Valid Bisconti et al. Miocene (Tortonian) Breda  Netherlands A rorqual
Archaeobalaena[53] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Tanaka, Furusawa & Kimura Pliocene (Zanclean) Chippubetsu  Japan A member of the family Balaenidae. The type species is A. dosanko.
Ensidelphis[54] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Bianucci et al. Miocene (Burdigalian) Chilcatay  Peru A member of Platanistoidea. The type species is E. riveroi.
Furcacetus[54] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Bianucci et al. Miocene (Burdigalian) Chilcatay  Peru A member of the family Squalodelphinidae. The type species is F. flexirostrum.
Scaphokogia totajpe[55] Sp. nov In press Benites-Palomino et al. Late Miocene Pisco  Peru A member of the family Kogiidae.

Carnivorans
  • New fossil material of Megamphicyon giganteus, providing new information on the locomotor adaptations of this species and allowing an estimation of its body mass, is described from the middle Miocene (MN6) site of Carpetana (Spain) by Siliceo et al. (2020).[56]
  • A study on the anatomy of the holotype specimen of Vulpes alopecoides and on the diversity of the Plio-Pleistocene members of the genus Vulpes from Europe is published by Bartolini Lucenti & Madurell-Malapeira (2020), who consider the species Vulpes praeglacialis and V. praecorsac to be junior synonyms of V. alopecoides.[57]
  • A study on the anatomy and likely diet of "Canis" ferox is published online by Bartolini Lucenti & Rook (2020), who transfer this species to the genus Eucyon.[58]
  • A study comparing the anatomy of hyoid bones of dire wolves and coyotes from La Brea Tar Pits with those of extant canids, and evaluating the implications of reported anatomical differences for the knowledge of likely vocalizations of fossil canids, is published by Flores et al. (2020).[59]
  • The study of the extensive record of Canis from Dmanisi showed the combination so primitive and derived species that contrast with the previous interpretation of these specimens to Canis etruscus and support the description of the new species Canis borjgali, very close to Canis mosbachensis and probably to modern wolves, coyotes and affine dogs (Bartolini Lucenti et al. 2020 [60])
  • A study on the genomes of modern Greenland sled dogs, an ~9500-year-old Siberian dog associated with archaeological evidence for sled technology, and an ~33,000-year-old Siberian wolf is published by Sinding et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that sled dogs represent an ancient lineage going back at least 9500 years and that wolves bred with the ancestors of sled dogs and precontact American dogs.[61]
  • New specimen of Agnotherium antiquum, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the Miocene locality of Eppelsheim (Germany) by Morlo et al. (2020), who interpret this species as a powerful, strictly carnivorous ambush hunter.[62]
  • A study on anatomical specializations in cave bears for longer hibernation periods, and on their impact on feeding biomechanics in cave bears, is published by Pérez-Ramos et al. (2020).[63]
  • A study on the diet of cave bears from cave sites in Romania, as indicated by nitrogen isotope values of individual amino acids from fossil collagen, is published by Naito et al. (2020).[64]
  • Description of new fossils and a review of the fossil material of large mustelids Sivaonyx hendeyi and Plesiogulo aff. monspessulanus from the Pliocene of the Langebaanweg fossil site (South Africa) is published by Valenciano & Govender (2020).[65]
  • A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil pinnipeds is published by Paterson et al. (2020).[66]
  • Rule, Hocking & Fitzgerald (2020) describe a tooth of a monachine seal from the Pliocene Whalers Bluff Formation (Victoria, Australia), and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of the timing of pinniped faunal turnovers in the Southern Hemisphere.[67]
  • A study on the evolutionary history of the genus Crocuta, based on paleogenomic data from Late Pleistocene cave hyenas from across Eurasia and on population-level genomic data from sub-Saharan spotted hyenas, is published by Westbury et al. (2020).[68]
  • Description of a skull of Machairodus giganteus from the late Miocene locality Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria), and a study on the evolution of the genus Machairodus, is published by Geraads & Spassov (2020).[69]
  • An almost complete skull of Smilodon populator, likely belonging to one of the largest known specimens of the genus with an estimated body mass over 400 kg, is described from the Lujanian Dolores Formation (Uruguay) by Manzuetti et al. (2020).[70]
  • A study on the evolutionary history of lions, based on whole-genome resequencing data from a set of modern, historic, and Pleistocene lions, is published by de Manuel et al. (2020).[71]
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Agriotherium hendeyi[72] Sp. nov In press Jiangzuo & Flynn Late Hemphillian Quiburis  United States
( Arizona)		 Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Amblonyx barryi[73] Sp. nov In press Jiangzuo, Yu & Flynn Pliocene Sivalik    Nepal A relative of the Asian small-clawed otter. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.

Aurorarctos[74]

Gen. et sp. nov

Jiangzuo & Flynn

Late Barstovian

 United States
( Nebraska)

A bear belonging to the subfamily Ursinae. The type species is A. tirawa.
Ballusia zhegalloi[75] Sp. nov In press Sotnikova et al. Early Miocene  Mongolia

 Russia

 A bear. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Canis borjgali[60] Sp. nov. Valid Bartolini Lucenti et al. Early Pleistocene Dmanisi  Georgia An ancestor of wolf-like canids
Circamustela peignei[76] Sp. nov Valid Valenciano et al. Miocene (Vallesian) Cerro de los Batallones fossil site  Spain A member of the family Mustelidae belonging to the subfamily Guloninae.
Cryptailurus tinaynakti[77] Sp. nov Valid Barrett et al. Hemingfordian Mascall  United States
( Oregon)		 A hypercarnivorous feliform
Cynelos stenos[78] Sp. nov Valid Hunt & Yatkola Early Miocene Runningwater  United States
( Nebraska)		 A bear dog
Cynodictis peignei[79] Sp. nov Valid Le Verger, Solé & Ladevèze Late Eocene to early Oligocene Quercy Phosphorites  France A bear dog
Leptoplesictis peignei[80] Sp. nov Valid Grohé et al. Miocene Mae Moh Basin  Thailand A mongoose
Lycophocyon tabrumi[81] Sp. nov Valid Lofgren et al. Eocene  United States
( Montana)		 A caniformian carnivoran.
Oriensmilus[82] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Wang, White & Guan Middle Miocene Tongxin  China A barbourofeline. Genus includes new species O. liupanensis.
Panthera balamoides[83] Sp. nov In press Stinnesbeck et al. Pleistocene  Mexico A species of Panthera. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Siamictis[80] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Grohé et al. Miocene Mae Moh Basin  Thailand A member of the family Viverridae belonging to the subfamily Paradoxurinae. The type species is S. carbonensis.
Siamogale bounosa[80] Sp. nov Valid Grohé et al. Miocene Mae Moh Basin  Thailand An otter
Skopelogale[84] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Baskin Miocene (Barstovian)  United States
( Nebraska)		 A member of the family Mustelidae of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is S. melitodes.
Trochictis peignei[85] Sp. nov In press Morlo et al. early Late Miocene  Germany A member of the family Mustelidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Tungurictis peignei[86] Sp. nov Valid Wang et al. Middle Miocene Suosuoquan  China A hyena
Vishnuonyx maemohensis[80] Sp. nov Valid Grohé et al. Miocene Mae Moh Basin  Thailand An otter

Rodents
  • A study on brain anatomy and size in Neoepiblema acreensis is published by Ferreira et al. (2020).[87]
  • A study on a specimen of Ischyromys douglassi from the White River Formation of West Canyon Creek (Wyoming, United States), representing the oldest and most complete articulated skeleton yet known of Ischyromys, is published by Rankin, Emry & Asher (2020), who report that this specimen exhibits anatomical sciuromorphy, and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of jaw musculature evolution in rodents.[88]
  • Partial mitochondrial genome of the extinct beaver Castoroides is reported by Xenikoudakis et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the origin of aquatic behavior of beavers.[89]
  • A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Megaoryzomys curioi is published by Ronez et al. (2020).[90]
  • A study aiming to determine whether insularity might have affected bone metabolism in Late Quaternary murine rodents from Timor is published by Miszkiewicz et al. (2020).[91]
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Anomalomys grytsivensis[92] Sp. nov In press Nesin & Kovalchuk Miocene  Ukraine A member of the family Anomalomyidae
Borikenomys[93] Gen. et sp. nov Marivaux et al. late Early Oligocene San Sebastián  United States
( Puerto Rico)		 A member of the superfamily Chinchilloidea, possibly belonging to the family Dinomyidae. The type species is B. praecursor.
Ceratogaulus cornutasagma[94] Sp. nov Valid Calede & Samuels  United States
( Nebraska)
"Cricetodon" venczeli[95] Sp. nov In press Hír, Codrea & Prieto Miocene  Romania A large hamster. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Ctenomys viarapaensis[96] Sp. nov In press De Santi et al. Holocene  Argentina A tuco-tuco
Golunda aouraghei[97] Sp. nov Valid Piñero et al. Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary  Morocco A relative of the Indian bush rat
Honeymys[98] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Martin et al. Miocene (Clarendonian)  United States
( Nebraska
 Oklahoma)		 A member of the family Cricetidae, possibly belonging to the subfamily Sigmodontinae; a new genus for "Copemys" mariae Baskin & Korth (1996).
Huerzelerimys asiaticus[99] Sp. nov Valid Wang, Qiu & Li Late Miocene Liushu  China A member of the family Muridae belonging to the subfamily Murinae
Hystrix brevirostra[100] Sp. nov In press Wang & Qiu Late Miocene and early Pliocene Hewangjia
Liushu		  China A species of Hystrix.
Luantus sompallwei[101] Sp. nov In press Solórzano et al. Miocene Cura-Mallín  Chile A member of Caviomorpha.
Pareumys flynni[102] Sp. nov Valid Korth Eocene (Bridgerian and Uintan) Washakie  United States
( Wyoming)		 A member of the family Cylindrodontidae.
Pareumys muffleri[81] Sp. nov Valid Lofgren et al. Eocene  United States
( Montana)
Pauromys turnbulli[102] Sp. nov Valid Korth Eocene (Uintan) Washakie  United States
( Wyoming)		 A member of the family Sciuravidae.
Petaurista tetyukhensis[103] Sp. nov In press Tiunov & Gimranov Late Pleistocene  Russia A species of Petaurista. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is scheduled to be published in 2020.
Spermophilinus kumkolensis[104] Sp. nov Valid Li et al. Middle Miocene Shimagou  China A member of the family Sciuridae belonging to the subfamily Sciurinae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Thisbemys intermedius[105] Sp. nov Valid Korth Bridgerian Washakie  United States
( Wyoming)		 A member of the family Ischyromyidae.

Primates
  • Marigó et al. (2020) describe navicular bones of Anchomomys frontanyensis from the Eocene fossil site of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà-3C (Barcelona, Spain), representing first known navicular bones of an Eocene euprimate from Europe, and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of early patterns of locomotor evolution in primates.[106]
  • A study on the anatomy of the talus of Paralouatta marianae and P. varonai, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the locomotor behaviors of these primate (especially for the knowledge whether or not Paralouatta represents the first known semi-terrestrial platyrrhine), is published by Püschel et al. (2020).[107]
  • A study on the evolution of the vestibular apparatus in hominoids and on the utility of the study of the inner ear morphology for reconstructions of phylogenetic relationships of fossil apes, based on data from extant anthropoids and two fossil taxa (Oreopithecus and Australopithecus), is published by Urciuoli et al. (2020).[108]
  • A study on the biomechanical performance of the patella of Pierolapithecus catalaunicus is published by Pina et al. (2020).[109]

General paleoanthropology
  • A study on the impact caused by hard plant tissues in contact with tooth enamel is published by van Casteren et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the diet of early hominins.[110]
  • A study on the mandible morphology, chewing biomechanics and probable diet of early hominins is published by Marcé-Nogué et al. (2020).[111]
  • A study on metacarpal trabecular and cortical bone in early hominins, and on its implications for the knowledge of diversity in hominin hand use (especially in Australopithecus sediba), is published by Dunmore et al. (2020).[112]
  • A study on the phalangeal curvature of a chimpanzee who was raised during the 1930s to live much like a human, having very few opportunities to engage in arboreal activities, is published by Wallace, Burgess & Patel (2020), who attempt to determine the extent to which phalangeal curvature is shaped by arboreal locomotion during life relative to genetic factors, and evaluate the implications of their findings for the interpretations of phalangeal curvature among fossil hominins.[113]
  • Two hominin skulls, representing the earliest definitive occurrence of Paranthropus robustus and the earliest occurrence of a cranium with clear affinities to Homo erectus reported so far, are described from Drimolen (South Africa) by Herries et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that Homo, Paranthropus and Australopithecus were contemporaneous at ~2 million years ago.[114]
  • A study on the locomotion of two hominins from the Sterkfontein Caves in South Africa (Australopithecus africanus and a geologically younger hominin of uncertain phylogenetic placement, either Paranthropus robustus or a member of the genus Homo), testing for evidence of committed terrestrial bipedalism and for significant bouts of climbing, is published by Georgiou et al. (2020).[115]
  • A study on the maturational pattern of Paranthropus robustus, based on data from fossils from the Kromdraai B cave site (South Africa), is published by Cazenave et al. (2020), who report evidence indicating that P. robustus had a maturational pattern that more closely approached the extant ape rather than the human condition.[116]
  • Richmond et al. (2020) report the first associated hand and upper limb skeleton of Paranthropus boisei from the Ileret site (Kenya).[117]
  • A study aiming to determine the length of the Achilles tendon in Australopithecus is published by McNutt & DeSilva (2020).[118]
  • A study on the anatomy of the atlas of the Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 ("Little Foot") and an additional Australopithecus specimen StW 679 from the Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa, evaluating their implications for the knowledge of kinematics of head-neck movements and blood supply contributing to brain metabolism in Australopithecus is published by Beaudet et al. (2020).[119]
  • A study on brain organization and growth in Australopithecus afarensis is published by Gunz et al. (2020).[120]
  • An assemblage of immature remains of Homo naledi, including the first partial skeleton of a juvenile member of this species, is reported from the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star Cave (South Africa) by Bolter et al. (2020).[121]
  • Bolter & Cameron (2020) utilize the methods used to study human growth and development for the reconstruction of ontogeny of Homo naledi.[122]
  • A study on the timing of the first appearance of Homo erectus at the Sangiran site (Indonesia) is published by Matsu’ura et al. (2020).[123]
  • Semaw et al. (2020) report the discovery of crania of Homo erectus and both Acheulean and Oldowan artifacts at the Busidima North and Dana Aoule North sites (Gona, Afar, Ethiopia), and interpret these findings as evidence of behavioral diversity and flexibility of H. erectus.[124]
  • Welker et al. (2020) present tooth enamel proteomes of Homo antecessor from Atapuerca (Spain) and Homo erectus from Dmanisi (Georgia), and evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the phylogenetic placement of H. antecessor.[125]
  • A study on tooth enamel development in hominins from the paleontological sites of the Atapuerca complex, aiming to determine whether the Atapuerca hominins shared a suite or pattern of dental developmental characteristics with Homo sapiens, is published by Modesto-Mata et al. (2020).[126]
  • A study on the age of the Kabwe 1 skull from Broken Hill (Zambia), and on its implications for the knowledge of human evolution, is published by Grün et al. (2020).[127]
  • Evidence of interbreeding between common ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans with a different hominin population that separated from other humans about 2 million years ago is presented by Rogers, Harris & Achenbach (2020).[128]
  • A study on the exploitation of bivalves by Neanderthals from the Moscerini cave site (Italy) is published by Villa et al. (2020), who report evidence indicating that Neanderthals collected aquatic resources by skin diving.[129]
  • Zilhão et al. (2020) present evidence from the Figueira Brava site on the Atlantic coast of Portugal indicating that Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals from this site exploited marine resources at a scale on par with the modern human–associated Middle Stone Age of southern Africa.[130]
  • A study on an assemblage of Neanderthal remains and Middle Paleolithic artifacts from the Chagyrskaya Cave (Russia) is published by Kolobova et al. (2020), who compare this assemblage with other Altai sites, and interpret their findings as evidence of at least two Neanderthal incursions into southern Siberia.[131]
  • A high-quality genome of a Neanderthal from the Chagyrskaya Cave is sequenced by Mafessoni et al. (2020), who interpret the data from the genes expressed in the striatum of the brain as indicating that the striatum may have evolved unique functions in Neanderthals.[132]
  • Evidence of use of fibre technology by Neanderthals is reported from the Abri du Maras site (France) by Hardy et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of cognitive abilities of Neanderthals.[133]
  • A study on the biological affinities of the Olduvai Hominid 1 is published by Willman et al. (2020), who also report evidence from tooth wear indicating that this individual wore three facial piercings.[134]
  • A study on an assemblage more than 400 Late Pleistocene human footprints from Engare Sero (Tanzania), and on their implications for the knowledge of the body sizes, locomotor behaviors and composition of the group of humans who generated these tracks, is published by Hatala et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as likely evidence of cooperative and sexually divided foraging behaviors in Late Pleistocene humans.[135]
  • A study on the evolution of early symbolic behavior in Homo sapiens, based on data from the engraved ochre and ostrich eggshell fragments from the South African Blombos Cave and Diepkloof Rock Shelter dating up to about 100,000 years ago, is published by Tylén et al. (2020).[136]
  • Hublin et al. (2020) report the discovery and study the age of human remains found in association with Initial Upper Paleolithic artefacts from the Bacho Kiro cave (Bulgaria), and argue that this assemblage represents the earliest arrival of Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens in Europe reported so far;[137] a study on the 14C chronology of this site is published by Fewlass et al. (2020).[138]
  • A study aiming to determine the varying reliance of early human colonisers of Wallacea on tropical forest and terrestrial versus marine resources, as indicated by stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from human and faunal tooth enamel from six Late Pleistocene/Holocene archaeological sequences on Timor and Alor Island, is published by Roberts et al. (2020).[139]

New taxa
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Ucayalipithecus[140]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Seiffert et al.

Paleogene

Santa Rosa locality

 Peru

A member of the family Parapithecidae. Genus includes new species U. perdita.

Other eutherians
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Bisonalveus gracilis[144] Sp. nov Valid Fox & Scott Paleocene (Tiffanian) Paskapoo  Canada
( Alberta)		 A member of the family Pentacodontidae.
Chiromyoides kesiwah[145] Sp. nov Valid Beard et al. Tiffanian  United States
( Wyoming)		 A member of the family Plesiadapidae.
Ereberix[146] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Lopatin Early Miocene Loo  Mongolia A member of the family Erinaceidae. Genus includes new species E. erebericulus.
Leonhardtina meridianum[147] Sp. nov Valid Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau Eocene  France A member of the family Hyaenodontidae.
Lophocion grangeri[148] Sp. nov In press Bai, Wang & Meng Late Paleocene Clark's Fork  United States
( Wyoming)		 A member of the family Phenacodontidae
Matthodon peignei[147] Sp. nov Valid Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau Eocene  France A member of the family Hyaenodontidae.
Olisanophus[149] Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov Valid McGrath, Anaya & Croft Miocene (Laventan) Honda Group
Honda Group (La Venta)		  Bolivia
 Colombia		 A member of Litopterna belonging to the family Proterotheriidae. Genus includes new species O. riorosarioensis and O. akilachuta, as well as "Prolicaphrium" sanalfonensis.
Oxyaenoides aumelasiensis[147] Sp. nov Valid Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau Eocene  France A member of the family Hyaenodontidae.
Plioblarinella[150] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Koenigswald & Reumer Pliocene  Austria A shrew belonging to the tribe Blarinellini; a new genus for "Petenyia" dubia
Pseudobrachytherium[151] Gen. et sp. nov In press Corona et al. Miocene (Huayquerian) Camacho  Uruguay A member of Litopterna belonging to the family Proterotheriidae. Genus includes new species P. breve.
Rodcania[152] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Gelfo, García-López & Bergqvist Paleocene Río Loro  Argentina A member of Xenungulata. Genus includes new species R. kakan.
Saltaodus[153] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Gelfo et al. Eocene Lumbrera  Argentina A native South American ungulate belonging to the family Didolodontidae. Genus includes new species S. sirolli. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Wyonycteris kingi[154] Sp. nov In press Hooker Paleogene Woolwich  United Kingdom A member of the family Nyctitheriidae

Other mammals
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Adalatherium[156] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Krause, Hoffmann, Wible & Rougier in Krause et al. Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Maevarano  Madagascar A member of Gondwanatheria. The type species is A. hui.
Amblotherium megistodon[157] Sp. nov Valid Foster, Pagnac & Hunt-Foster Late Jurassic Morrison  United States
( Wyoming)		 A member of the family Dryolestidae.
Dolichoprion[158] Gen. et sp. nov In press Kusuhashi, Wang & Jin Early Cretaceous Fuxin  China An eobaatarid multituberculate. Genus includes new species D. lii. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Fuxinoconodon[159] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Kusuhashi et al. Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Fuxin  China A member of the family Gobiconodontidae. The type species is F. changi. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Magallanodon[160] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Goin et al. Late Cretaceous (late Campanian to early Maastrichtian) Dorotea  Chile A member of Gondwanatheria, possibly belonging to the family Ferugliotheriidae. The type species is M. baikashkenke.
Origolestes[161] Gen. et sp. nov Mao et al. Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Yixian  China A member of the family Zhangheotheriidae. Genus includes new species O. lii. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Tagaria[162] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Averianov et al. Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Itat  Russia
( Krasnoyarsk Krai)		 A member of Multituberculata. Genus includes new species T. antiqua.
Tashtykia[162] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Averianov et al. Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Itat  Russia
( Krasnoyarsk Krai)		 A member of Multituberculata. Genus includes new species T. primaeva.

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