List of political parties in Greece
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Prior to the 2012 elections the characteristic Greek political system was a two-party system. The historically dominant parties have been New Democracy and the Panhellenic Socialist Movement. Under the electoral system a party needs to surpass a 3% threshold in the popular vote in order to enter parliament. The largest party gets a 50-seat bonus (out of 300 seats) ostensibly to ensure elections return viable governing majorities.
In the Parliamentary elections held in 2009, five parties entered parliament: New Democracy (ND), the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) and the Popular Orthodox Rally (LA.O.S.). In the 2012 elections, seven parties entered the parliament: ND, SYRIZA, PASOK, Independent Greeks (ANEL), KKE, Golden Dawn, and Democratic Left (DIMAR).
Parties represented in the current Parliament and European Parliament
Minor parties
Defunct parties
Parties during the reign of King Otto (1833–1862)
- English Party (Greek: Άγγλικό Κόμμα) (liberal, pro-English) (1824–1863)
- French Party (Greek: Γαλλικό Κόμμα) (liberal, pro-French) (1824–1863)
- Russian Party (Greek: Ρώσσικο Κόμμα) (conservative, pro-Russian) (1825–1863)
- Party of Radicals (Greek: Κόμμα των Ριζοσπαστών) (radical, pro-union) (1848–1864) in the United States of the Ionian Islands
Parties during the reign of King George I (1863–1913)
- Liberal Party (Greek: Κόμμα Φιλελευθέρων) (Liberal) (1910–1961)
- Nationalist Party (Greek: Κόμμα Εθνικόφρονων, K.E.) – Komma Ethnikofronon, KE (conservative, nationalist) (1865–1909)
- Modernist Party (Greek: Νεωτεριστικόν Κομμα, Ν.Κ.) – Neoteristikon Komma, ΝΚ (Liberal, Liberal Nationalist) (1875–1910)
Parties during the reign of King Constantine I – George II (1913–1924)
- Freethinkers' Party (Greek: Κόμμα των Ελευθερόφρονων K.E.) – Komma Eleftherofronon (Nationalist, Royalist) (1922–1936)
- Liberal Party (Greek: Κόμμα Φιλελευθέρων) (Liberal,Liberal Nationalist) (1910–1961)
- People's Party (Greek: Λαϊκόν Κόμμα Λ.Κ.) LK – Laiko Komma (Conservative, Royalist) (1920–1958)
Parties during the Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
- Agrarian Party (Greek: Άγροτικό Κόμμα A.K.) – Agrotikon Komma AK (1926–1956)
- Conservative Democratic Party (Greek: Συντιριτικό Δημοκρατικόν Κόμμα Σ.Δ.Κ.) – Syntiritiko Demokratikon Komma SDK (1932–1936)
- Democratic Union (Greek: Δημοκρατική Ένωσις Δ.E.) – Demokratiki Enosis (Liberal) (1926–?)
- Democratic Socialist Party of Greece (Greek: Δημοκρατικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδος, ΔΣΚ) – DSK (Democratic Socialist) (1935–1950)
- Farmers’ and Workers’ Party (Greek: Άγροτικόν και Έργατικόν Κόμμα Α.Ε.Κ.) – Agrotikon kai Ergatikon Komma/Agrotergatiko Komma AEK (Rural radical) (1932–1936)
- General People's Radical Union (Greek: Γενική Λαïκή Ριζοσπαστική Ένωση Γ.Λ.Ρ.Ε) – Geniki Laiki Rizospastiki Enosis GLRE (??) (1932–1936)
- Liberal Party (Greek: Κόμμα Φιλελευθέρων) (Liberal, Liberal Nationalist) (1910–1961)
- Greek National Socialist Party (Greek: Ελληνικό Εθνικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα) – Elliniko Ethniko Sosialistiko Komma (National Socialist) (1932)
- Jewish Political Union (Greek: Εβραϊκή Πολιτική Ένωση) – Evraiki Politiki Enosi (1926–1932)
- Macedonian Union (Greek: Μακεδονική Ένωση) – Makedoniki Enosi (Conservative) (1935)
- National Radical Party (Greek: Εθνική Ριζοσπαστική Κόμμα E.Ρ.K.) – Ethnikon Rizospastikon Komma ERK (Conservative) (1932–1936)
- National Unionist Party}} (Greek: Εθνικόν Ενωτικόν Κόμμα Ε.Ε.Κ.)– Ethnikon Enotikon Komma EEK (1935–1950)
- People's Party (Greek: Λαϊκόν Κόμμα Λ.Κ.) LK – Laiko Komma (Conservative, Royalist) (1920–1958)
- Progressive Party (Greek: Προοδευτικόν Κόμμα Π.Κ.) – Proodeftikon Komma PK (1928–1964, 1981)
- Refugees' Liberal Party (Greek: Φιλελευθέρων Προσφιγικόν Κόμμα Φ.Π.Κ.) – Fileleftheron Prosfijikon Komma FPK (1926–?)
- Socialist Party of Greece (Greek: Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας ΣΚΕ)- Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, ΣΚΕ (Socialist, Svolist) (1920–1953)
- Union of Royalists (Greek: Ένωσις Βασιλικών EB) – Enosis Vasilikon (Monarchist-Conservative) (1935)
Parties during the restoration of King George II (1936–1946)
- Agrarian Party (Greek: Άγροτικό Κόμμα A.K.) – Agrotikon Komma AK (1926–1956)
- Conservative Democratic Party (Greek: Συντιριτικό Δημοκρατικόν Κόμμα Σ.Δ.Κ.) – Syntiritiko Demokratikon Komma SDK (1932–1936)
- Democratic Socialist Party of Greece (Greek: Δημοκρατικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδος, ΔΣΚ) – DSK (Democratic Socialist) (1935–1950)
- Democratic Union (Greek: Δημοκρατική Ένωσις Δ.E.) – Demokratiki Enosis (Liberal) (1926–?)
- Farmers’ and Workers’ Party (Greek: Άγροτικόν και Έργατικόν Κόμμα Α.Ε.Κ.) – Agrotikon kai Ergatikon Komma/Agrotergatiko Komma AEK (Rural radical) (1932–1936)
- General People's Radical Union (Greek: Γενική Λαïκή Ριζοσπαστική Ένωση Γ.Λ.Ρ.Ε) – Geniki Laiki Rizospastiki Enosis GLRE (??) (1932–1936)
- Liberal Party (Greek: Κόμμα Φιλελευθέρων) (Liberal, Liberal Nationalist) (1910–1961)
- National Party of Greece (Greek: Εθνικόν Κόμμα 'Ελλάδος E.Κ.E.) – Ethnikon Komma Ellados E.K.E. (Monarchist-Conservative) (1946–1967)
- National People's Party (Greek: Εθνικόν Λαϊκόν Κόμμα E.Λ.Κ.) – Ethniko Laiko Komma E.L.K. (1936)
- National Political Union E.P.E. (Greek: Εθνική Πολιτική Ένωσις Ε.Π.Ε.) – Ethniki Politiki Enosis, E.P.E. (Liberal) (1946)
- National Radical Party (Greek: Εθνική Ριζοσπαστική Κόμμα E.Ρ.K.) – Ethnikon Rizospastikon Komma ERK (Conservative) (1932–1936)
- National Unionist Party (Greek: Εθνικόν Ενωτικόν Κόμμα Ε.Ε.Κ.)– Ethnikon Enotikon Komma EEK (1935–1950)
- People's Party (Greek: Λαϊκόν Κόμμα Λ.Κ.) LK – Laiko Komma (Conservative, Royalist) (1920–1958)
- Progressive Party (Greek: Προοδευτικόν Κόμμα Π.Κ.) – Proodeftikon Komma PK (1928–1964, 1981)
- Reform Party (Greek: Μεταρρυθμιστικόν Κόμμα M.K.) – Metarrythmistikon Komma MK (1936)
- Union of Agrarian Parties (Greek: Ένωσις Άγροτικόν Κομμάτων Ε.Α.Κ.) – Enosis Agrotikon Kommaton EAK (Agrarian) (1946)
- Union of the Nationally Minded (Greek: Ένωσις Εθνικοφρόνων Ε.Ε.) – Enosis Ethnikofronon, ΕΕ (Monarchist-Conservative) (1946)
- United Order of Patriot-Thinkers (Greek: Ηνωμένη Παράταξις Εθνικοφρόνων Η.Π.Ε.) – Inomeni Parataxis Ethnikofronon I.P.E. (Conservative) (1946)
Parties during the reigns of Kings Paul and Constantine II (1946–1973)
- 4th of August Party (Greek: Κόμμα 4ης Αυγούστου) – Κ4Α (Nationalist) (1965–1977)
- Center Union (Greek: Ένωση Κέντρου) – Enosi Kentrou, E.K. (Liberal) (1961–1967)
- Christian Democracy (Greek: Χριστιανική Δημοκρατία) – Christianikē Dēmokratia(socialist) (1963)
- Communist Party of Greece (Interior) (Greek: Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Εσωτερικού) – KKE Esoterikou (Eurocommunism) (1968–1986)
- Democratic Socialist Party of Greece (Greek: Δημοκρατικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδος, ΔΣΚ) – DSK (Democratic Socialist) (1935–1950)
- Greek Rally (Greek: Ελληνικός Συναγερμός Ε.Σ.) – Ellinikos Synagermos E.S. (Conservative, Royalist) (1951–1956)
- Politically Independent Alignment (Greek: Πολιτική Ανεξάρτητός Παράταξις Π.Α.Π.) – Politiki Anexartitos Parataxis PAP (Metaxist) (1950–?)
- Left Liberals (Greek: Αριστεροί Φιλελεύθεροι Α.Φ.) – Aristeroi Fileleutheroi AF (communist) (1950–?)
- Liberal Democratic Center (Greek: Φιλελεύθερον Δημοκρατικόν Κέντρον Φ.Δ.Κ.)– Filelefthero Dimokratiko Kentro FDK (Liberal) (1965–1966)
- Liberal Democratic Union (Greek: Φιλελεύθερη Δημοκρατική Ένωση Φ.Δ.Ε.) – coalition of Republican and Liberal parties (1956)
- Liberal Party (Greek: Κόμμα Φιλελευθέρων) (Liberal, Liberal Nationalist) (1910–1961)
- Movement for Democracy and Socialism (Greek: Κίνημα Δημοκρατίας και Σοσιαλισμού) – (socialist) (1963)
- National Party of Greece (Greek: Εθνικόν Κόμμα 'Ελλάδος E.Κ.E.) – Ethnikon Komma Ellados E.K.E. (Monarchist-Conservative) (1946–1967)
- National Progressive Center Union (Greek: Εθνική Προοδευτική Ένωσις Κέντρου E.Π.Ε.Κ.) – Ethniki Proodeutiki Enosi Kentrou EPEK (1952)
- National Progressive Party (Greek: Δημοκρατικό Προοδευτικό Κόμμα Δ.Π.Κ.) – Dimokratiko Proodeutiko Komma DPK (1950–?)
- National Radical Union (Greek: Εθνική Ριζοσπαστική Ένωσις E.Ρ.E.) – Ethniki Rizospastiki Enosis E.R.E. (Conservative, Royalist) (1955–1967)
- New Party (Greek: Νέο Κόμμα N.K.) – Neo Komma NK (conservative) (1947–1951)
- Pandemocratic Agrarian Front (Greek: Πανδημοκρατικόν Αγροτικόν Μέτωπον) – Pandimokratikon Agrotikon Metopon (Socialist) (1961)
- Party of Christian Democracy (1956)
- Party of I. Sofianopoulos (Greek: Κόμμα του Ι. Σοφιανόπουλου) – Komma tou I. Sofianopoulou (communist) (1950–?)
- Party of Progressive Liberals (Greek: Κόμμα των Προοδευτικών Φιλελευθέρων) – Komma ton Prodethikon Fileleutheron (liberal) (1950–?)
- People's Social Party (Greek: Λαϊκόν Κοινωνικόν Κόμμα Λ.Κ.Κ.) – Laikon Koinonikon Komma LKK (1955)
- Progressive Party (Greek: Προοδευτικόν Κόμμα Π.Κ.) – Proodeftikon Komma PK (1928–1964, 1981)
- Progressive Rural Democratic Union (1958)
- Rally of Farmers and Workers (Parataxis Agroton kai Ergazomenon) – ?? (Agrarian) (1951–1952)
- Socialist Party-Democratic Popular Union (Greek: Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα-Ένωση Λαïκής Δημοκρατίας Σ.Κ.-Ε.Λ.Δ.) – Sosialistiko Komma-Enosi Laikis Dimokratias SK-ELD (Socialist) (1950–1952)
- Union of the People's Party (1958)
- United Democratic Left (Greek: Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Αριστερά Ε.Δ.Α. – Eniaia Dimokratiki Aristera EDA (Communist) (1951–1977)
Parties during the Third Hellenic Republic (1974–present)
- United Democratic Left (Greek: Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Αριστερά – Eniaia Dimokratiki Aristera) Democratic socialism, Communism, Pacifism (1951–1977)
- United Left (Greek: Ενωμένη Αριστερά) Communism, Democratic socialism, Eurocommunism (1974–1977)
- Progress and Left Forces Alliance (Greek: Συμμαχία Προοδευτικών και Αριστερών Δυνάμεων) Democratic socialism, Christian socialism, Eurocommunism, Radicalism (1977–1981)
- Greek Left (Greek: Ελληνική Αριστερά) Eurocommunism, Radicalism, Democratic Socialism (1987–1992)
- Center Union - New Forces (Greek: Ένωσις Κέντρου-Νέες Δυνάμεις) – Enosi Kentrou-Nees Dynameis (Social Democratic, Liberal) (1974–1977)
- Democrat Socialists' Movement (Greek: Κίνημα Δημοκρατών Σοσιαλιστών) – Kinima Demokraton Sostialiston (2015–)
- Democratic Alignment (Greek: Δημοκρατική Παράταξη Δ.Π.) – Dimokratiki Parataxi DP (1977)
- Democratic Alliance (Greek: Δημοκρατική Συμμαχία Δ.Σ.) – Dimokratiki Symmahia DS (Centrist, neoliberal) (2010–2012)
- United Socialist Alignment of Greece (Greek: Ενιαία Σοσιαλιστική Παράταξη Ελλάδας Ε.Σ.Π.Ε.) – Eniaia Sosialistiki Parataxi Elladas (Socialist) (1984–1989)
- Democratic Renewal (Greek: Δημοκρατική Ανανέωση DH.ANA) – Dimokratiki Ananeosi DIANA (Conservative) (1985–1994)
- Democratic Revival (Greek: Δημοκρατική Αναγέννηση Δ.Α.) – Dimokratiki Anagenissi DA (National Conservative, Christian Socialist) (2004, 2007–)
- Drachmi Greek Democratic Movement Five Stars (Patriotic Socialism, eurosceptic) (2013–)
- Panathinaikos Movement (Greek: Παναθηναικό Κίνημα ΠΑΝ.ΚΙ)(2012–)
- Ecologists Greece (Greek: Οικολόγοι Ελλάδας Ο.Ε.) – Oikologoi Elladas OE (Green conservative, rightist populist) (1988–)
- Front Line (Greek: Πρώτη Γραμμή) – Proti Grammi (Nationalist) (1999–?)
- Hellenic Front (Greek: Ελληνικό Μέτωπο) – Elliniko Metopo (Nationalist, Rightist) (1994–2004)
- Hellenic Women's Political Party (Greek: Κόμμα Ελληνίδων Γυναικών) – Komma Ellinidon Ginaikon (Feminist) (?-?)
- Liberal Democratic Union-Socialist Party (Greek: Φιλελεύθερη Δημοκρατική Ένωση-Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Φ.Δ.Ε.-Σ.Κ.) – ?? (1974)
- The Liberals (Greek: Οι Φιλελεύθεροι) – Oi Fileleftheroi (Liberal) (1999–2004)
- Movement of Free Citizens (Greek: Κίνημα Ελευθέρων Πολιτών, Κ.Ε.Π.) – Kinima Eleftheron Politon K.E.P. (Right of Center) (2001–2002)
- Movement for a United Communist Party of Greece (Greek: Κίνηση για Ενιαίο ΚΚΕ) (communist) (1993–1996)
- National Alignment (Greek: Εθνική Παράταξις Ε.Π.)- Ethniki Parataxis (E.P.) (Nationalist, Royalist) (1977)
- National Democratic Union (Greek: Εθνική Δημοκρατική Ένωσις ) – Ethniki Dimokratiki Enosis (Rightist) (1974)
- National Political Union E.P.EN. (Greek: Εθνική Πολιτική Ένωσις Ε.Π.ΕΝ.) – Ethniki Politiki Enosis, E.P.EN. (Rightist, Nationalist) (1984–1996)
- Organisation of Communists Marxists-Leninists of Greece (Greek: Οργάνωση Κομμουνιστών Μαρξιστών-Λενινιστών Ελλάδας ΟΚΜΛΕ) (communist, maoist) (1982–1993)
- Panhellenic Macedonian Front (Greek: Πανελλήνιο Μακεδονικό Μέτωπο, ΠΑ.Μ.ΜΕ.) (2009 – ?)
- Party of Democratic Socialism (Greek: Κόμμα του Δημοκρατικού Σοσιαλισμού ΚΟΔΗΣΟ) – Komma tou Dimokratikou Sosialismou KODISO (social democratic, democratic socialist) (1981–)
- Patriotic Alliance (Greek: Πατριωτική Συμμαχία) – Patriotiki Symmachia – PATRI.S. (Nationalist, Far Right) (2004–2007)
- Party of Hellenism (Greek: Κόμμα Ελληνισμού) – Komma Ellinismou (Nationalist, Populist) (1984–2004)
- Party of New Liberals (Greek: Kόμμα των Nεοφιλελευθέρων K.N.) – Komma ton Neofileftheron KN (Liberal, Liberal Conservative) (1977–1978)
- Peoples Democratic Unity – LDE (1977)
- Political Spring (Greek: Πολιτική Άνοιξη) – POL.AN (Right-Conservative, Nationalist) (1993–2004)
- Popular Union of Bipartisan Social Groups (Greek: Λαϊκές Ενώσεις Υπερκομματικών Κοινωνικών Ομάδων) – LEFKO (Populist) (1989–)
- Progressive Party (Greek: Προοδευτικόν Κόμμα Π.Κ.) – Proodeftikon Komma PK (1928–1964, 1981)
- Radical Left Front (Greek: Μέτωπο Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς)- ME.R.A. (Radical Left)
- Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance (Greek: Ριζοσπαστική Κίνηση Σοσιαλδημοκρατικής Συμμαχίας) – RIKSSY (Social democracy) (2012–2013)
- Republican Union (Greek: Δημοκρατική Ένωσις Δ.Ε.) – Dimokratiki Enosis DE
- Rainbow (Greek: Ουράνιο Τόξο Ouránio Tóxo, Slavic Macedonian: Виножито Vinožito)
- Revolutionary Communist Party of Greece (Greek: Επαναστατικό Κουμουνιστικό Κόμμα 'Ελλάδος ) – Epanastatiko Koumounistiko Komma Ellados-EKKE (communist) (1974)
- United Nationalist Movement (Greek: Ενιαίο Εθνικιστικό Κίνημα ΕΝ.Ε.Κ.) – Eniaio Ethnikistiko Kinima ENEK (Extreme Right, Nationalist) (1979–1989)
See also
Further reading
- Lyrintzis, Christos (March 2005). "The Changing Party System: Stable Democracy, Contested 'Modernisation'". West European Politics. 28 (2): 242–259. doi:10.1080/01402380500058845.
- Pappas, Takis S. (April 2003). "The transformation of the Greek party system since 1951". West European Politics. 26 (2): 90–114. doi:10.1080/01402380512331341121.
- Here Are The Parties That Really Matter In Greece's Upcoming Election via Bloomberg Politics. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
References
- 1 2 Nordsieck, Wolfram, "Greece", Parties and Elections in Europe, retrieved 15 March 2012 .
- ↑ Giorgos Katsambekis. "Left-wing Populism in the European Periphery: The Case of SYRIZA". academia.edu.
- ↑ "Russell Brand calls for UK to join Greek revolution after anti-capitalist anti-austerity coalition SYRIZA wins in Athens". The Independent. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Greece: Phase One. Jacobin. 22 January 2015.
- ↑ Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2008), Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 575,
The cooperation with the alter-globalization movement shapes the life of the party.
- ↑ José M. Magone (2003). The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union. Praeger. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-275-97787-0.
- ↑ Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (11 June 2011). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
- ↑ Kalaitzidis, Akis (2009), Europe's Greece: A Giant in the Making, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 29
- ↑ Robert Thomson (2011). Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making before and after Enlargement. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-139-50517-8.
- ↑ Tsatsanis, Emmanouil (2011), "Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece", Journal of Political Ideologies, 16 (1): 11–31, doi:10.1080/13569317.2011.540939,
...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi).
- ↑ Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2006), Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005 (PDF), Nuffield College, University of Oxford, p. 15
- ↑
- Wodak, Ruth (2015), The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean, Sage,
However, Golden Dawn's neo-Nazi profile is clearly visible in the party's symbolism, with its flag resembling a swastika, Nazi salutes and chant of 'Blood and Honour' encapsulating its xenophobic and racist ideology.
- Vasilopoulou; Halikiopoulou (2015), The Golden Dawn's 'Nationalist Solution', p. 32,
The extremist character of the Golden Dawn, its neo-Nazi principles, racism and ultranationalism, as well as its violence, render the party a least likely case of success...
- Dalakoglou, Dimitris (2013), "Neo-Nazism and neoliberalism: A Few Comments on Violence in Athens At the Time of Crisis", WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society (16(2)
- Miliopoulos, Lazaros (2011), "Extremismus in Griechenland", Extremismus in den EU-Staaten (in German), VS Verlag, p. 154, doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9,
...mit der seit 1993 als Partei anerkannten offen neonationalsozialistischen Gruppierung Goldene Mörgenröte (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή) kooperierte... [...cooperated with the openly neo-National Socialist group Golden Dawn (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή), which has been recognized as a party since 1993...]
- Davies, Peter; Jackson, Paul (2008), The Far Right in Europe: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood World Press, p. 173
- Altsech, Moses (August 2004), "Anti-Semitism in Greece: Embedded in Society", Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (23): 12,
On 12 March 2004, Chrysi Avghi (Golden Dawn), the new weekly newspaper of the Neo-Nazi organization of that name, cited another survey indicating that the percentage of Greeks who view immigrants unfavorably is 89 percent.
- Wodak, Ruth (2015), The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean, Sage,
- ↑ Μητρόπουλος, Αλέξης Π. Το... μέλλον του ΠΑΣΟΚ [Τhe... future of PASOK], Ελευθεροτυπία, 20 November 2011.
- ↑ Νταβανέλλος, Αντώνης Η σοσιαλδημοκρατία στην εποχή του σοσιαλφιλελευθερισμού: Ποιο μέλλον έχει το ΠΑΣΟΚ; [Social democracy in the age of social liberalism: What is the future of PASOK?], Διεθνιστική Εργατική Αριστερά, 25 January 2012.
- ↑ https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/08/31/corr-a31.html
- ↑ https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/06/kke-j18.html
- ↑ http://inter.kke.gr/en/aboutKKE/history/
- ↑ Gideon Rose (2015). Europe's Monetary (Dis)union. Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-87609-638-3.
- ↑ Michael Kaeding; Niko Switek (2015). Die Europawahl 2014: Spitzenkandidaten, Protestparteien, Nichtwähler. Springer-Verlag. p. 41. ISBN 978-3-658-05738-1.
- ↑ "Greek election 2015: everything you need to know". The Guardian. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- ↑ "Venizelos draws battle lines for general elections", Ekathimerini, 15 March 2012
- ↑ Boyka M. Stefanova (2014). The European Union beyond the Crisis: Evolving Governance, Contested Policies, and Disenchanted Publics. Lexington Books. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-4985-0348-8.
- ↑ Christian Karner; Bram Mertens (2013). The Use and Abuse of Memory: Interpreting World War II in Contemporary European Politics. Transaction Publishers. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-4128-5203-6.
- ↑ Mannin, Michael (2013). Evaluating the Europeanization Effect. The Europeanization of European Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 210.
- 1 2 "Introducing Popular Unity". Jacobin Magazine. 21 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
- ↑ "Lafazanis: Greek rebel with a eurosceptic cause". EUBusiness. 21 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
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