Christianity in Israel

9th Station of the Cross on the Via Dolorosa procession route in Jerusalem. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the background is venerated by Christians as the site of the Burial of Jesus.[1]
Arab Christian cemetery in Haifa

Christianity is one of the recognized religions in Israel and is practiced, as of December 2016, by more than 169,000 Israeli citizens (about 2.0% of the population). They include 133,000 Arab Christians who are mostly adherents of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (about 60% of Israeli Christians)[2] or the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, as well as Latin Rite Catholics, with small numbers of Maronites, Arameans, Copts, and Protestants, about 25,000 Orthodox Christians from the former Soviet Union (Russian Orthodox) and smaller minorities of Assyrians and Armenians. A certain number of Israelis also practice Messianic Judaism—usually considered a syncretist form of Christianity, with estimates of several thousands, but exact numbers of such are not available.

About 80% of Christian residents of Israel are Arab Christians, who are historically bound with neighbouring Lebanese, Syrian, and Palestinian Christians. A community of 1,000 Coptic Christians also exists in Israel, being registered as "Arab Christians", though their Arab identity is disputed. Christian Arabs are one of the most educated groups in Israel. Maariv has described the Christian Arabs sector as "the most successful in the education system",[3] since Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel.[4] Some 25,000 (the majority of the remaining) are immigrants from the former Soviet Union, who immigrated with Jewish relatives due to mixed marriages; there are also smaller ethnoreligious affiliations of about 7,000 Maronites (some of whom are recorded in Israel as "Arab Christians" and others as "Aramean Christians") and 1,000 Assyrians.

There are approximately 300 Christians who have converted from Islam according to one 2014 estimate, and most of them are part of the Roman Catholic church.[5]

Ten Christian churches are formally recognized under Israel's confessional system, for the self-regulation and state recognition of status issues, such as marriage and divorce: the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian Catholic Church, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Episcopal Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Latin Church, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Syriac Maronite Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church. However, the practice of religion is free, with no restrictions on the practice of other denominations.

History

Yardenit, Jordan River baptismal site

According to historical and traditional sources, Jesus lived in Roman Judea, and died and was buried on the site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Old City Jerusalem making the area a Holy Land for Christianity. However, few Christians now live in the region, compared to Muslims and Jews. This is mainly because Islam displaced Christianity throughout the Middle East, and the rise of modern Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel has seen millions of Jews emigrate to Israel.

The Christian population in Israel has increased significantly with the immigration of many mixed families from the former Soviet Union (1989-late 1990s) and by the influx of some 10,000 Christian Maronites from Lebanon in 2000. Recently a further increase in Christianity came with arrival of many foreign workers and asylum seekers, some of Christian background (for instance from the Philippines and South Sudan). As a result, numerous churches have opened in Tel Aviv.[6]

Affiliations

As of December 2013, about 161,000 Israeli citizens practiced Christianity, together comprising about 2% of the total population.[2] The largest group consists of Melkites (about 60% of Israel's Christians), followed by the Greek Orthodox (about 30%), with the remaining ca. 10% spread between the Roman Catholic (Latin), Maronite, Anglican, Lutheran, Armenian, Syriac, Ethiopian, Coptic and other denominations.[2]

Catholic Church

Six of the particular churches of the Catholic Church have jurisdiction within Israel: the Latin Church (the dominant Catholic church worldwide), the Armenian Catholic Church, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and the Syriac Maronite Church. 60% of Christians in Israel are Melkites.[2]

Eastern Orthodox

Orthodox Church of Mary Magdalene in Jerusalem.
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, regarded as the holiest site of the Christian religion where it is believed Jesus Christ was crucified, buried, and rose from the dead.

A large portion of Christians in Israel are adherents of the Eastern Orthodox Church. There are two Eastern Orthodox ecclesiastical jurisdictions on the territory of Israel: Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem (covering central and southern regions) and Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch (covering only the most northern region). Eastern Orthodox Christians in Israel have many churches, monasteries, seminaries, and other religious institutions all over the land, particularly in Jerusalem.

Oriental Orthodox

Oriental Orthodoxy in Israel is represented mainly by adherents of Armenian Apostolic Church, represented by Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, and adherents of Syriac Orthodox Church, headed by archbishop Mor Severius Malke Mourad, patriarchal exarch of Jerusalem.[7]

Protestants

There has been a small Protestant community in Israel since the foundation of the state in 1948, who are either Christian Arabs who had changed their religious affiliation to Protestant teachings or European residents moving to the area.

The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East is a province of the Anglican Communion. The seat of the Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem is St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem. Other prominent Episcopal churches in Israel include Christ Church, Jerusalem, built in 1849, which is inside the Jaffa Gate of the contested Old City of Jerusalem, and Christ Church, Nazareth, built in 1871, both built during the Ottoman period.[8]

Jewish Christians

Jewish Christians are not considered bona-fide Jews under Israel's Law of Return[9] (see Oswald Rufeisen).

Hebrew Christian movement

The Hebrew Christian movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries consisted of Jews who converted to Christianity as a result of Protestant missionary activity. It was incorporated into the later parallel Messianic Jewish movement in the late 1960s.

Messianic Jews

The number of Messianic Jews in Israel is estimated at around 20,000.[10][11]

In Jerusalem, there are twelve Messianic congregations[12]. On 23 February 2007, Israel Channel 2 News released a news documentary about the growing number of Messianic Jews in Israel.[13]

Relations with other religions

Christian–Jewish relations

Hebrew-speakers call Christians as Notzri (also romanized Notsri), which means Nazarene (originated from Nazareth).[14] The word is cognate to the Arabic Nasrani.

History

Israel's Declaration of Independence, issued in 1948, describes the country as a Jewish state but clearly extends religious freedoms to all of its inhabitants by stating that the State of Israel will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture; it will safeguard the Holy Places of all religions.

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the fate of the Christian Palestinians was similar to that of the Muslims, in term of military administration and land confiscations.[15] However, Christian churches generally avoided destruction or defilement during the 1948/1949 Arab-Israeli War. Aware of the international attention to the conflict, David Ben-Gurion is said to have expressly forbidden to loot or defile holy places.[15] For the same reason, Israeli authorities have a more lenient attitude to the right of return of the Christian refugees.[15]

According to Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since the reunification of Jerusalem, the Christian as well as Jewish and Islamic holy sites were opened for multinational pilgrims by the Israeli authorities, for the first time since 1948, when the Kingdom of Jordan took over the Eastern half of the city.[16]

As of 2013, the Government - Christians Forum was formed in Jerusalem, Israel, under the umbrella of the Ministry of Public Security, to address the concerns of the Christian leaders and representatives in Israel, and in order to empower the relations between the government and Christian leaders and representatives in Israel.

Tensions

Some ultra-Orthodox Jews have been accused of having a decades-old practice of cursing and spitting on Christian clergymen in Jerusalem,[17] and there have been cases where churches and cemeteries were defaced by price taggers.[18][19][20][21] When the doors of the Latrun Trappist monastery were set aflame and the phrase "Jesus was a monkey" was painted on its walls, the Vatican reacted with a rare official complaint against the Israeli government's inaction.[22] In June 2015, the Church of the Multiplication was significantly damaged by an arson attack and defaced by Hebrew graffiti, with the words "the false gods will be eliminated" (quoted from the Aleinu prayer).[23][24] This attack was labelled as "terrorism" by Israeli officials.[25]

Prosperity of Christian community

Gabriel Naddaf argues that Israel is the only country in which Christian communities have been able to thrive in the Middle East.[26] However, there has also been criticism by Palestinian Christians of this claim, with such statements being called a "manipulation" of the facts.[27] Members of the Palestinian Christian community claim that such statements attempt to hide the discrimination that Arab Christians face within Israel due to alleged discrimination against Arabs as well as the effect of the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza on the Christian population in these areas.[28]

Sons of the New Testament Party

Recently, there has been a steady undercurrent of Christian Arabs who seek deeper integration into Israeli society. Under the leadership of Greek Orthodox priest Gabriel Naddaf, the "Sons of the New Testament" is a political party that advocates Christian enlistment in the IDF and a more distinct societal separation of Christians from Muslims.[29] This separation is partly based on the purported fact that Christians in Israel are not technically Arabs, seeing as they were present in the holy land long before the Arab conquest, hallmarked by the Siege of Jerusalem. This distinction is in the process of being formalized into law, as the Likud government is currently drafting legislation to grant this request.[30]

This new attitude is founded largely by the perception by some that only in Israel the Christian population is growing due to natural increase and no state persecution, seeing the entire Middle East, except Lebanon, as where Christianity is and has been rapidly on the decline. In addition, increasing numbers of Christian leaders and community members are pointing to Muslim violence as a threat to their way of life in Arab majority cities and towns.[31] Sons of the New Testament as a party and a national movement has been met with wide admiration from the Jews of Israel, harshly negative scorn from the Muslim Arabs, and mixed reactions from the Christians themselves. Because of Israel's parliamentary system where each party must attain at least 2% of the popular vote, Sons of the New Testament must be supported by non-Christians to enter the Knesset.

Interfaith institutions

In 2008, Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, the chief rabbi of Efrat, established the Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation or CJCUC, the first Orthodox Jewish institution to dialogue with the Christian world on a religious and theological basis. The center, currently located in Jerusalem, engages in Hebraic Bible Study for Christians, from both the local community and from abroad, has organized numerous interfaith praise initiatives, such as Day to Praise, and has established many fund-raising initiatives such as Blessing Bethlehem which aim to aid the persecuted Christian community of Bethlehem, in part, and the larger persecuted Christian community of the Middle East region and throughout the world.

Christian–Muslim relations

A recent survey indicated that Christians in Israel are prosperous and well-educated – but some fear that Muslim intimidation will cause a mass escape to the West.[32]

Recently there has been an increase of anti-Christian incidents in the Nazareth area, inspired by the rise of Jihadist forces in the Middle East. Many Christians have complained of being targeted by Muslims, whom they believe are trying to either drive them out of cities that have traditionally had large Christian populations, or to "persuade" them to convert.[32] In 1999, for example, radical Muslims in Nazareth rioted as they attempted to wrest land from a major Christian shrine to build a mosque.[32] In one incident during 2014, a flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was installed in front of a church in Nazareth.[33]

There has also been increasing incitement and violence by the Muslims against Christians who voice their support for the Israel Defense Forces. In a recent case, the son of Gabriel Naddaf, a prominent Eastern Orthodox priest who is regarded as being pro-Israel, was severely beaten. Nadaf himself has been suffering from vasts amount of Muslim incitement in recent years.[34][35]

A 2015 study estimates some 300 Christians from a Muslim background in Israel.[36]

A 2016 study[37] by Pew research points to the convergence of political views of both Muslims and Christians over issues like – Israel cannot be a Jewish state and a democracy at the same time (Christians: 72%; Muslims: 63%), US being too supportive of Israel (Christians: 86%; Muslims: 75%), Israeli government not making enough efforts to make peace with Palestine (Christians: 80%; Muslims: 72%).

Demographics

Education

Catholic school in Haifa: High level Christian schools are among Israel's best performing educational institutions.[38]

According to the study "Are Christian Arabs the New Israeli Jews? Reflections on the Educational Level of Arab Christians in Israel" by Hanna David from the University of Tel Aviv, one of the factors why Arab Christians are the most educated segment of Israel's population is the high level of the Christian educational institutions. Christian schools in Israel are among the best schools in the country, and while those schools represent only 4% of the Arab schooling sector, about 34% of Arab university students come from Christian schools,[39] and about 87% of the Israeli Arabs in the high tech sector have been educated in Christian schools.[40][41] A 2011 Maariv article described the Christian Arab sector as "the most successful in the education system",[3] an opinion supported by others who point out that Christian Arabs fared best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel.[4]

High school and matriculation exams

The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics noted that when taking into account the data recorded over the years, Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel.[4] In 2016 Christian Arabs had the highest rates of success at matriculation examinations, namely 73.9%, both in comparison to Muslim and Druze Israelis (41% and 51.9% respectively), and to the students from the different branches of the Hebrew (majority Jewish) education system considered as one group (55.1%).[42][43]

Higher education

Christian Arabs are one of the most educated groups in Israel.[44][45] Statistically, Christian Arabs in Israel have the highest rates of educational attainment among all religious communities, according to a data by Israel Central Bureau of Statistics in 2010, 63% of Christian Arabs have had college or postgraduate education, the highest of any religious group.[46] Despite the fact that Arab Christians only represent 2.1% of the total Israeli population, in 2014 they accounted for 17.0% of the country's university students, and for 14.4% of its college students.[47] The percentage of Arab Christian women who are receiving higher education is also higher than that of other groups.[3] There are more Christians who have attained a bachelor's degree or higher academic degrees than the median Israeli population.[4]

The rate of students studying in the field of medicine was higher among Christian Arab students than that of all other sectors.[48]

In 2013, Arab Christian students were also the vanguard in terms of eligibility for higher education,[4] as the Christian Arab students had the highest rates of receiving Psychometric Entrance Test scores which make them eligible for acceptance into universities, data from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics show that 61% of Christian Arabs were eligible for university studies, compared to 50% of Jewish, 45% of Druze, and 35% of Muslim students.[49]

Socio-economic

In terms of their socio-economic situation, Arab Christians are more similar to the Jewish population than to the Muslim Arab population.[50] They have the lowest incidence of poverty and the lowest percentage of unemployment which is 4.9% compared to 6.5% among Jewish men and women.[51] They have also the highest median household income among Arab citizens of Israel and second highest median household income among the Israeli ethno-religious groups.[52] Also Arab Christians have a high presentation in science and in the white collar professions.[53] In Israel, Arab Christians are portrayed as a hard-working and upper-middle-class educated ethno-religious minority.

Religiosity

Catholic Mass in the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth.

Christians in Israel, overall, are more religious than Israeli Jews and Druze, for example, about (57%) of Christians in Israel say religion is very important in their lives.[54] A third of Christians say they pray daily (34%) and roughly the same (38%) report that they go to a church at least once a week.[54] Israeli Christians also are more likely than Jews and Druze to participate in weekly worship services.[54] Nearly (94%) of Israeli Christians believe in God, including (79%) who say they are absolutely certain.[54]

Beliefs and practices

60% of Christians in Israel fast during Lent,[55] Majorities of Christians also said they have icons of saints or other holy figures in their home (81%) and that they have been anointed with holy oil (83%).[55] According to Pew Research Center 2015 survey, Found a majority of Israeli Christians (89%), say the Bible is the word of God, This includes 65% who say the Bible should be taken literally.[55] 33% of Christians believe that Jesus will return during their lifetime, which was similar to the number of Muslims who held that belief (33%).[55] When surveyed in 2015, a majority of Christians were not comfortable with their child marrying outside of the faith.[56]

Identity

Christians in Israel (97%) are more likely than Jews, Muslims, and Druze to say they are proud of their identity.[57] Overall, about (89%) of say they have a strong sense of belonging to the Christian community.[57] Around (66%) of Christians in Israel say they have a special responsibility to help fellow members of their religious group who are in need around the world.[57]

The nature of Christian identity varies among Christians as well. Christians in Israel are about evenly divided among those who say their identity is mainly a matter of religion (31%),[57] those who say being Christian is mainly about ancestry and/or culture (34%) and those who say their identity is characterized by a combination of religion and ancestry/culture (34%).[57]

See also

References

  1. ↑  McMahon, Arthur. L. (1913). "Holy Sepulchre". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "The Christian communities in Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 "המגזר הערבי נוצרי הכי מצליח במערכת החינוך". Nrg.co.il. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Christians in Israel: Strong in education". Yneynews.com. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Miller, Duane Alexander (April 2014). "FREEDOM OF RELIGION IN ISRAEL-PALESTINE: MAY MUSLIMS BECOME CHRISTIANS, AND DO CHRISTIANS HAVE THE FREEDOM TO WELCOME SUCH CONVERTS?". St Francis Magazine. 10 (1): 17–24.
  6. ↑ Adriana Kemp & Rebeca Raijman, "Christian Zionists in the Holy Land: Evangelical Churches, Labor Migrants, and the Jewish State", Identities: Global Studies in Power and Culture, 10:3, 295-318
  7. ↑ Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate (2016): Statement
  8. ↑ Miller, Duane Alexander (June 2012). "The First Church of the Diocese of Jerusalem: A Work in Progress--or Maybe Not?". Anglican and Episcopal History. 81 (2). Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  9. ↑ Daphna Berman. "Aliyah with a cat, a dog and Jesus". WorldWide Religious News citing & quoting "Haaretz," 10 June 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  10. ↑ "2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Israel and the occupied territories". US Department of State. April 8, 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  11. ↑ . Jewish Israel. March 2016 http://jewishisrael.ning.com/page/statistics-1. Retrieved 3 July 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ "Messianic perspectives for Today". leeds Messianic fellowship. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  13. ↑ "Israel Channel 2 News - 23 February 200..." video.google.com. 8 April 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-28. (9 minute video, Hebrew audio, English subtitles)
  14. ↑ Bromiley, Geoffrey W., "Nazarene," The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: K-P, pp. 499–500.
  15. 1 2 3 Una McGahern (2012-06-25). Palestinian Christians in Israel: State Attitudes towards Non-Muslims in a ... Books.google.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  16. ↑ "The Holy Land : Jews, Christians and Muslims" (PDF). Mfa.gov.il. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  17. ↑ "ADL Urges Israeli Chief Rabbinate to Denounce Ultra-Orthodox Practice of Spitting at Christians". Adl.org. 2011-12-07. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  18. ↑ Bohstromyesterday, Philippe (2004-10-12). "Christians in Jerusalem Want Jews to Stop Spitting on Them". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  19. ↑ Derfner, Larry (2009-11-26). "Mouths filled with hatred". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  20. ↑ Orlando Crowcroft. "Christians in Israel and Palestine fear rise in violence ahead of pope's visit | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  21. ↑ Ari, Judah (2013-10-10). "Attack on Jerusalem graves unnerves Christians". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  22. ↑ Jacey Fortin. "Vatican Official Condemns Israeli Discrimination Against Christians". Ibtimes.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  23. ↑ BEN LYNFIELD (18 June 2015). "Jewish extremists suspected of torching Sea of Galilee 'loaves and fishes' church in Tabgha". The Independent. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  24. ↑ "Sea of Galilee church where 'Jesus fed 5,000,' torched in suspected hate attack". TIMES OF ISRAEL. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  25. ↑ Ari, Judah (2015-06-18). "Sea of Galilee church where 'Jesus fed 5,000,' torched in suspected hate attack". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  26. ↑ "Israeli Priest Gabriel Nadaf Confident of Greater Christian Recruitment Into IDF (INTERVIEW) | Jewish & Israel News". Algemeiner.com. 2014-11-21. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  27. ↑ Bohstromyesterday, Philippe (2012-03-26). "Christian Palestinians: Israel 'Manipulating Facts' by Claiming We Are Welcome". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  28. ↑ "Discrimination & Hate Crimes Against Christian Palestinians in the Holy Land". IMEU. 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  29. ↑ "Father Nadaf | JPost | Israel News". jpost.com. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  30. ↑ "Historic new law gives boost to Christians in Israel | The Way, Christianity without walls". theway.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  31. ↑ "Israel's Christian Awakening - WSJ.com". online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  32. 1 2 3 "Christians in Israel Well-Off, Statistics Show". Israelnationalnews.com. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  33. ↑ "Photos of ISIS flag at key sites send chill through Israel - Fox News". Foxnews.com. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  34. ↑ "Father Nadaf: Arab leaders must stop incitement campaign against me". Jpost.com. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  35. ↑ "Arab-Israeli Priest to UN: 'Israel Only Safe Haven For Christians in Middle East' (VIDEO)". Algemeiner.com. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  36. ↑ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10): 1–19. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  37. ↑ "5 facts about Israeli Christians". Pew Research Center. 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  38. ↑ Why Angry Christians in Israel Are Crying Discrimination, Haaretz.
  39. ↑ "Demonstration of Christian Schools in Jerusalem - Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation". Hcef.org. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  40. ↑ "With schools starved of funds, Christians question their future in Israel". Middleeasteye.net. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  41. ↑ "Why Angry Christians in Israel Are Crying Discrimination - Features". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  42. ↑ Aruz7 [An inside look at Israel's Christian minority An inside look at Israel's Christian minority] Check |url= value (help). Retrieved 24 December 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ↑ "Christian Arabs top country's matriculation charts". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  44. ↑ "Christians in Israel: A minority within a minority". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  45. ↑ "Israel's Christian Awakening". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  46. ↑ "المسيحيون العرب يتفوقون على يهود إسرائيل في التعليم". Bokra. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  47. ↑
  48. ↑ "CBS report: Christian population in Israel growing". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  49. ↑ "Christian Arabs Most Likely to Graduate High-School in Israel". Breaking Israel News. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  50. ↑ "Israeli Christians Flourishing in Education but Falling in Number". Terrasanta.net. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  51. ↑ "Christians in Israel Well-Off, Statistics Show: Christians in Israel are prosperous and well-educated - but some fear that Muslim intimidation will cause a mass escape to the West". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  52. ↑ "פרק 4 פערים חברתיים-כלכליים בין ערבים לבין יהודים" (PDF). Abrahamfund.org. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  53. ↑ "David, H. (2014). Are Christian Arabs the New Israeli Jews? Reflections on the Educational Level of Arab Christians in Israel". Academia.edu. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  54. 1 2 3 4 "Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Religious commitment". Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  55. 1 2 3 4 "Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Muslim and Christian beliefs and practices". Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  56. ↑ "Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Inter group marriage and friendship". Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 "Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Identity". Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.