Tropical cyclone naming

Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings. The names are intended to reduce confusion in the event of concurrent storms in the same basin. Generally once storms produce sustained wind speeds of more than 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph), names are assigned in order from predetermined lists depending on which basin they originate. However, standards vary from basin to basin: some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones must have a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the centre before they are named in the Southern Hemisphere.

Before the formal start of naming, tropical cyclones were named after places, objects, or saints' feast days on which they occurred. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes and naming lists have subsequently been introduced and developed for the Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins, as well as the Australian region, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.

History

Tropical cyclone naming institutions
BasinInstitutionArea of responsibility
Northern Hemisphere
North Atlantic
Eastern Pacific		United States National Hurricane CenterEquator northward, African Coast – 140°W[1]
Central PacificUnited States Central Pacific Hurricane CenterEquator northward, 140°W - 180°[1]
Western PacificJapan Meteorological Agency
PAGASA (Unofficial)		Equator – 60°N, 180 – 100°E
5°N – 21°N, 115°E – 135°E		[2]
[3]
North Indian OceanIndia Meteorological DepartmentEquator northward, 100°E – 45°E[4]
Southern Hemisphere
South-West
Indian Ocean		Mauritius Meteorological Services
Météo Madagascar		Equator – 40°S, 55°E – 90°E
Equator – 40°S, African Coast – 55°E		[5]
Australian regionIndonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
Papua New Guinea National Weather Service
Australian Bureau of Meteorology		Equator – 10°S, 90°E – 141°E
Equator – 10°S, 141°E – 160°E
10°S – 36°S, 90°E – 160°E		[6]
Southern PacificFiji Meteorological Service
Meteorological Service of New Zealand		Equator – 25°S, 160°E – 120°W
25°S – 40°S, 160°E – 120°W		[6]
South AtlanticBrazilian Navy Hydrographic Center (Unofficial)Equator – 35°S, Brazilian Coast – 20°W[7]

Before the formal start of naming, tropical cyclones were often named after places, objects, or saints' feast days on which they occurred.[8] The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907.[8] This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific.[8] Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean.[8]

At present, tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centers and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to facilitate the effective communication of forecasts and storm-related hazards to the general public.[9] This is especially important when multiple storms are occurring simultaneously in the same ocean basin.[9] Names are generally assigned in order from predetermined lists, once they produce one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph).[1][4][5] However, standards vary from basin to basin, with some systems named in the Western Pacific when they develop into tropical depressions or enter PAGASA's area of responsibility.[3] Within the Southern Hemisphere, systems must be characterized by a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the center before they are named.[5][6]

Any member of the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane, typhoon and tropical cyclone committees can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists.[1][2][6] A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the system has acquired a special notoriety, such as causing a large number of deaths and amounts of damage, impact, or for other special reasons.[1] A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon, but these names can be rejected and replaced with another name for various reasons:[1][2] these reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name, the similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names, and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media.[1][10] PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones when they have caused at least ₱1 billion in damage or have caused at least 300 deaths.[11]

North Atlantic Ocean

Hurricane Michael nearing peak intensity, October 2018

Within the North Atlantic Ocean, tropical or subtropical cyclones are named by the National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami) when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[1] There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the first letters A—W used, skipping Q and U, and alternating between male and female names.[1] The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization's Hurricane Committee meeting.[1] If all of the names on a list are used, storms are named after the letters of the Greek alphabet.[1]

The current naming scheme began with the 1979 season. It uses alternating women's and men's names, and also includes some Spanish and a few French names. Before then, only women's names were used.

List of Atlantic tropical cyclone names
2018
Names AlbertoBerylChrisDebbyErnestoFlorenceGordonHeleneIsaacJoyceKirk
LeslieMichaelNadineOscarPattyRafaelSaraTonyValerieWilliam
2019
Names AndreaBarryChantalDorianErinFernandGabrielleHumbertoImeldaJerryKaren
LorenzoMelissaNestorOlgaPabloRebekahSebastienTanyaVanWendy
2020
Names ArthurBerthaCristobalDollyEdouardFayGonzaloHannaIsaiasJosephineKyle
LauraMarcoNanaOmarPauletteReneSallyTeddyVickyWilfred
2021
Names AnaBillClaudetteDannyElsaFredGraceHenriIdaJulianKate
LarryMindyNicholasOdettePeterRoseSamTeresaVictorWanda
2022
Names AlexBonnieColinDanielleEarlFionaGastonHermineIanJuliaKarl
LisaMartinNicoleOwenPaulaRichardSharyTobiasVirginieWalter
2023
Names ArleneBretCindyDonEmilyFranklinGertHaroldIdaliaJoseKatia
LeeMargotNigelOpheliaPhilippeRinaSeanTammyVinceWhitney
References:[1]

Eastern Pacific Ocean

Hurricane Lane near peak intensity in August 2018

Within the Eastern Pacific Ocean, there are two warning centers that assign names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[1] Tropical cyclones that intensify into tropical storms between the coast of Americas and 140°W are named by the National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami), while tropical cyclones intensifying into tropical storms between 140°W and 180° are named by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC/RSMC Honolulu).[1] Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists and a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization Hurricane Committee.[1]

The current naming scheme began with the 1978 season, one year before the Atlantic basin (and which anomalously used the list that will be used next in 2018, rather than the one for 2020). As with the Atlantic basin, it uses alternating women's and men's names, and also includes some Spanish and a few French names. Before then, only women's names were used. Because Eastern Pacific hurricanes mainly threaten western Mexico and Central America, the lists contain more Spanish names than the Atlantic lists.

North Pacific east of 140°W

When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between the coastline of the Americas and 140°W, it will be named by the NHC. There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the letters A—Z used, skipping Q and U, with each name alternating between a male or a female name.[1] The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization's Hurricane Committee.[1] If all of the names on a list are used, storms are named using the letters of the Greek alphabet.[1]

List of Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone names
2018
Names AlettaBudCarlottaDanielEmiliaFabioGilmaHectorIleanaJohnKristyLane
MiriamNormanOliviaPaulRosaSergioTaraVicenteWillaXavierYolandaZeke
2019
Names AlvinBarbaraCosmeDalilaErickFlossieGilHenrietteIvoJulietteKikoLorena
MarioNardaOctavePriscillaRaymondSoniaTicoVelmaWallisXinaYorkZelda
2020
Names AmandaBorisCristinaDouglasElidaFaustoGenevieveHernanIselleJulioKarinaLowell
MarieNorbertOdalysPoloRachelSimonTrudyVanceWinnieXavierYolandaZeke
2021
Names AndresBlancaCarlosDoloresEnriqueFeliciaGuillermoHildaIgnacioJimenaKevinLinda
MartyNoraOlafPamelaRickSandraTerryVivianWaldoXinaYorkZelda
2022
Names AgathaBlasCeliaDarbyEstelleFrankGeorgetteHowardIvetteJavierKayLester
MadelineNewtonOrlenePaineRoslynSeymourTinaVirgilWinifredXavierYolandaZeke
2023
Names AdrianBeatrizCalvinDoraEugeneFernandaGregHilaryIrwinJovaKennethLidia
MaxNormaOtisPilarRamonSelmaToddVeronicaWileyXinaYorkZelda
References:[1]

Central North Pacific Ocean (140°W to 180°)

Hurricane Walaka in October 2018, at peak intensity south of Johnston Atoll

When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between 140°W and 180°, it is named by the CPHC.[1] Four lists of Hawaiian names are maintained by the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane committee, rotating without regard to year, with the first name for a new year being the next name in sequence that was not used the previous year.[1] The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next Hurricane Committee meeting.[1]

List of Central Pacific tropical cyclone names
List Names
1 AkoniEmaHoneIonaKeliLalaMokeNoloOlanaPenaUlanaWale
2 AkaEkekaHeneIolanaKeoniLinoMeleNonaOliwaPamaUpanaWene
3 AlikaEleHukoIopaKikaLanaMakaNekiOmekaPewaUnalaWali
4 AnaElaHalolaIuneKiloLokeMaliaNialaOhoPaliUlikaWalaka
References:[1]

Western Pacific Ocean (180° – 100°E)

Typhoon Mangkhut at peak intensity in September 2018

Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the anti-meridian and 100°E are officially named by the Japan Meteorological Agency when they become tropical storms.[2] However, PAGASA also names tropical cyclones that occur or develop into tropical depressions within their self-defined area of responsibility between 5°N–25°N and 115°E-135°E.[3] This often results in tropical cyclones in the region having two names.[3]

International names

Tropical cyclones within the Western Pacific are assigned international names by the JMA when they become a tropical storm with 10-minute sustained winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[2] The names are used sequentially without regard to year and are taken from five lists of names that were prepared by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, after each of the 14 members submitted 10 names in 1998.[2] The order of the names to be used was determined by placing the English name of the members in alphabetical order.[2] Members of the committee are allowed to request the retirement or replacement of a system's name if it causes extensive destruction or for other reasons such as number of deaths.[2] Unlike other basins, storms are also named after plants, animals, objects, and mythological beings.

List of Western Pacific tropical cyclone names
List Contributing nation
Cambodia China North Korea
(DPRK)		 Hong Kong Japan Laos Macau Malaysia Micronesia Philippines South Korea
(ROK)		 Thailand United States Vietnam
1 DamreyHaikuiKirogiKai-tak[nb 1]Tembin[nb 2]BolavenSanbaJelawatEwiniarMaliksiGaemiPrapiroonMariaSon-Tinh
AmpilWukongJongdariShanshanYagiLeepiBebincaRumbiaSoulikCimaronJebiMangkhutBarijatTrami
2 Kong-reyYutuTorajiMan-yiUsagiPabukWutipSepatMunDanasNariWiphaFranciscoLekima
KrosaBailuPodulLinglingKajikiFaxaiPeipahTapahMitagHagibisNeoguriBualoiMatmoHalong
3 NakriFengshenKalmaegiFung-wongKammuriPhanfoneVongfongNuriSinlakuHagupitJangmiMekkhalaHigosBavi
MaysakHaishenNoulDolphinKujiraChan-homLinfaNangkaSaudelMolaveGoniAtsaniEtauVamco
4 KrovanhDujuanSurigaeChoi-wanKogumaChampiIn-faCempakaNepartakLupitMirinaeNidaOmaisConson
ChanthuDianmuMindulleLionrockKompasuNamtheunMalouNyatohRaiMalakasMegiChabaAereSongda
5 TrasesMulanMeariMa-onTokageHinnamnorMuifaMerbokNanmadolTalasNoruKulapRokeSonca
NesatHaitangNalgaeBanyanHato[nb 3]PakharSanvuMawarGucholTalimDoksuriKhanunLanSaola
References:[2][13]

Philippines

Typhoon Paeng (Trami) at peak intensity in September 2018

Since 1963, PAGASA has independently operated its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones that occur within its own self-defined Philippine Area of Responsibility.[3][14] The names are taken from four different lists of 25 names and are assigned when a system moves into or develops into a tropical depression within PAGASA's jurisdiction.[3][14] The four lists of names are rotated every four years, with the names of significant tropical cyclones retired should they have caused at least ₱1 billion in damage and or at least 300 deaths within the Philippines.[14][15] Should the list of names for a given year be exhausted, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first ten of which are published every year.[14]

List of Philippine region tropical cyclone names
2018
Main AgatonBasyangCaloyDomengEsterFloritaGardoHenryIndayJosieKardingLuisMaymay
NenengOmpongPaengQueenieRositaSamuelTomasUsmanVenusWaldoYayangZeny
Auxiliary AgilaBagwisChitoDiegoElenaFelinoGundingHarrietIndangJessa
2019
Main AmangBettyChedengDodongEgayFalconGoringHannaInengJennyKabayanLiwaywayMarilyn
NimfaOnyokPerlaQuielRamonSarahTisoyUrsulaViringWengYoyoyZigzag
Auxiliary AbeBertoCharoDadoEstoyFelionGeningHermanIrmaJaime
2020
Main AmboButchoyCarinaDindoEntengFerdieGenerHelenIgmeJulianKristineLeonMarce
NikaOfelPepitoQuintaRollySionyTonyoUlyssesVickyWarrenYoyongZosimo
Auxiliary AlakdanBaldoClaraDencioEstongFelipeGomerHelingIsmaelJulio
2021
Main AuringBisingCrisingDanteEmongFabianGorioHuaningIsangJolinaKikoLannieMaring
NandoOdettePaoloQuedanRamilSalomeTinoUrduja[nb 4]Vinta[nb 5]WilmaYasminZoraida
Auxiliary AlamidBrunoConchingDolorErnieFloranteGerardoHernanIskoJerome
References:[14]

North Indian Ocean (45°E – 100°E)

Cyclone Ockhi near its peak intensity in November 2017

Within the North Indian Ocean between 45°E – 100°E, tropical cyclones are named by the India Meteorological Department (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) when they are judged to have intensified into a cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[17] There are eight lists of names which are used in sequence and are not rotated every few years; however, the names of significant tropical cyclones are retired.[18]

List of Northern Indian Ocean tropical cyclone names
List Contributing nation
Bangladesh India Maldives Myanmar Oman Pakistan Sri Lanka Thailand
1 OnilAgniHibaruPyarrBaazFanoosMalaMukda
2 OgniAkashGonuYemyinSidrNargisRashmiKhai-Muk
3 NishaBijliAilaPhyanWardLailaBanduPhet
4 GiriJalKeilaThaneMurjanNilamViyaruPhailin
5 HelenLeharMadiNanaukHudhudNilofarAshobaaKomen
6 ChapalaMeghRoanuKyantNadaVardahMaaruthaMora
7 OckhiSagarMekunuDayeLubanTitliGajaPhethai
8 FaniVayuHikaaKyarrMahaBulbulPawanAmphan
References:[17]

South-West Indian Ocean (Africa – 90°E)

Cyclone Enawo nearing landfall in Madagascar in March 2017

Within the South-West Indian Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and 90°E, a tropical or subtropical disturbance is named when it is judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[5][19] This is defined as being when gales are either observed or estimated to be present near a significant portion of the system's center.[5] Systems are named in conjunction with Météo-France Reunion by either Météo Madagascar or the Mauritius Meteorological Service.[5] If a disturbance reaches the naming stage between Africa and 55°E, then Météo Madagascar names it; if it reaches the naming stage between 55°E and 90°E, then the Mauritius Meteorological Service names it.[5] The names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed.[5] The names that are going to be used during a season are selected in advance by the World Meteorological Organization's RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee from names submitted by member countries.[5]

List of South–West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone names
2018-19
Names AlcideBouchraCilidaDesmondEketsangFunaniGelenaHalehIdaiJoaninhaKennethLornaMaipelo
NjaziOscarPamelaQuentinRajabSavanaThembaUyapoVivianeWalterXangyYemuraiZanele
2019-20
Names AmbaliBelnaCalviniaDianeEsamiFranciscoGabekileHeroldIrondroJerutoKundaiLiseboMichel
NousraOlivierPokeraQuincyRebaoneSalamaTristanUrsulaVioletWilsonXilaYekelaZania
2020–21
Names Ava[nb 6]Berguitta[nb 7]Cebile[nb 8]Dumazile[nb 9]Eliakim[nb 10]Fakir[nb 11]GuambeHabanaImanJoboKangaLudziMelina
NathanOniasPelagieQuamarRitaSolaniTarikUriliaVuyaneWagnerXusaYaronaZacarias
References:[19][20]

Australian Region (90°E – 160°E)

Within the Australian region in the Southern Hemisphere between 90°E – 160°E, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue.[6] The Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 90°E and 141°E, while Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 141°E and 160°E.[6] Outside of these areas, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology names systems that develop into tropical cyclones.[6] In order to enable local authorities and their communities in taking action to reduce the impact of a tropical cyclone, each of these warning centres reserve the right to name a system early if it has a high chance of being named.[6] If a name is assigned to a tropical cyclone that causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that storm is retired from the list of names for the region.[6] A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting.[6][10]

Indonesia

If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator-10°S and 90°E-141°E, it will be named by the Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta).[6] Names are assigned in sequence from list A, while list B details names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons.[6]

List of Indonesian tropical cyclone names
List A
AnggrekBakungCempakaDahliaFlamboyanKenangaLiliManggaSerojaTeratai
List B
AnggurBelimbingDukuJambuLengkengMelatiNangkaPisangRambutanSawo
References:[6][21]

Papua New Guinea

If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator – 10°S and 141°E – 160°E, then it will be named by Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby).[6] Names are assigned in sequence from list A and are automatically retired after being used regardless of any damage caused.[6] List B contains names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons.[6]

List of Papua New Guinea tropical cyclone names
List A
AluBuriDodoEmauFereHibuIlaKamaLobuMaila
List B
NouObahaPaiaRanuSabiTauUmeValiWauAuram
References:[6]

Australia

Cyclone Debbie making landfall over Queensland in March 2017

When a system develops into a tropical cyclone below 10°S between 90°E and 160°E, then it will be named by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) which operates three Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres in Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane.[6] The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year.[6][10]

List of Australian tropical cyclone names
List A
Names AnikaBillyCharlotteDominicEllieFreddyGabrielleHermanIlsaJasperKirrily
LincolnMeganNevilleOlgaPaulRobynSeanTashaVinceZelia------
List B
Names AnthonyBiancaCourtneyDianneErrolFinaGrantHayleyIggyJennaKoji
LuanaMitchellNarelleOranPetaRiordanSandraTimVictoriaZane------
List C
Names AlessiaBruceCatherineDylanEdnaFletcherGillianHadiIvanaJackKate
LaszloMingzhuNathanOlwynQuinceyRaquelStanTatianaUriahYvette------
List D
Names AlfredBlancheCalebDaraErnieFrancesGregHildaIrvingJoyceKelvin
LindaMarcoNoraOwenPennyRileySavannahTrevorVeronicaWallace------
List E
Names AnnBlakeClaudiaDamienEstherFerdinandGretelHaroldImogenJoshuaKimi
LucasMarianNiranOdettePaddyRubySethTiffanyVernon-----------
References:[6][10]

Southern Pacific Ocean (160°E – 120°W)

Cyclone Donna in May 2017, the strongest off-season cyclone in the South Pacific

Within the Southern Pacific basin in the Southern Hemisphere between 160°E – 120°W, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the centre which are forecast to continue.[6] The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) names systems that are located between the Equator and 25°S, while the New Zealand MetService names systems (in conjunction with the FMS) that develop to the south of 25°S.[6] In order to enable local authorities and their communities in taking action to reduce the impact of a tropical cyclone, the FMS reserves the right to name a system early if it has a high chance of being named.[6] If a tropical cyclone causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that cyclone is retired from the list of names for the region.[6] A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting.[6] The name of a tropical cyclone is determined by using Lists A — D in order, without regard to the year before restarting with List A.[6] List E contains names that will replace names on A-D when needed.[6]

List of South Pacific tropical cyclone names
List A
Names AnaBinaCodyDoviEvaFiliGinaHaleIreneJudyKevinLolaMal
NatOsaiPitaRaeSeruTamUrmilVaianuWatiXavierYaniZita
List B
Names ArthurBeckyChipDeniaElisaFotuGlenHettieInnisJulieKenLinMaciu
NishaOreaPearlReneSarahTroyUinitaVanessaWano------YvonneZaka
List C
Names AlvinBuneCyrilDaphneEdenFlorinGarryHaleyIsaJuneKofiLouiseMike
NikoOpetiPerryReubenSoloTuniUluVictorWanita------YatesZidane
List D
Names AmosBartCrystalDeanEllaFehiGarthHolaIrisJoKalaLiuaMona
NeilOmaPolaRitaSaraiTinoUesiVickyWasi------YolandaZazu
List E (Standby)
Names AruBenChrisDanialEmosiFekiGermaineHartIliJoseKirioLuteMata
NetaOliviaPanaRexSamadiyoTasiUilaVelmaWane------YasaZanna
References:[6]

South Atlantic

When a significant tropical or subtropical cyclone exists in the South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center's Serviço Meteorológico Marinho names the system using a predetermined list of names.[7]

List of South Atlantic tropical cyclone names
Names AraniBapoCariDeniEçaíGuaráIbaJaguarKambyMani
References:[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The name Kai-tak was retired after Tropical Storm Kai-tak, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[12]
  2. ↑ The name Tembin was retired after Typhoon Tembin, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[12]
  3. ↑ The name Hato was retired after Typhoon Hato, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[12]
  4. ↑ The name Urduja was retired after Tropical Storm Urduja, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[16]
  5. ↑ The name Vinta was retired after Typhoon Vinta, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[16]
  6. ↑ The name Ava was automatically removed from the naming lists, during the 2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. No replacement names have been chosen.
  7. ↑ The name Berguitta was automatically removed from the naming lists, during the 2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. No replacement names have been chosen.
  8. ↑ The name Cebile was automatically removed from the naming lists, during the 2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. No replacement names have been chosen.
  9. ↑ The name Dumazile was automatically removed from the naming lists, during the 2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. No replacement names have been chosen.
  10. ↑ The name Eliakim was automatically removed from the naming lists, during the 2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. No replacement names have been chosen.
  11. ↑ The name Fakir was automatically removed from the naming lists, during the 2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. No replacement names have been chosen.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 RA IV Hurricane Committee (June 6, 2016). Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan 2016 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-30). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 30–31, 101–105. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 WMO/ESCP Typhoon Committee (March 13, 2015). Typhoon Committee Operational Manual Meteorological Component 2015 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-23). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 1–7, 33–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Why and how storms get their names". GMA News. September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  4. 1 2 RSMC — Tropical Cyclones New Delhi (2010). Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2009 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee (September 16, 2016). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean: 2016 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-12). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 13–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (October 11, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2018 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. I–4&nbsp, – II–9 (9–21). Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 "Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Navy. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Dorst, Neal M (October 23, 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones" (PPTX). Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Slides 8–72.
  9. 1 2 Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (June 1, 2014). "Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Tropical Cyclone Names". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  11. ↑ "PAGASA replaces names of 2014 destructive typhoons" (Press release). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. February 5, 2015. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 "Replacement Names of HAIMA, SARIKA, NOCK-TEN and MERANTI in the Tropical Cyclone Name List" (PDF). Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  13. ↑ RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center (March 24, 2018). "List of names for tropical cyclones adopted by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee for the western North Pacific and the South China Sea (valid as of 2018): Names of tropical cyclones". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "Philippine Tropical cyclone names". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  15. ↑ "PAGASA replaces Tropical Cyclone "Lando" to "Liwayway"" (Press release). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  16. 1 2 "Urduja removed from PAGASA name list as damage exceeds P1 billion". GMA News. December 21, 2017.
  17. 1 2 Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea: 2015 (PDF) (2015 ed.). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 11–12. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Naming of Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  19. 1 2 La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 31, 2015). "How are the names chosen?". Météo-France. Archived from the original on September 1, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Naming". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Cyclone Names". Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.

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