List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II

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Map of areas where massacres were committed by Chetniks (red), by the Ustaše (blue), by both Chetniks and the Ustaše (purple), by German forces (Wehrmacht, SS or Gestapo) (black), by Hungarian forces (green), by the Partisans (orange), by Italian forces (cyan/light blue)and by both Chetniks and Italian forces (pink). Larger marker sizes indicate larger massacres.

The following is a list of massacres and mass executions that occurred in Yugoslavia during World War II. Areas once part of Yugoslavia that are now parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro; see the lists of massacres in those countries for more details.

Perpetrators

The majority of massacres were committed by Yugoslav factions during the civil war, while a number were committed by invading Axis forces.

Ustaše

After the invasion of Yugoslavia, puppet-state Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was created by Axis powers in the areas of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1] The Ustaše sought to create an ethnically clean state through eradicating Serbs, Jews and Romani through genocidal policies.[2] The Ustaše believed that the creation of an ethnically pure Greater Croatian state was to ensure the safety of the Croats from the Serbs.[3] According to data calculated by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, during the creation of the state the population of Serbs was approximately 1,925,000.[4] The Ustaše's largest genocidal massacres were carried out in Bosanska Krajina and in places in Croatia where Serbs constituted a large proportion of the population including Banija, Kordun, Lika, and northern Dalmatia. Between 300,000–340,000 Serbs were killed in massacres and in concentration camps like Jasenovac and Jadovno. Some 100,000 died at Jasenovac alone.[5][6] The resistance movements grew rapidly in response to this oppression and the first to emerge was the royalist Chetnik guerilla movement, consisting of Serbian freedom-fighters loyal to the vision of Yugoslavia as a 'greater Serbia'[7].

Chetniks

Chetnik massacres of the Bosniak population took place in eastern Bosnia which, according to Hoare, had been "relatively untouched" by the Ustaše until the spring of 1942. Historian Dr Marko Attila Hoare posits that the latter-referenced massacres were not acts of revenge, but "an expression of the genocidal policy and ideology of the Chetnik movement."[8] Bosnian historian Enver Redžić has a different opinion and shows that eastern Bosnia wasn't in relative peace at all during the period 1941-1942. He points out that in the summer of 1941, killings of Serbs have already started and acquired broader proportions in eastern Bosnia and that anti-Serb propaganda by Ustaše, by that time, had success among local Muslim and Croats.[9] Massacres of Croatian populations mainly took place in Croatian territories. According to historians Jan Kaplan and Krystyna Nosarzewska, the Chetniks wanted to forge an ethnically-pure Greater Serbia in order to ensure the survival of Serbs in Axis/Ustaše-controlled areas by violently "cleansing" these areas of Croats and Muslims.[10] Similarly, the Ustaše believed that the creation of an ethnically pure Greater Croatian state was to ensure the safety of the Croats from the Serbs.[3]

Yugoslav Partisans

Yugoslav Partisans committed various massacres, notably as part of the so-called "leftist errors". At the end of the war, the Partisans "purged" in Serbia (1944–45), and massacred thousands in the Bleiburg repatriations and Foibe massacres at the end and immediate aftermath of the war.

Occupying forces

German, Italian and Hungarian occupying forces engaged in atrocities against the Yugoslavian population, in the form of reprisals and mass-killings of civilians and hostages in retaliation for Yugoslav Partisans attacks and resistance. Infamous examples include the Kragujevac massacre, committed by German forces, as did the Albanian Waffen-SS units, which murdered more than 400 Orthodox Christian civilians at Andrijevica,[11] the Novi Sad raid, committed by Hungarian forces and crimes committed by Italian forces, such as in Podhum and Testa.

List

Name Date Location Deaths Perpetrator Description
Slavonska Požega executions 19–23 April 1941 Slavonska Požega 38 Ustaše executions of Serbs by Ustaše.[12]
Kamen executions 1941-1945 Kamen castle, Begunje na Gorenjskem 1,282 German forces Mass-executions of Slovene hostages by the Gestapo throughout World War II.[13]
Dotršćina executions 1941-1945 Dotršćina, Zagreb 7,000 Ustaše Mass-executions of Serbs, Jews, Roma and Croat Anti-fascist hostages (including 2,000 members of the KPJ and the SKOJ)during the Ustaše occupation of Zagreb.[14]
Pančevo executions 21–22 April 1941 Pančevo, Vojvodina 36 German forces execution of 36 Serbs by Wehrmacht and Volksdeutsche.[15]
Gudovac massacre 28 April 1941 Gudovac near Bjelovar, Croatia proper 184–196 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[16][17][18]
Kosinj massacre 30 April 1941 Kosinj, Lika c. 600 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[19]
Blagaj massacre 9 May 1941 Blagaj, Croatia proper c. 400 Ustaše massacre of Serbs from Veljun and surroundings by Ustaše.[20]
Glina massacre 11–13 May 1941 Glina 260–417 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[21][16]
Nevesinje massacre late May–June 1941 Nevesinje, Herzegovina 173 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[16]
Ljubinje massacre early June 1941 Ljubinje, Herzegovina 140 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[16]
Korita massacre 3 June 1941 Korita 133–180 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše; corpses thrown into the Koritska Jama pit.[17][22][16]
Knin massacre 15 June 1941 Knin c. 60 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[16]
Rašića Gaj massacres 22 June–20 July 1941 Rašića Gaj, Vlasenica 70–200 Ustaše Muslim militia massacre of Serbs by Ustaše Muslim militia.[23][24]
Metković massacre 25 June 1941 Metković 280 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[25]
Dračevo massacre 25 June 1941 Dračevo 70 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[26]
Bileća massacre June 1941 Bileća, Herzegovina c. 600 Serb rebels massacre of Muslims by Serb rebels.[27]
Čelebić massacre (1941) July 1941 Čelebić 104 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.
Grabovac massacre 24–25 July 1941 Grabovac, near Petrinja c. 1,200 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[28]
Boričevac massacre 27 July 1941 Boričevac 179 Chetniks massacre of 179 Croats in the village of Boričevac by Chetniks during the Srb uprising[29]
Brotnja massacre 27 July 1941 Brotnja 37 Chetniks massacre of 37 Croats in the village of Brotnja by Chetniks during the Srb uprising[30]
Bosansko Grahovo massacre 27 July 1941 Bosansko Grahovo 62-100 Chetniks massacre of Croats in Bosansko Grahovo by Chetniks during the Srb uprising[31]
Ličko Petrovo Selo massacre 27 July 1941 Ličko Petrovo Selo 313 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše in Ličko Petrovo Selo.[28]
Kruščica camp massacre 5 August 1941 Kruščica concentration camp 74 Ustaše massacre of Serbs from Pale at the Kruščica concentration camp by Ustaše.[32][33]
Višegrad massacre (1941) July–August 1941 Višegrad, Herzegovina c. 500 Serb villagers massacre of Muslims by Bosnian Serbs at Višegrad and environs.[27]
Trubar massacre 27 July 1941 Trubar, Bosanska Krajina 300+ Chetniks massacre of more than 300 Croats, members of a Catholic pilgrimage, who were ambushed near Drvar by Chetniks.[30][34]
Prebilovci massacre 4–6 August 1941 Prebilovci c. 650 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[35]
Krnjeuša massacre 9-10 August 1941 Krnjeuša c. 240 Chetniks massacre of approximately 240 Croat civilians in the parish of Krnjeuša by Chetniks.[36]
Glina massacre 30 July–3 August 1941 Glina c. 1,200[37]–2,000[28] Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[38]
Bosanska Dubica massacre 20–21 August 1941 Bosanska Dubica c. 300 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[39]
Čitluk and Strigova massacres 22 August 1941 Čitluk and Strigova 26 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[40]
Novoselci massacre Early August 1941 Novoselci 31 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Novoselci.[39]
Zaklopača massacre August 1941 Srebrenica 81 Chetniks massacre of Muslims by Chetniks under the command of Jezdimir Dangić; a group of Muslims barricaded in a local mekteb (Muslim religious school) at Zaklopača which was then set alight.[41]
Otočac massacre 1941 Otočac 331 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[42]
Kulen Vakuf massacre 5–8 September 1941 Kulen Vakuf 1,600+ Partisan Drvar Brigade massacre of Muslims by the Partisan Drvar Brigade and local peasants at Kulen Vakuf.[11]
Jošan massacre 1941 Jošan 338 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[43]
Javor massacre 1941 Javor 100+ Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Javor, near Srebrenica and Ozren.[44]
Ibarski Kolašin massacre 30 September 1941 Ibarski Kolašin 150 Albanians massacre of Serbs civilians by Albanian Vulnetari commanded by Shaban Polluzha.[45][46][47]
Kraljevo massacre mid-October 1941 Kraljevo 1,755 German forces Wehrmacht murder of almost 1,800 civilians in reprisal shootings[48]
Kragujevac massacre 20–21 October 1941 Kragujevac 2,778 German forces More than 2,000 Serb men and boys murdered by Wehrmacht in reprisal shootings

[48]

Goražde massacre 29 November 1941 Goražde 300+ Chetniks massacre of Muslims by Chetnik forces; corpses left hanging in the town or thrown into the Drina river.[49]
Visuć massacre 1941 Visuć 85 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Visuć.[50]
Foča massacre (1941) 5 December 1941 Foča c. 500 Chetniks massacre of Muslims at Foča by Chetnik forces who received the town of Foča from the Royal Italian Army.[51]
Žepa massacre late 1941 Žepa c. 300 Chetniks massacre of Muslims by Chetnik forces at Žepa.[52]
Voćin massacre January 14, 1942 Voćin 350 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[53][54]
Čelebić massacre (1942) January 1942 Čelebić 54 Chetniks massacre of Muslims by Chetnik forces at Čelebić; village later torched.[52]
Žabalj massacre Christmas at January 1942 Žabalj 700 Hungarian Army massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Žabalj.
Gospođinci massacre Christmas at January 1942 Gospođinci 100 Hungarian Army massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Gospođinci
Čurug massacre 4-9 January 1942 Čurug 900 Hungarian Army massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Čurug
Đurđevo massacre January 1942 Đurđevo 300 Hungarian Army massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Đurđevo
Titel massacre January 1942 Titel 60-80 Hungarian Army massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Titel
Temerin massacre January 1942 Temerin 48 Hungarian forces massacre of Jews by Hungarian forces at Temerin
Novi Sad raid 22-23 January 1942 Novi Sad 1264 Hungarian Army massacre of Jews and Serbs driven onto the frozen Danube by Hungarian forces at Novi Sad
Bečej raid 27 January 1942 Bečej 250 Hungarian Army massacre of Jews and Serbs driven onto the frozen Tisa River by Hungarian forces at Bečej.
Srebrenica massacre January 1942 Srebrenica and environs c. 1,000 Chetniks massacre of Muslims by Chetniks in Srebrenica and nearby villages.[55]
Višegrad massacre (1942) January 1942 Višegrad 1,000+ Chetniks massacre of Muslims by Chetniks at Višegrad.[52]
Battle of Dražgoše 11–12 January 1942 Dražgoše 41 German forces 41 Slovene hostages executed by the Wehrmacht in Dražgoše.[56]
Draksenić massacre 13–15 January 1942 Draksenić c. 360 Ustaše massacre of approximately 360 Serbs by Ustaše and Home Guard at Draksenić.[57]
Pljeva executions February 1942 Pljeva, Central Bosnia 41 Partisans 41 captured Croatian Home Guards executed by Partisans.[58]
Piskavica and Ivanjska massacre 5, 12 February 1942 Piskavica and Ivanjska 520 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Piskavica and Ivanjska [59]
Drakulić massacre 7 February 1942 Drakulić, Šargovac, Motike 2,315 Ustaše massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Drakulić, Šargovac, and Motike [60]
Drakan massacre 3 March 1942 Drakan 42 Chetniks massacre of Muslims by Chetniks at Drakan [55]
Pristina killings Late June 1942 Pristina area 100 Albanians killings of 100 Serbs by Albanians in Pristina and vicinity.[61]
Čabar massacre July 1942 Čabar 132 Italian forces Italian forces massacred 132 Croats.[62]
Podhum massacre 12 July 1942 Podhum and Testa 108 Italian forces massacre of 108 Croat civilians by Italian forces in Podhum and Testa [63][64]
Rog massacre July–August 1942 Rog, near Kočevje 300 Italian forces massacre of 300 Slovenian civilians by Italian forces during anti-Partisan operations.[65]
Jermendol massacre July–August 1942 Jermendol, near Babno Polje 40 Italian forces 40 Slovenian civilians massacred by Italian forces [66]
Foča massacre (1942) August 1942 Foča c. 2,000 Chetniks massacre of Muslims by Chetniks in Foča region.[67]
Dragljane massacre August 1942 Dragljane, near Vrgorac 150 both Chetniks and Italian forces massacre of 150 Croats by Chetnik and Italian forces[68]
Zabiokovlje massacre 29 August 1942 Zabiokovlje region, near Makarska 141 Chetniks massacre of 141 Croats from several villages in the Zabiokovlje area of southern Croatia by Chetniks.[69]
Makarska massacre September 1942 Makarska 900 Chetniks Chetniks, under the command of Petar Baćović, massacre 900 Croats around the town of Makarska[70]
Dugopolje massacre(1942) October 1942 Dugopolje and Kotlenice 34 both Chetniks and Italian forces 34 Croats killed by Chetniks, supported by Italian forces.[71]
Gata massacre 1 October 1942 Gata 96 Chetniks 96 Croat civilians killed by Chetniks for pro-Yugoslav Partisan sympathies and in retaliation for the destruction of the Split-Omiš road.[72]
Prozor massacre 14–15 October 1942 Prozor area 500+ Chetniks massacre of Croats and Bosnian Muslims by Chetniks due to suspected harboring and aiding the Partisans.[73] It took place during Operation Alfa.
Primošten massacre 25 November 1942 Primošten 80 Italian forces 80 Croats killed by Italian forces by deliberately shelling the town of Primošten in retaliation for an earlier Partisan attack.[74]
Široka Kula massacre (1943) January 1943 Široka Kula 185 Italian forces massacre of 185 Croat civilians in the village of Široka Kula by Italian forces [75]
Turkanj massacre January–February 1943 Turkanj, near Slunj 208 Italian forces massacre of 208 Croat hostages and civilians by Italian forces [74]
Kijevo massacre 27 January 1943 Kijevo 45 Chetniks massacre of 45 Croats by Chetniks in the village of Kijevo.[76]
Bukovica massacre 4–7 February 1943 Bukovica, Pljevlja more than 500 Chetniks massacre of more than 500 Muslim civilians during Chetnik attack on positions held by Sandžak Muslim militia.
Mekinjar massacre 17 February 1943 Mekinjar, near Udbina 30 both Chetnik and Italian forces 30 Croats killed by Chetniks and Italian forces.[74]
Kninsko Polje massacre April 1943 Kninsko Polje, near Knin 1,000 Chetniks massacre of 1,000 Croats at a makeshift execution site near Knin.[77]
Međeđe massacre May–June 1943 Međeđe, near Nikšić 72 Italian forces massacre of 72 Montenegrin and Serb civilians by Italian forces.[78]
Komin massacre June 1943 Komin, near Ploče 228 Italian forces 228 Croats massacred by Italian forces.[68]
Trepča mine executions 3 June 1943 Trepča mine, Mitrovica 37 Albanians mass shooting of 37 prisoners by Albanians, Albanian gendarmerie and prison guards at the Trepča mine prison, most of whom were workers that had fell ill, and among whom several were peasants from the Mitrovica vicinity.[79]
Trepča mine executions 7 June 1943 Trepča mine, Mitrovica 27 Albanians mass shooting of 27 prisoners by Albanians, Albanian gendarmerie and prison guards.[79]
Vareška Reka massacre June 1943 Vareška Reka–Ibar confluence 15 Vulnetari and gendarmerie massacre of Serbs.[80]
Lovreć massacre 10 July 1943 Lovreć 112 both Chetnik and Italian forces 112 Croats (Partisan POWs and civilians) killed by Chetniks and Italian forces.[81]
Dugopolje massacre(1943) September 1943 Dugopolje 40 German forces 40 Croat civilians massacred by 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen. [71]
Zrin massacre 9-10 September 1943 Zrin 270 Partisans massacre of 270 Croat civilians in Zrin by Partisans [82]
Foibe massacres 9 September 1943-1946 Istria and Dalmatia 994 bodies were excavated 12,000 to 19,000 bodies are estimated Partisans Massacres of reprisals against Italian people and anticommunist Yugoslav people[83]
Uroševac massacre 11–12 September 1943 Uroševac area 60 Albanians massacre of Serbs by Albanians, commanded by Amdija Jašarević[84]
Imotski massacre 17-30 September 1943 Imotski, Sinj and neighboring villages 230 German forces 230 Croats massacred by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen.[85]
Rakoš massacre October 1943 Rakoš 63 Albanians shooting of Serb villagers[86]
Peć killings November–December 1943 Peć district 230 Albanians killings of Serbs[87]
Lug and Kuk massacre 16 December 1943 Lug and Kuk, near Tomislavgrad 81 German forces massacre of 81 Croats by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen in retaliation for nearby Partisan attacks[88]
December victims 20 December 1943 Zagreb 16 Ustaše 16 Croat anti-Fascists hanged on 20 December 1943 on butcher hooks on a public street at the western end of Dubrava in retaliation for the killing of an Ustaše agent, Ljudevit Tiljk, by the Partisans[89]
Vranić massacre 20-21 December 1943 Vranić 68 Chetniks 68 Serb civilians killed by Chetniks at Vranić under suspicion of harbouring and/or supporting the Partisans[90]
Kamešnica-Mosor valley massacre 26-30 March 1944 Several villages between Kamešnica and Mosor near Split 1,525 German forces 1,525 Croatian civilians massacred by members of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen across several Croat villages in the Kamešnica and Mosor region, near Split[91]
Lipa massacre 30 April 1944 Lipa, near Rijeka 269 German forces massacre of 269 Croatian civilians in Lipa, near Rijeka by the SS Police Regiment Bozen in retaliation for a Partisan ambush near Rupa[92]
Dobranje massacre May 1944 Dobranje 136 Partisans massacre of 136 Domobrani POWs and Croat civilians by Partisans.[93]
Štrpce massacre 30 June 1944 Štrpce 50 Bulgarian forces mass execution of 50 in retaliation for the death of a Bulgarian soldier.[86]
Velika massacre 28 July 1944 Velika, near Plav 428+ SS Skanderbeg massacre of 428 villagers, mostly children, women and elderly, by Albanian SS members during Operation Draufgänger.[94]
Hrvatska Dubica massacre 18–19 September 1944 Hrvatska Dubica c. 55 Ustaše massacre of mostly Serb victims by Ustaše at Hrvatska Dubica.
Daksa executions October 1944 Daksa c. 53 Partisans Partisans executed around 53 Croat prisoners suspected of being collaborationists [95]
Tovarnik massacre December 1944 Tovarnik 51 Partisans massacre of 51 Croat and Germans (Volksdeutsche) civilians by Partisans[96]
Kozara massacres 17–22 February 1945 Kozara 140+ Ustaše massacre of mostly Serb victims by Ustaše at Kozara
Bar massacre March 1945 Bar, Montenegro 400–450 to 1,500–2,000 Partisans massacre of Albanians by Partisans.[97]
Jakljan executions May 1945 Jakljan 214 Partisans German prisoners executed by Partisans at Jakljan.[98]
Tezno massacre 19-26 May 1945 Tezno, near Maribor 15,000 Partisans execution of NDH prisoners of war and civilians by Partisans.[99]
Kočevski Rog massacre Late May 1945 Kočevski Rog 10,000–12,000 Partisans execution of Slovene Home Guard members, Croat, Serb and Montenegrin collaborationists, Italian and German troops, by the Partisans.[100]
Macelj massacre May–June 1945 Macelj 1,163 (excavated bodies) Partisans execution of NDH prisoners and civilians by Partisan forces[101]
Barbara Pit massacre May–September 1945 Huda Jama 3,000–5,000 Partisans Croat and Slovene POWs with their families killed by Partisans for reprisal.[102]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Hoare 2006, pp. 20–24.
  3. 1 2 "DECIPHERING THE BALKAN ENIGMA: USING HISTORY TO INFORM POLICY" (PDF).
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  52. 1 2 3 Hoare 2006, p. 146.
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Conference papers and proceedings
  • Matović, Ivan, ed. (2012). Zločini četničkog pokreta u Srbiji 1941-1945: Zbornik radova sa okruglog stola održanog 25.9.2012. godine. Belgrade.
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Web
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  • "Na dubrovačkom Domobranskom groblju pokopani posmrtni ostaci 214 njemačkih mornara". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 1 March 2013.
  • Toljaga, Daniel (18 November 2010). "Prelude to the Srebrenica genocide". Bosnian Institute.

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