W-class Melbourne tram

W-class
W6 992 on Victoria Street
Manufacturer Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board
Assembly Holden Body Builders
Holden Street Workshops
James Moore & Sons
Preston Workshops
Constructed 1923–1956
Number in service 12 in Melbourne
Fleet numbers 219–1040 (Not all numbers in that range are used by W classes)
Depot(s) Southbank
Specifications
Electric system(s) 600 V DC, Catenary
Current collection method Trolley pole or pantograph
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge

The W-class trams are a family of electric trams built by the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB) between 1923 and 1956. Over the 33 years of production, 752 vehicles spanning 12 sub-classes were constructed, the majority at the MMTB's Preston Workshops.

A small fleet continue to operate on the tramway network of Melbourne, Australia, where they are used on the City Circle tourist route and the Colonial Tramcar Restaurant service. The W-class tram is a cultural icon to Melbourne, those that remain in Melbourne are classified by the National Trust of Australia.

As well as Melbourne, W-class trams operate on tourist and heritage systems across the world. A number of older variants have been withdrawn from service and later sent to cities such as Copenhagen, Savannah and Seattle, and by private enthusiasts.

History

A W5 class tram, 1969

W-class trams were introduced to Melbourne in 1923 as a new standard design. They had a dual bogie layout and were characterised by a substantial timber frame supplanted by a steel under frame, a simple rugged design, and fine craftsmanship (particularly the older models). The W class was the mainstay of Melbourne's tramways system for 60 years. A total of 752 trams of all variants were built.

The W2 variant was supplemented in the late 1930s by 120 W5 (or "Clyde") class trams with wider cabins, and more powerful motors. However, they were notorious for being difficult to drive smoothly. The W6 followed on, and became the most popular W-class tram with crews and passengers alike, because they were fast, smooth and comfortable, compared with earlier W variants. Construction came to a halt for some years, with the final 40 W-class trams emerging from the Preston Workshops in 1956, when the need to provide something more capable of dealing with Olympic Games crowds than Bourke Street's buses prompted the last expansion of the network.

In April 1971, W7 1024 became the first tram to carry all over advertising livery when it was painted for the State Electricity Commission of Victoria, followed by Heinz (June 1971), Preston Market (August 1971), and Channel 0 (October 1971). It was fitted with 400 light bulbs on its roofline.[1] It was joined by W6 900 in 1973.[2] In 1977 W2 546 was fitted with an experimental Siemens pantograph.[3]

The W7 class with its pneumatic sliding doors and softer suspension proved popular with passengers. It was not until the 1990s that the W class was finally considered surplus to rolling stock requirements.

In 1992, an official mass withdrawal of the W class was announced by transport minister Alan Brown. That was generally due to the fact that over 200 W class remained in service, while the newer Z-class trams were in storage in varying locations, after being displaced by the newer A and B class vehicles. Protests over the disappearing icons brought about a reconsideration of the withdrawal policy, and it was decided 53 Ws would be retained for tourist purposes. The popular zero-fare City Circle tourist route commenced in April 1994, using 12 of the 53 trams retained.[4]

When the network was privatised in August 1999, 30 W-class trams were allocated to M>Tram and 23 to Yarra Trams.[5]

Today

City Circle trams on La Trobe Street

In mid-2000 all operating W-class trams were removed from service following a series of incidents involving brake problems. Some returned to service in May 2001 on the City Circle route, with 25 operating in September 2003. The return of another 30 W-classes was announced in September 2003, but on more limited routes than before their withdrawal from service.[6] All 53 had been returned to service by late 2003.[7][8] The reintroduction followed the installation of new braking systems, speedometers, and the imposition of a 40 km/h speed limit. The trolley poles were subsequently replaced with pantographs.[6]

The condition of the W-class fleet was criticised by the Australian Rail Tram & Bus Industry Union in September 2008, with a demand for the State Government to repair or withdraw them. A Yarra Trams spokesman said that the fleet met maintenance standards, but required more cosmetic work than other trams due to their wooden structure and age.[8]

In January 2010, it was announced by transport minister Martin Pakula that the 26 W-class trams operating the inner city revenue services would be phased out by 2012, claiming that they were no longer suitable for revenue service and would be replaced by more modern trams.[9] This prompted a new campaign from the National Trust of Australia to retain the W-class trams in service.[10] It was also proposed that unused W-class trams could be better utilised by refurbishing and leasing them as "roving ambassadors" to other cities, with the claim that this could generate revenue for investment into the public transport system.[11]

Following a change in government, in May 2011 $8 million over four years was allocated for the restoration of eight W-class trams, with options for new routes to be considered.[12][13] The restoration is occurring at Preston Workshops (where many W-class trams were originally built), with the resultant tram being dubbed W8s, they are receiving full rebuilds and many upgrades, including modernised braking and suspension.[14] The first, W8 946 entered service in March 2013,[15] while the second, W8 959 returned from 18 months of work performed at Bendigo Tramways in June 2013.[16][17] These have since been joined by W8 957[18] and W8 1010.[19] As at February 2017, 981 and 983 were under overhaul in Bendigo.[20]

As at March 2017, 12 W-class trams are in service on the Melbourne tram network,[21][22] All run on the zero-fare City Circle tourist route at any time during operating hours.[23] The last examples on routes 30, 78 and 79 were withdrawn in late 2013.

Three W6 class trams have been converted for use on the Colonial Tramcar Restaurant service which operate three meal services daily. These services can operate across the metropolitan system.

In October 2016, the government announced the formation of a reference group to formulate a strategy for the over 190 in store at Newport Workshops.[24]

Preservation

The W-class tramcars are highly popular trams in preservation both throughout Australia and around the world.

A number of W-class trams were used in the filming of the HBO mini-series The Pacific, including W3-class tram number 667.[25]

A number of W-class trams have been sent overseas, including five that were sold to Seattle between 1978 and 1993, where they operated as Seattle's own heritage streetcar line, George Benson Waterfront Streetcar Line, between 1982 and 2005. Since 1990, public outrage has forced an embargo to be placed on the sale of these trams to any overseas interest.

In February 2004, after some years of negotiation, a W-class tram was shipped to Edmonton as an ambassador for the City of Melbourne. The tram operates as part of the High Level Bridge Streetcar fleet connecting Old Strathcona to Downtown.[26][27]

Two unrelated MATAs, the Dallas MATA and the Memphis MATA both run W-class trams on their downtown streetcar services. A highly modified W class tram began running in 2009 along River Street in Savannah, Georgia, its AC motors powered by biodiesel-fueled generators.

In the 1980s W2 520 was bought by the musician and composer Elton John in what he described as one of "my drug-induced moments".[28] John exported the tram to England where it stands in the grounds of Woodside, his country house in Berkshire.[29][30]

W6 965 at the Skjoldenæsholm Tram Museum

In 2005 W6 965 was restored at a cost of $25,000 and given as a wedding present from the Victorian Government to Princess Mary and Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark. Shipping line Maersk transported the tram to Denmark free of charge, waiving the estimated bill of $40,000.[31] It was placed in the custody of the Skjoldenæsholm Tram Museum.[32][33]

Subclasses

W

There were 200 W-class trams built from 1923 to 1926. They could seat 52 passengers with room for 93 people standing.[34] They were built by the MMTB's Holden Street Workshop and Preston Workshops.[35] Some were also built by private companies including James Moore & Sons of South Melbourne, and Holden Body Builders of Adelaide.[35] All 200 were converted to W2s between 1928 and 1933. No. 380 was converted back to original condition in 1988 for the Heritage Fleet.[35]

W1

There were 30 W1-class trams built between 1925 and 1928. They were a variation on the W-class trams and used a different seating arrangement. The middle of the tram was open like the earlier cable cars and allowed passengers to get on and off the tram quickly. However in cold and wet weather the openings were only covered by pull down blinds. Passengers were looking for more comfort and these trams were later converted to the W2 design.[36] Four SW2s have been converted back to W1 in preservation.

W2/SW2

A W2-class tram overloaded with passengers on Brunswick Street, Fitzroy North in 1944

The W2-class was introduced in 1927 and remained in service until its final withdrawal in mid-1987.

The 406-strong class was the backbone of the MMTB's vast fleet during their heyday from the 1940s to 1960s. Most class members had been converted from the earlier W and W1-classes. The trams featured two enclosed saloon areas at either end of the tram and an open "drop-centre" section in the middle. A trademark feature of these vehicles until the 1970s was their uncomfortable wooden bench-style seats, a feature they shared with most other Melbourne trams of that period.

Mechanically, they had four under-floor motors powering two sets of the MMTB's "number one" bogies. The driver's controls were made by Westinghouse, Dick Kerr controllers, and Clyde Engineering controllers. The W2-class also had many variant gears within the tram bogies, the spur-geared W2 classes were notable due to their humming sound.

Two of the W2-class had their roller blind doors converted to sliding doors and were reclassed SW2. Four W1-class were converted directly to SW2-class.

Towards the end of their useful lives, many class members were converted to service (non-passenger) stock such as carborundum rail scrubbers, permanent-way vehicles, railgrinders and breakdown units. A large number of units were also sold to museums and public transport operators in Australia and around the world, with some still running today.

From 1978 until 1982 many W2s were painted by well-known Australian Artists as part of the "Transporting Art" program. In 1981 W2 442 was converted for use with the Colonial Tramcar Restaurant, entering service in November 1982.[37][38] The last W2 to run in regular service in Melbourne ran in December 1987 on route 93 La Trobe Street to Bundoora, although a small number were used well into the early 1990s during extended tram shortages.

W3

Preserved W3 661 in original livery at Lake Wendouree, Ballarat in March 2011

The W3-class trams were built between 1930 and 1934. These were the first trams to use an all steel frame.[39] There were 16 trams built at Preston Workshops.[40] They were built from parts and equipment which had been intended for building Y1-class trams.[41]:32 They had larger wheels, 33 inches in diameter, which were designed to provide a smoother and quieter ride.[40] These wheels came from scrapped S and T class trams.[41]:32 These larger wheels made the tram body sit higher, and the floors in the drop centre were ramped to reduce the step into the saloon.[41]:32

During the 1960s the trams developed cracks in the frame which held the motors and all were withdrawn from service by 1969.[40]

W4

Preserved W4 671 in advertising livery in Ballarat in December 2012

There were five W4-class trams built between 1933 and 1935. They had a wider body and lower floor than the W3, and had transverse seating in the saloon. They were all withdrawn by 1968.[42] The wider body of the tram meant the drivers found it difficult to see the steps.[41]:33

CW5/W5/SW5

SW5 728 in advertising livery on the corner of Flinders & Market Streets in 2007

The SW5-class was introduced between 1939 and 1941 and are still in use today.

Five (numbers 681 - 685) were rebuilt from old C class trams and were designated the CW5-class. Fleet numbers 686 to 719 were reserved for more of this type but no more were converted. The CW5s were later converted to W5s.

SW5-class trams have sliding doors, improved drop centre seating, hopper windows in the saloons and round cornered windscreens to differentiate themselves from W5-class trams. Trams 840 – 849 were built as SW5-class trams, two W5-class trams were converted to SW5s in 1956, with an additional 83 W5-class trams converted between 1983 and 1986.

After 1986 the SW5s converted from W5s were essentially the same in appearance to the original SW5s owing to the removal of the middle door, addition of sliding doors to replace weather blinds and rounded corner windscreens. The main visual differences post conversion were the saloon windows, which unlike the original SW5s did not have hopper windows and the retention of internal wooden bulk heads.

During the mass withdrawal of the W-classes in 1994–96, the majority of this class was retired in preference to the higher W-classes. This was due to the discovery of asbestos in the controllers.

As of December 2013, two remain in service with Yarra Trams for use on the City Circle Tram route with two stored operational at Preston Workshops in "ready reserve".

Fleet numbers

SW5-class trams have unusual fleet numbers, W5-class trams retained their original fleet numbers after conversion to SW5s.

  • CW5 converted to W5: 681 - 685
  • W5 converted to SW5: 681 – 682, 721 – 734, 736 – 750, 752 – 755, 757 – 760, 764 – 765, 767 – 770, 773, 775 – 777, 780 – 781, 784 – 791, 793, 796 – 797, 800, 802, 805 – 812, 814 – 816, 818 – 819, 824, 828 – 830, 834, 836 – 838
  • Built as SW5: 840 – 849

W6/SW6

W6 983 on route 30 on Victoria Parade in October 2004

The SW6-class were introduced in 1939 and were followed by the W6-class which were produced between 1951 and 1955, 150 were built in total. At their introduction, W6-class trams were popular with passengers and crew alike for being fast, smooth and comfortable. The cab controls are the same as of other W-class trams. The first 40 had flip-over wooden seats in the end saloons, the remainder having upholstered bus seats. All had wooden seats in the centre saloon until the 1970s when the entire class was refurbished with upholstered seats throughout.

W6-class trams initially begun as a sub group of the SW6-class trams, but later became their own class. The W6 differed from the SW6 in having quieter wheels and gears plus additional soundproofing.

As of December 2013, 26 remain available for service with Yarra Trams plus another 21 stored operational in "ready reserve".[43][44] Two of the trams are in the hands of preservation groups, one of which is used as a café tram in Bendigo. Three SW6-class trams also operate on the Colonial Tramcar Restaurant service.

W7

Forty W7-class trams were built in 1955/56 for operation on new Bourke Street routes (routes 86 and 96).[45][46] Originally 70 were ordered but the number was cut to 40 following a change of government at the 1955 state election. They were very similar to the preceding W6-class, but with upholstered seats throughout.[44] Thirteen had their frames built by Ansair. As of December 2013, nine remained in service with Yarra Trams with another four stored operational in "ready reserve".

W8

W8.983 along Victoria Parade.

SW6 922 was partly modernised at Preston Workshops in 1993. It was to be a prototype for rebuilding the remaining SW6 fleet with air conditioning, roller bearings, modern head and tail lights, fluorescent interior lighting, dot-matrix display and pantograph using many of the same components as used in the A2 and B2 class trams. It was designated the W8 class and renumbered 1101. The rebuild radically altered the appearance of the tram and the National Trust ordered the conversion be suspended before completion.[41]:89

Four (946, 957, 959 and 1010) were subsequently modernised ftom 2012 and designated the W8-class. The upgrades include improved traction motors, suspension and braking, improved crashworthiness and LED lighting, while retaining the general appearance of the original SW6 and SW7s.[19][47]

List of preserved W-class trams

W-class trams preserved in Australia and New Zealand
Class Number Location Comments
W220Tramway Museum Society of VictoriaUnder restoration to original condition
W380Hawthorn depotPart of the Melbourne historic tram fleet, was reconverted from a W2-series tram in 1988 at Preston Workshops.[48]
W1421Bendigo TramwayRebuilt back from W2, renumbered Bendigo 31[49]
W1427Tramway Museum Society of VictoriaReconverted from a W2-series tram in 1988 at Preston Workshops courtesy of a Victorian Government grant to celebrate 100 years of trams in Melbourne[50]
W1431Hawthorn depotPart of the Melbourne historic tram fleet, was reconverted from a W2-series tram in 1988 at Preston Workshops[51]
W1432Sydney Tramway Museum[50]
W2244Ferrymead Heritage ParkOwned by the Heritage Tramway Trust, the commercial arm of the Tramway Historical Society at Ferrymead Heritage Park in Christchurch, New Zealand, currently in storage at Ferrymead Park due to the closure of the Christchurch Tramway.
W2249Sydney Tramway MuseumIn a livery for a proposed Canberra system[52]
W2294Australian Electric Tram Museum, Adelaide[53]
W2321Museum of Transport and Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
W2323Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W2325Hawthorn depotHas been converted to a driver training tram, thus is permanently immobile and housed at Hawthorn tram depot[54]
W2329Perth Electric Tramway SocietyIn operational condition[55]
W2354Australian Electric Tram Museum, Adelaide[53]
W2357Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association[56]
W2368Perth Electric Tramway SocietyIn need of restoration[55]
W2370Sydney Tramway Museum[53]
W2392Sydney Tramway Museum[53]
W2393Perth Electric Tramway SocietyIn operational condition[55]
W2407Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association[57]
W2411Christchurch, New ZealandRestored as a restaurant tram for use on the Christchurch Tramway but was stored in the city tram barn after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Returned to service in late 2013.
W2441Perth Electric Tramway SocietyOn loan from Bendigo Tramway and in operational condition[55][58]
W2447Sydney Tramway Museum[50]
W2456Bendigo TramwayIn storage[58]
W2470Bendigo Trust[50]
W2509Tramway Museum Society of Victoria
W2510Hawthorn depotPart of the Melbourne historic tram fleet[59]
W2522Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W2577Sydney Tramway Museum[50]
W2600VicTrack heritage fleet[50]
W2643Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W2646Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
SW2275Bendigo TramwayRenumbered Bendigo 33[49]
SW2426Perth Electric Tramway SocietyIn operational condition[55]
SW2432Sydney Tramway MuseumDestroyed in an arson attack in October 2015[60]
SW2436Masterton, New ZealandPrivately owned, was converted from a W1-class tram to SW2-class in 1938
SW2644Tramway Museum Society of Victoria
W3661Ballarat Tramway Museum[61] In operational condition
W3663Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association[40]
W3667Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W3668Sydney Tramway Museum[50]
W4670Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association[62]
W4671Ballarat Tramway Museum[63] In operational condition
W3673Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W4674Perth Electric Tramway SocietyIn operational condition[55]
W5739Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W5759VicTrack heritage fleet[50]
W5762Sydney Tramway Museum[50]
W5766Perth Electric Tramway SocietyIn need of restoration[55]
W5774Hawthorn depot[64]
W5782Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W5792Sydney Tramway Museum[50]
W5795Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W5821VicTrack heritage fleet[50]
SW5808Bendigo Tramway[49]
SW5840VicTrack heritage fleet[50]
SW5849Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association[65]
W6976Bendigo TramwayRestaurant tram[49]
W6996Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
SW6850VicTrack heritage fleet[50]
SW6852Auckland Dockline Tramway, Auckland, New Zealand[66]
SW6880Bendigo Tramway[49]
SW6887Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
SW6881Auckland Dockline Tramway, Auckland, New Zealand[66]
SW6891Perth Electric Tramway Society, Western Australia
SW6893Museum of Transport and Technology in Auckland, New Zealand
SW6900VicTrack heritage fleet[50]
SW6902Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
SW6906Museum of Transport and Technology in Auckland, New Zealand
SW6918Bendigo TramwayRenumbered Bendigo 34[49]
W71001Tramway Museum Society of Victoria[50]
W71013Australian Electric Traction Association Museum, St KildaIn operational condition
W71017Perth Electric Tramway SocietyIn operational condition[55]
W71023Perth Electric Tramway Society, Western Australia
W71032Museum of Transport and Technology in Auckland, New Zealand
W71040Hawthorn depotLast W-class built[67]
W-class trams operating in America
Class Number Location Comments
W2234Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley[68]
W2353Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley, renumbered 1978[68]
W2417Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley[68]
W2626Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley, renumbered 452, ex-New Orleans[68]
SW2478Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley, renumbered 454, ex-New Orleans[68]
W2331Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley, renumbered 455, ex-New Orleans[68]
W2539Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley[68]
W2540Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley[68]
W2545Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley[68]
W2553Memphis, TennesseeDestroyed by fire on 7 April 2014 [69]
W5799Memphis, TennesseeUsed in regular service on MATA Trolley[70]
W2369Dallas, TexasOperates along McKinney Avenue M-Line, nicknamed Matilda[71]
W2496San Francisco, CaliforniaUsed in regular service on F Market & Wharves line[72]
SW6916San Francisco, CaliforniaUsed in regular service on F Market & Wharves line[73]
W5756Savannah, GeorgiaUsed on the River Street Streetcar, electric motors are powered by a generator and battery hybrid drive[74]
W2531San Jose, CaliforniaOperates on the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority historic trolley line[75][76]
W2601Chisholm, MinnesotaUsed at the Minnesota Discovery Center[77][78]
W2606Chisholm, MinnesotaUsed at the Minnesota Discovery Center [77][78]
W2648Rio Vista, CaliforniaPreserved in operational condition at Western Railway Museum[79]
W6930Edmonton, AlbertaUsed on High Level Bridge line on summer weekends[27]

References

  1. ↑ "1024…MMTB Revenue Earner" Trolley Wire issue 136 October 1971 page 8
  2. ↑ "Advertising Melbourne Style" Trolley Wire issue 146 June 1973 page 13
  3. ↑ "City Section" Trolley Wire issue 169 April 1977 page 11
  4. ↑ On this Day Parliament of Victoria
  5. ↑ "Melbourne News" Trolley Wire issue 279 November 1999 page 25
  6. 1 2 Darren Gray, Andrew Webster (18 September 2003). "W-class trams back, with restrictions". The Age. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  7. ↑ "Return of W series trams" Trolley Wire issue 295 November 2003 page 21
  8. 1 2 Mary Bolling (2 September 2008). "Death rattle on tram tracks". Herald Sun. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  9. ↑ Sarah-Jane Collins (22 January 2010). "Minister in, W-class trams out". The Age. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  10. ↑ "W Class Trams". National Trust of Australia. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  11. ↑ Ruth Williams (7 March 2010). "Activist ready to rattle to keep W-class rolling". The Age. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  12. ↑ "Coalition Government to save Victoria's W-Class trams" (Press release). From the Minister for Public Transport. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  13. ↑ "Restoring W-Class trams". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  14. ↑ Heasley, Andrew (23 July 2012). "Special: W-class icon T946 on track to full restoration". The Age. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  15. ↑ "W8.946". Vicsig. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  16. ↑ All class: Bendigo restores grand Melbourne tram The Age 20 June 2013
  17. ↑ Verley, Angus (21 June 2013). "Bendigo restored tram to brighten Melbourne Circle". abc.net.au. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  18. ↑ Third restored W-Class tram back in Melbourne Yarra Trams 22 May 2015
  19. 1 2 "W class tram" Railway Digest September 2015 page 50
  20. ↑ "City Circle cars" Trolley Wire issue 348 February 2017 page 28
  21. ↑ "Facts & figures". Yarra Trams. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  22. ↑ W-Class Yarra Trams
  23. ↑ Ruth Williams (28 February 2010). "City not ready to lose its W-class act". The Age. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  24. ↑ "Breathing new life into Melbourne's historic W series trams" Trolley Wire issue 348 February 2017 page 22
  25. ↑ "Re: W-Class at Newport Workshops". Trams DownUnder. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  26. ↑ "Edmonton Radial Railway Society".
  27. 1 2 "Melbourne tram goes to Canada" Trolley Wire issue 296 February 2004 pages 10-16
  28. ↑ Mick Brown (25 October 2010). "Elton John interview". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  29. ↑ "W Class". Rail Page. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  30. ↑ "A fix for tram junkies". The Age. 3 December 2003. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  31. ↑ Dan Silkstone (October 15, 2005). "W-class tram for the royal garage". The Age. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
  32. ↑ "Tram for Denmark's Royal couple" Trolley Wire issue 303 November 2005 page 15
  33. ↑ "Destination Denmark" Trolley Wire issue 304 January 2006 pages 3-15
  34. ↑ "Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W2 Class No 325". hawthorntramdepot.org.au. 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  35. 1 2 3 "Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot: Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W Class No 380". hawthorntramdepot.org.au. 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  36. ↑ "Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W1 Class No 431". hawthorntramdepot.org.au. 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  37. ↑ "News in Brief" Trolley Wire issue 203 December 1982 page 2
  38. ↑ John Beckhaus (1989). Australian Rail Companion. Sherborne Sutherland Publishing. ISBN 1-86275-005-X.
  39. ↑ "Ballarat Tramway Museum – Ballarat Trams are Ballarat History". btm.org.au. 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "W3 Class 663". Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 Norman Cross (1993). Destination City: Melbourne Electric Trams (5th ed.). Transit Australia Publishing. ISBN 0909459177.
  42. ↑ "Ballarat Tramway Museum – No. 671". btm.org.au. 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  43. ↑ "SW6 Class". Vicsig. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  44. 1 2 "W6 class". Vicsig. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  45. ↑ Hoadley, David (1998). "Melbourne's W-class tram". Trams of Australia. Railpage Australia. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  46. ↑ "W7 class". Vicsig. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  47. ↑ "W-class icon T946 on track to full restoration". The Age. 23 July 2013.
  48. ↑ "Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W Class No 380". Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "About service fleet trams" (PDF). Bendigo Tramways. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Melbourne Metropolitan Tramway Study Part 2 Archived December 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Department of Planning & Community Development 2011
  51. ↑ "Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W1 Class No 431". Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  52. ↑ Brundle, Liam. "The Trams of the Sydney Tramway Museum – Operational Tram List". Sydney Tramway Museum. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  53. 1 2 3 4 Melbourne Metropolitan Tramway Study Part 1 Department of Planning & Community Development 2011
  54. ↑ "Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W2 Class No 325". Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "PETS Tramcar Collection". Perth Electric Tramway Society. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  56. ↑ "W2 Class 357". Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  57. ↑ "W2 Class 407". Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  58. 1 2 "About other trams" (PDF). Bendigo Tramways. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  59. ↑ "Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W2 Class No 510". Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  60. ↑ Cormack, Lucy, Fire destroys historic trams and buses at Sydney Tram Museum, Sydney Morning Herald, 24 October 2015, . accessed 28 October 2015
  61. ↑ "No. 661". Ballarat Tramway Museum. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  62. ↑ "W4 Class 670". Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  63. ↑ "No. 671". Ballarat Tramway Museum. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  64. ↑ "Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W5 Class No 774". Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  65. ↑ "SW5 Class 849". Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  66. 1 2 "Auckland Dockline Tram". Auckland Dockline Tram. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  67. ↑ "Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W7 Class No 1040". Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ehrlich, Peter. "Memphis, Tennessee". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  69. ↑ MATA trolley catches fire; second blaze in six months The Commercial Appeal 7 April 2014
  70. ↑ Sells, Toby (February 11, 2016). "MATA Plans Trolley Return". Memphis Flyer. Contemporary Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  71. ↑ "Car 369 /Matilda". McKinney Avenue Transit Authority. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  72. ↑ "Melbourne, Australia (W2 Class) – Streetcar No. 496". Market Street Railway. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  73. ↑ "Melbourne, Australia (SW6 Class) – Streetcar No. 916". Market Street Railway. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  74. ↑ Davis, Ennis. "Streetcars Return to Savannah". Metro Jacksonville. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  75. ↑ "Historic Trolleys". Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  76. ↑ "Historic Trolley Car #531". Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  77. 1 2 Ehrlich, Peter. "Minnesota Transportation Museums". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  78. 1 2 "History". Minnesota Discovery Center. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  79. ↑ "Large Artifacts". Western Railway Museum. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
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