List of massacres in the Czech Republic

The following lists include the incidents that have occurred in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic in which the killing of more than five non-combatant people (unarmmed civilians, prisoners or prisoners of war) took place.

Massacres before the Hussite Wars (up until the Year 1419)

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic before the year 1419:

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Prague 1096 Pogrom June 30, 1096 Prague several hundred (?) part of the massacres committed during the First Crusade, the victims were Jewish. Precise number of victims unknown.
Moravia 1096 pogroms July 1096 several towns in Moravia unknown part of the massacres committed during the First Crusade, the victims were Jewish.
Prague 1161 Pogrom 1161 Prague 85 85 Jews burnt outside the city gate to Vysehrad after accusation of poisoning wells, sources and even the air within houses. Ashes thrown in Moldau river. Synagoge destroyed.
Prague 1389 Pogrom April 18, 1389 Prague more than 3,000 (500?) the victims were Jewish. The massacre took place on Saturday before Easter in the absence of king Wenceslaus IV from the city. Number of victims unclear; some sources say more than 3,000 (of a Jewish community of 4,000) other sources estimate 400-500.

Massacres during the Hussite Wars (1419 to 1436)

The following massacres have occurred in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic during the Hussite Wars of 1419-1436. During these wars, very many atrocities have been committed on both sides, Hussites and Catholics. Most Hussites were ethnic Czechs, but there have also been German and Polish adherents of this movement. On the other side, most Catholics involved in this conflict were ethnic Germans, but also Hungarian, Czech and Polish Catholics were killed during the fights and massacres of this conflict. Many killings of the Hussite wars happened outside today's Czech Republic. They are not included here.

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Prague 1421 Pogrom 1421 Prague unknown Jewish quarter of Prague looted and many Jews killed. The pogrom seems to have taken place early in 1421 as sources tell it happened soon after the battle of Vysehrad which ended on 1 November 1420.[1]
Lipany 1434 killings 1434, May 30 Lipany about 700 After the defeat of the radical Hussites (Taborites) in the battle of Lipany, about 700 ordinary soldiers who surrendered after promises of renewed military service were burned to death in nearby barns. Almost all victims were ethnic Czechs.

Massacres between 1436 and 1900

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic between the years 1436 and 1900:

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Prague 1483 Pogrom[1] 1483 Prague unknown the victims were Jewish
Massacre in Běchovice June 17, 1848 Prague 7 (at least) at least 50 injured; part of 1848's revolution

Massacres between 1900 and 1939

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic durning the 20th century, but before World War II:

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Massacre in Kadaň (Massaker von Kaaden) 4 March 1919 Kadaň 17 complete toll 25 (including those of about 70 injured who later died); part of 4 March's general strike in German provinces
Massacre in Šternberk (Massaker von Sternberg) 4 March 1919 Šternberk 15 part of 4 March's general strike in German provinces
Frývaldov strike (Freiwaldau strike) 25 November 1931 Dolní Lipová 8 at least 13 injured; part of Great Depression strike movement

Massacres during World War II

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic in the time of Nazi occupation until the end of World War II on May 8, 1945. The only exception is the biggest single-day mass murder of Czech citizens in history which was committed at the Theresienstadt family camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau (modern-day Poland) on 8–9 March 1944. There were however more single-day mass murders of Czech citizens in the Nazi concentration camps outside the Czech lands, such as in Maly Trostenets, 28 August 1942 (999 killed); Riga, 28 August 1942 (1001 killed); Mauthausen, 24 October 1942 (262 killed); Mauthausen, 10 April 1945 (235 killed) etc. If not stated otherwise, the victims were of Czech ethnicity.

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
17 November Raid against universities and colleges 17 November 1939 Prague 9 nine student leaders were executed, about 1500 students sent to concentration camps where 35 were executed or died later); part of German occupation
First Martial Law (First Heydrichiada) 28 September 1941 - 19 January 1942 Prague 247 complete toll about 1500 (including those executed and other deaths in concentration camps); victims of various ethnicity, mostly Czechs and Czech Jews; part of German occupation
First Martial Law (First Heydrichiada) 28 September 1941 - 19 November 1941 Brno 239 complete toll about 1000 (including those executed and other deaths in concentration camps); victims of various ethnicity, mostly Czechs and Czech Jews; part of German occupation
Massacre in Lidice 10 June 1942 Lidice 181 172 men shot in Lidice, nine more men from Lidice shot in Prague. Complete toll at least 318 with 52 women and 85 children from Lidice being killed in concentration camps, older sources claim 340; part of German occupation
Massacre in Ležáky 24 June 1942 Ležáky 33 complete toll 44 (including deaths in concentration camps); part of German occupation
Liquidation of the Theresienstadt family camp 8–9 March 1944 Auschwitz-Birkenau 3,792 the victims were Czech Jews; although committed outside the territory of Czech Republic, this was the biggest mass murder of Czech citizens in history; part of Holocaust
Massacre in Životice 6 August 1944 Životice 36 complete toll 44 (including deaths in concentration camps), 35 ethnic Poles, 8 Czechs and one German; part of German occupation
Transport of death 24 January 1945 Brandýs nad Orlicí 18 victims of various ethnicity; part of the Death marches[2]
Transport of death 13–14 April 1945 Stod (Czech Republic) 241 victims of various ethnicity; part of the Death marches
Massacre in Jablunkov 13 April 1945 Jablunkov 12 Polish prisoners murdered by the Gestapo; part of German occupation
Transport of death 15 April 1945 Nýřany about 100 victims of various ethnicity; part of the Death marches
Murder in Gästehaus 17 April 1945 Kyjov 7 complete toll 9 (including two men subsequently shot on street); part of German occupation[3]
Massacre in Ploština 19 April 1945 Ploština 24 complete toll 28 (including subsequent executions); part of German occupation
Massacre in Zákřov 20 April 1945 Zákřov 19 part of German occupation
Killing in clay pit 20(?) April 1945 Mikulov 21 mass murder of Hungarian Jewish prisoners working in clay pit; part of Holocaust
Court-martial in Medlánky 21 April 1945 Brno-Medlánky 15 part of German occupation
Massacre in Prlov 23 April 1945 Prlov 19 complete toll 23 (including subsequent executions); part of German occupation
Massacre near Salaš 29 April 1945 Bunč 21 part of German occupation
Massacre near Suchý 30 April 1945 Suchý 10 part of German occupation
Massacre in Letovice May (?) 1945 Letovice 19 the bodies of murdered Gestapo prisoners were discovered on 15. May; part of German occupation
Last execution in Theresienstadt 2 May 1945 Theresienstadt 52 at the request of K.H.Frank the "most dangerous" political prisoners were murdered; most of the victims were Czech communists; part of German occupation
Execution in Lazce 2 May 1945 Olomouc-Lazce 23 21 participants or hostages captured during the uprising in Přerov and 2 local members of the resistance; part of German occupation
Execution in Fort XIII 2 May 1945 Olomouc-Nová ulice 17 captured participants of the uprising in Přerov and hostages; part of German occupation
Transport of death May 3–6, 1945 Olbramovice 82 victims of various ethnicity; part of the Death marches
Death march May 4–6, 1945 Podbořany-Kaštice 268 complete toll cca 600 (including those killed or died on the way from Johanngeorgenstadt to Lovosice); victims of various ethnicity; part of the Death marches
Massacre in Javoříčko 5 May 1945 Javoříčko 38 part of German occupation
Brandýs Tragedy 5 May 1945 Brandýs nad Orlicí 15 part of German occupation[4]
Death march 6 May 1945 Volary 95 all victims were women, most of them Hungarian Jews. When the march departed from Helmbrechts concentration camp in Germany on 13 April 1945, it comprised 1167 women, 577 of them Jewish, 590 non-Jewish including 25 German women who all survived.[5] Complete death toll seems to be at least 217 (including about 123 killed or perished in Germany before the march passed the border on April 14 near Aš/Asch), 59 of the victims were shot, 158 perished from exhaustion; part of the Death marches and of the Holocaust.
Massacre in Velké Meziříčí 6 May 1945 Velké Meziříčí 58 complete toll 60 (including subsequent executions); part of German occupation
Massacre in Leskovice 6 May 1945 Leskovice 18 complete toll 26 (including 8 insurgents executed or killed in fight previous day); the SS-commander responsible for the massacre of civilians was Walter Hauck; part of German occupation[6]
Massacre in Prague, Úsobská street 6 May 1945 Prague 51 part of Prague uprising
Massacre in Psáry 6 May 1945 Psáry 13 part of Prague uprising
Massacre near Lednice 7 May 1945 A village near Lednice (German: Eisgrub) 22 both perpetrators and victims were German. 22 German soldiers shot as alleged deserters without any trial. Killing was ordered by marshal Ferdinand Schörner personally.[7]
Kolín massacre 7 May 1945 Kolín 16 part of German occupation
Massacre in Třešť 7 May 1945 Třešť 34 part of German occupation
Massacre in Velké Popovice 7 May 1945 Velké Popovice 29 part of German occupation
Massacre in Lahovice 7 May 1945 Prague-Lahovice 21 part of Prague uprising
Massacre in Masarykovo nádraží 8 May 1945 Prague 53 part of Prague uprising
Massacre in Trhová Kamenice 8 May 1945 Trhová Kamenice 13 part of German occupation
Malín tragedy 8 May 1945 Kutná Hora-Malín 11 part of German occupation

Massacres after World War II up until Communist Takeover on February 25, 1948

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic between May 9, 1945 and February 25, 1948 (the day of the communist takeover):

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Killing of Germans in Bartolomějská ulice 8 May 1945 Prague, Old Town 9 9 Germans slain to death in the Old Town of Prague, (Barthomoläusgasse/Bartolomějská ulice no. 9) in the afternoon of May 8, 3 of them soldiers of the Wehrmacht.[8]
Massacre of Germans in Bořislavka 9 May 1945 Prague-Bořislavka 41 aftermath of Prague uprising, unlike previous massacres in Prague, this time the victims were Germans. The killing was ordered by an unidentified person wearing the uniform of a Soviet officer.[9]
Burning of Lejčkov 9 May 1945 Dolní Hořice-Lejčkov 24 part of German occupation; this massacre was committed by German troops after the German surrender[10]
Massacre in Běloves 9 May 1945 Náchod 9 part of German occupation; this massacre was committed by Waffen-SS whole day after the German surrender came into force
Liquidation of soldiers of the Vlasov army after May 9, 1945 Prague about 200 The victims were Russians. In the morning of May 9, 1945 Soviet troops conquered Prague. Very soon afterwards, about 200 members of the Vlasov army, who have remained in the city, were shot by the Soviets as traitors.[11] The complete death toll among the "Vlasovci" was much higher, with many of them being killed outside of Prague.
Killings in Prague's Strahov Stadium May/June 1945 Prague-Strahov several hundred After May 8, 1945 several thousand Germans have been interned in Prague's largest stadium for several weeks under extreme conditions. Repeated executions without trial[12] and high mortality due to lack of food and shelter; according to the report of a German physician, a total of 25,000 people were arrested there[13]. In the beginning most of the inmates were disarmed German soldiers, after mid of May most were civilians with an average occupancy of about 9,000 persons and several hundred killed or perished[14]. The stadium was used as a camp at least until June 19, 1945[15]. Part of the expulsion of Germans
Massacre in Lanškroun May 17–21, 1945 Lanškroun (German: Landskron) at least 51 the victims were Germans; part of the expulsion of Germans
Massacre in Německý Šicndorf 19 May 1945 Dobronín (German: Dobrenz) 13-15 the victims were Germans, slain with hoes and shovels; part of the expulsion of Germans. The mass grave was examined by Czech police in 2010 who found at least 13 human bodies; survivors claim several dozen victims, in May 2011 Czech police found another mass grave nearby.[16]
Hanke Lager Massacres 27 May - 12 June 1945 Ostrava (German: Mährisch Ostrau) 231 the victims were German civilians from Ostrava and the surroundings; most were killed by hanging, several tortured to death. Massacres happened on 27 May (6 killed), 28 May (18 killed), 29 May (17), 30 May (28) 1 June (12), 3 June (14), 4 June (23), 8 June (18), 9 June (26), 12 June (32). After that the guards were exchanged by Czech authorities and only 5 more people died until 3 July. All victims are known by full name, the event is well documented by Czech historians whose post-1990 findings confirm earlier Sudeten German informations.[17]
Killings in Ivančice May / June 1945 Ivančice (German: Eibenschütz) 30-35 Czech partisan group "Josef Hybeš" under the command of A. Řepka killed 30 to 35 Germans and alleged Czech collaborators of Nazi Germany. 18 of them have been executed after the trial of a "revolutionary people's court" on May 10, 1945[18]; 10 names are documented by a German source, 17 names from Czech documents[19].
Brno death march from May 30 to June 1945 Brno (German: Brünn) and villages south of the city 647 to about 4,140 According to Czech historians, 649 Germans have been killed or perished on Czech (Moravian) soil and another about 1,050 died in Austria at the consequences of the march[20]. Austrian researchers claimed 1,950 victims of the march itself, 2,000 victims in the Pohořelice camp and another 190 victims in surrounding villages. In total 4,140 German victims from Brno[21] plus 1,062 who died in Austria.[22]
Execution in Nový Bor 2 June 1945 Nový Bor 7 complete toll 8 (including one German bystander killed during the execution); the victims were Germans; part of the expulsion of Germans (the families of the executed were forced to move behind nearby German borders)[23]
Massacres in Tocov 2, 3 and 5 June 1945 Tocov (German: Totzau) 31 Three events on June 2 (5 killed), night of June 2 to June 3 (6 killed) and June 5 (20 shot). The victims were Germans; part of the expulsion of Germans; the event was examined in 1999 by German and Czech prosecutors who confirmed the facts and identified the perpetrators.[24]
Massacre in Postoloprty 3–7 June 1945 Postoloprty (German: Postelberg) at least 730 the victims were Germans (men and boys); part of the expulsion of Germans; in 1947 in total 763 bodies were found in Postoloprty, but some of the mass graves were attributed to the Death march from the end of the war. 822 men from Postoloprty are reported missing since June 7, 1945.
Massacre in Podbořany 7 June 1945 Podbořany (German: Podersam) 68 the victims were male German civilians; part of the expulsion of Germans. The names of all victims and most perpetrators are known and so are the sites of two mass graves with 32 and 36 bodies which have been investigated by Czechoslovak authorities in 1947. The event is well documented by Czech and German authors, among them Ota Filip.[25]
Massacre in Švédské Šance June 18–19, 1945 Přerov (German: Prerau) 265 ethnic Germans from Slovakia; part of the expulsion of Germans, one Slovakian woman and her boy were spared, the German father was shot
Massacre at Buková hora 30 June 1945 Teplice nad Metují 23 the victims were Germans; part of the expulsion of Germans; women, children and old men were marched to the border to be expelled; as Polish authorities refused entry, the Germans were killed[26]
Ústí massacre 31 July 1945 Ústí nad Labem (German: Aussig) 43 - 2800 the victims were Germans; part of the expulsion of Germans; the official Czechoslovak investigation confirmed 43 killed people, but the real number is estimated at least 100; before 1990, Sudeten German organisations were claiming 600-2800 of victims, sometimes just "thousands"[27]

Massacres during the Time of Communist Rule (1948-1989)

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic between 1948 and 1989:

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Slánsky Trial 3 December 1952 Prague 11 11 leading members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia executed by hanging, three more sentenced to life imprisonment after an openly antisemitic eight day show trial inspired by Stalin. 11 of the 14 defendants were of Jewish origin, all 14 defendants have been rehabilitated between 1960 and 1963 after internal Czechoslovak investigations (published only much later).
Jeseník tragedy 27 February 1967 Jeseník 8 mentally ill Josef Svoboda killed with an ax his whole family and then committed suicide[28]
Fight for radio station 21 August 1968 Prague-Vinohrady 9 (16) during the attempt of unarmed demonstrators to defend the radio building against Soviet invadors 4 men were shot dead and 5 men were killed by Soviet military truck; the same day at the same place 4 men died due to the explosion of the Soviet tank (which was set ablaze by demonstrators) and other 3 people died after the fire spread to surrounding buildings; in other parts of Prague, 2 people were shot dead and 2 people were killed by Soviet tanks;[29] part of Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
Occupation of Liberec 21 August 1968 Liberec 9 in the early hours of Soviet invasion 4 people were shot dead in the main square and 24 injured (2 of them died later); few hours later one Soviet tank struck the building at the square causing the immediate death of 2 people and injured 9 (1 died later);[29][30] part of Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
Truck attack at the tram stop 10 July 1973 Prague 8 truck-murderer Olga Hepnarová killed 3 people immediately and injured 17 (5 died later).[31]

Massacres after 1989

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Uherský Brod shooting 24 February 2015 Uherský Brod 9 mentally ill Zdeněk Kovář shot the guests in restaurant and then committed suicide[32]

References

  1. 1 2 David J. Podiebrad (ed.): Alterthümer der Prager Josefstadt, israelitischer Friedhof, Alt-Neu-Schule und andere Synagogen, 3rd edition, Prague 1870, p. 140
  2. ↑ "SPOLEČNÝ HROB VĚZŇŮ Z TRANSPORTU Z OSVĚTIMI". Římskokatolická farnost Brandýs nad Orlicí. Společenství farníků farnost Brandýs nad Orlicí. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  3. ↑ Dunděra, Jiří (7 May 2010). "Poslední dny války na Kyjovsku" (PDF). Kyjovské noviny. 5: 4. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  4. ↑ Hubený, Jaroslav (1 May 2015). "Padni komu padni. Tak píše příběhy roku 1945 Jiří Padevět". iDNES.cz. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  5. ↑ Detailed information is given on the website of Yad Vashem, see here.
  6. ↑ "Válka končila, na Pelhřimovsku se ale schylovalo k masakrům". Česká televize (in Czech). ČT24. 3 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  7. ↑ Der laute Kamerad [The Noisy Comrade]: SPIEGEL, 9 February 1955, p. 17
  8. ↑ Staněk, Tomáš (2002), p. 94; report to Czecholslovak Ministry of the Interior of Sept 23, 1945.
  9. ↑ Staněk, Tomáš (2002), p. 95.
  10. ↑ "Památník Lejčkov [Lejckov Memorial]". Táborský klub. Klub českého pohraničí Táborsko. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  11. ↑ Staněk, Tomáš (2002), p. 95.
  12. ↑ Staněk, Tomáš (2002), p. 95.
  13. ↑ Dokumente zur Austreibung der Sudetendeutschen [Documents on the Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans], Munich 1950, report no.75 (Dr. Hans Wagner), p. 174
  14. ↑ Dokumente on the Expulsion... (1950), report no. 290 (Dr.-ing. Kurt Schmidt), p. 426
  15. ↑ Staněk, Tomáš (2002), p. 97.
  16. ↑ Hans-Jörg Schmidt: 1945 - Massaker an Deutchen aufgeklärt [in German]. Die Welt, 26.1.2012.
  17. ↑ see e.g. MEČISLAV BORÁK : Přispěvky k déjinám a součastnosti Ostravy a Ostravska 18 (Contribution to the History and Presence of Ostrava City and Region 18), in: Archiv města Ostravy (vydavatel) [archive of the City of Ostrava (editor)]. Tilia publishing house 1997, p. 1-26. German version see here.
  18. ↑ Staněk, Tomáš: Verfolgung 1945. Munich (2002), p. 86.
  19. ↑ http://sudetenland.cz/tag/ivancice/ [2018/09/09]
  20. ↑ Staněk Tomáš (2002), p. 120
  21. ↑ HERTL, Hanns (2001). Němci ven! Die Deutschen raus! Brněnský pochod smrti 1945. Praha: Podlesí. ISBN 80-7272-031-7.
  22. ↑ [Staněk Tomáš: Poválečné "excesy" v českých zemích v roce 1945 a jejich vyšetřování, Praha 2005. In: Brněnský pochod smrti - Kateřina Tučková: Mé brněnské Sudety, s. 31-45]
  23. ↑ Tichý, Jan (24 February 2010). "V Boru není ´pomník´, ale symbolický hrob!". Neviditelny pes (in Czech). Lidovky.cz. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  24. ↑ [https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/justiz-toedliche-rache_aid_176074.html Christian Sturm: Tödliche Rache [Lethal Revenge], in Focus-Magazin]], 8 March 1999 (in German)
  25. ↑ Ota Filip: Verschwinden Sie von hier! [Get away from here!], in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 9. Juni 1997 (in German)
  26. ↑ Ježek, Jan. "Na Bukové hoře". Krajinou a přírodou východních Čech. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  27. ↑ "Výbuch muničního skladiště v Krásném Březně a masakr německého obyvatelstva 31. července 1945". Dějiny města Ústí nad Labem. Statutární město Ústí nad Labem oficiální stránky / úřední. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  28. ↑ Krňávek, Petr (11 July 2013). "Jesenická tragédie: sedm mrtvých rukou jediného vraha". deník.cz. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  29. 1 2 "Chronologie událostí 20. a 21. srpna 1968". The Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  30. ↑ Mikulička, Jan (21 August 2015). "Sovětští vojáci zabili v roce 1968 devět Liberečanů, nejvíc po Praze". iDnes.cz. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  31. ↑ "OLGA HEPNAROVÁ - TRAGÉDIE NA ZASTÁVCE". Policie-CR.cz. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  32. ↑ "Czech shooting: Gunman kills eight in Uhersky Brod". BBC. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016.

See also

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