List of historical separatist movements

Algeria

(gained independence from France on July 5, 1962)

• Political party: Algerian National Movement (MNA)
• Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
• Parallel government: Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA)

Angola

• Political party: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)
• Parallel government: Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)

Botswana

• Political party: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Botswana People's Party (BPP)

Burundi

• Political party: Union for National Progress (UPRONA)

Cameroon

• Political party: Rassemblement camerounais (RACAM), Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC)
• Rebel organizations: National Liberation Army of Kamerun (ALNK)

Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau

• Political party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea (FLING)

Central African Republic

• Political party: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MÉSAN)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Political party: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), ABAKO

Côte d'Ivoire

• Rebel organization: Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire (MPCI)

Egypt

• Political party: Wafd Party

Eritrea

• Rebel organization: Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)

France

• Réunion

Autonomist movement

• Political party: Communist Party of Réunion (which still exists, but has abandoned its goal of autonomism)^[1]

Ghana

• Political party: Convention People's Party (CPP), United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
• Self-government experiment: Fante Confederation

Katanga

• Political party: Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga (CONAKAT)

Kenya

• Political party: East Africa Association, Kenya African National Union (KANU), Kikuyu Central Association, Young Kikuyu Association
• Rebel organization: Mau Mau

Mali

• Political party: Sudanese Union (US)

Mauritius

• Political party: Mauritius Labour Party (MLP), Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM)

Morocco

• Political party: Istiqlal Party, National Action Bloc
• Secessionist entity: Rif Republic

Mozambique

• Political party: Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO)

Namibia

• Political party: South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), South West Africa National Union (SWANU)
• Rebel organizations: People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN),

Niger

• Political party: Nigerien Progressive Party, Sawaba

Nigeria

• Political party: Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), Action Group, Egbe Omo Oduduwa, Northern People's Congress
• Secessionist entity: Republic of Biafra

São Tomé and Príncipe

• Political party: Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (CLSTP), Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP)

Seychelles

• Political party: Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP)

Sierra Leone

• Political party: Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), West African Youth League (WAYL)

South Africa

• Secessionist movement: Eastern Cape Separatist League

Somalia

• Political party: Somali Youth League (SYL)

Sudan

• Political party: Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Sudanese Communist Party, Umma Party

Tanganyika

• Political party: Tanganyika African Association, Tanganyika African National Union

Tunisia

• Political party: Destour, Young Tunisians, Neo Destour (ND)

Uganda

• Political party: Rwenzururu Secessionist Movement, Uganda People's Congress (UPC)

Zambia

• Political party: Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, United National Independence Party (UNIP), Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)

Zanzibar

• Political party: Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP)

Zimbabwe

• Political party: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)
• Rebel organizations: Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)

Bangladesh

• Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
• Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
  • Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
• Chakma people, Chittagong Hill Tracts
  • Political party: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti, or Chittagong Hill Tribal People's Coordination Association
  • Proposed state: Confederacy of Chittagong
  • Status: Inactive following the 1996 peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders.
• Hindu people, south-western Bangladesh
  • Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
  • Proposed State: Bangabhumi

Burma

• Political party: Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, Dobama Asiayone, Communist Party of Burma
• Rebel organization: Burma Independence Army

Cambodia

• Khmer Issarak
• Khmer Rouge
• Khmer Serei

British India

• Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
• Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
• Rebel organization: Indian National Army

Indonesia

• Political party: Communist Party of Indonesia, Nationalist Party of Indonesia
• Rebel organization: Free Aceh Movement
• Secessionist entity: Republic of West Papua

Japan

• Republic of Ezo

Laos

• Rebel organization: Lao Issara, Pathet Lao

Malaysia

• Political party: Alliance Party (United Malays National Organisation, Malayan Chinese Association & Malayan Indian Congress)

Maldives

• Suvadives
  • Proposed state: United Suvadive Republic

Mongolia

• Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

Oman

• Rebel organizations: Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF), Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf/Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arab Gulf (PFLOAG)

Pakistan

• Political party: Muslim League

Philippines

• Political party: Nacionalista Party
• Society: Katipunan, La Liga Filipina
• Secessionist entities: Katagalugan, First Philippine Republic, Cantonal Republic of Negros, Republic of Zamboanga

Singapore

• Political party: Labour Front, People's Action Party

Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Tamil people

• Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
  • Political party: Tamil National Alliance
  • Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
  • Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam^[2]

Syria

• National Bloc

Vietnam

• Duy Tân Hội
• Indochinese Communist Party
• National Liberation Front of South Vietnam
• Việt Minh
• Việt Nam Cách Mệnh Đồng Minh Hội
• Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
• Việt Nam Quốc Dân Dảng

Yemen

• Rebel organization: Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, National Liberation Front of South Yemen

Albania

• League of Prizren

Belgium

• Political parties
  • Flemish
    • Vlaams Belang, New Flemish Alliance
    • Sociaal-Liberale Partij member of the European Free Alliance

Bulgaria

• Political party: Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Revolutionary Organisation

Cyprus

• Rebel organizations: EOKA, Turkish Resistance Organisation

Czech Republic

• Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party

Finland

• Political movement: Fennoman
• Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
•  Åland Islands
  • Political movement: Åland movement

France

•  Basque Country (also in Spain)
  • Political parties: Basque Nationalist Party, Basque Unity
  • Rebel organization: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA)
•  Corsica
  • Political parties: Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa
•  Brittany
  • Political parties: Union Démocratique Bretonne, Breton Party
  • Rebel organization: Breton Revolutionary Army, Liberation Front of Brittany
•  Alsace
  • Political parties : Alsace d'abord *

Germany

• Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
• Lower Saxony
• Alemannic Separatism
• Bavarian Soviet Republic

Greece

(gained independence from Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)

• Society: Filiki Eteria
• Unrecognized state: Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, Peloponnesian Senate, Senate of Western Continental Greece, Provisional Administration of Greece (after 1822)
• Militant organisations: Armatoloi/Klephts, Sacred Band, Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy

Ireland

(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)

• Home Rule League
• Irish National League
• Irish Parliamentary Party
• Irish Republican Brotherhood
• Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
• Sinn Féin
• Society of United Irishmen
• United Irish League
• Young Ireland

Italy

•  Sardinia (Sardinian nationalism)
•  Sicily (Sicilian nationalism)
•  Veneto (Venetian nationalism)

Republic of Macedonia

Albanian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia and Republic of Macedonia

• Ethnic group: Albanians
• Political parties: Democratic Party of Albanians, Party for Democratic Prosperity
• Goals: Autonomy (1994–99), independence and/or unification with Republic of Kosovo (2000–01)
• Events: Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
• Timespan: 1994–2001

Serbian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia

• Ethnic group: Serbs
• Political parties: Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia
• Goals: Autonomy (Serbian Autonomous Region of Kumanovo Valley and Skopska Crna Gora)
• Timespan: 1992

Poland

• Narodowa Demokracja
• Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society)
• Union of Upper Silesians
• Silesian People's Party
• Association of Defense of Upper Silesians

Slovakia

• Political party: Slovak National Party

Soviet Union

• Political parties:
• Azerbaijani Popular Front Party
• Belarusian People's Front
• Rahvarinne
• Popular Front of Latvia, Latvian National Independence Movement
• Sąjūdis
• Moldovan Popular Front
• People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh)
• Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
• Ukrainian Insurgent Army

Spain

•  Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] (also in France)
  • Political parties: Aralar Party, Basque Nationalist Party, Batasuna, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Eusko Alkartasuna, Nafarroa Bai
  • Rebel organizations: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA), SEGI
•  Catalonia
  • Political parties: Convergence and Union (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia + Democratic Union of Catalonia), Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalan State
  • Rebel organization: Terra Lliure (disbanded)
•  Galicia
  • Political Parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc, Nós-Unidade Popular
•  Asturias
  • Political parties: Bloque por Asturies, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana, Andecha Astur
  • Rebel organization: Andecha Obrera (disbanded)
•  Canary Islands
  • Political party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias, Frepic-Awañak, Unión del Pueblo Canario
  • Organizations: MPAIAC
  • Armed groups: Fuerzas Armadas Guanches

Turkey

• Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party)
• Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

United Kingdom (and associated territories)

•  Cornwall: - New Cornish Tertia army, An Gof, Cornish Solidarity
•  England - Free England Party, English People's Liberation Army
•  Northern Ireland: Irish Republican Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, Young Ireland, Home Rule League, Irish Socialist Republican Party, Irish Parliamentary Party, All-for-Ireland League, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland), Irish Independence Party
•  Isle of Man: Fo Halloo, Manx National Party
• Mercia: The Mercia Movement, Sovereign Mercia
•  Wales: Cymru Fydd, Cymru Goch, Welsh Socialist Alliance, Welsh Republican Movement
•  Isle of Wight: Vectis National Party

Yugoslavia

Republic of Croatia (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia)

• Ethnic group: Croats
• Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
• Armed organizations: Croatian National Guard
• Events: Croatian Spring, War in Croatia
• Goals: Independence

Republic of Kosovo (AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

• Ethnic group: Albanians in Kosovo
• Political parties: Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
• Armed organizations: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
• Events: Insurgency in Kosovo (1993–98), Kosovo War
• Goals: Independence

Preševo Valley (SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

• Ethnic group: Albanians in south Serbia
• Events: Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
• Goals: Unification with Republic of Kosovo

Antigua and Barbuda

• Political party: Antigua Labour Party

Belize

• Political party: People's United Party

Bahamas

• Abaco (defunct)
• Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)

British West Indies

• Political party: Caribbean League
• Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation

Canada

Costa Rica

• Political party: Independent Guanacaste Party

Dominica

• Political party: Dominica Labour Party

Guyana

• Political party: People's Progressive Party
• Political party: People's National Congress

Jamaica

• Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party

Haiti

• Cacos (anti-US occupation)

Mexico

Secessionist

• California Republic
• Chan Santa Cruz
• Republic of Fredonia
• Republic of the Rio Grande
• Republic of Texas
• Republic of Yucatán
• Republic of Baja California
• Republic of Sonora

Nicaragua

• Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)

Panama

• Kuna Revolution (Republic of Tule)

Trinidad and Tobago

• Political party: People's National Movement

United States

• American Revolution
• Aztlán
• Confederate States of America
• New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843
• Republic of New Afrika
• State of Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory (1784–1789)
• For historic Texas separatist movements, see Mexico, above.

Brazil

Secessionist

• Rio Grande do Sul
  • Political party: Movimento da República Rio-Grandense
  • Proposed state: Riograndense Republic
• Santa Catarina
  • Political party: Frente de Libertação da República Catarinense
  • Proposed state: Juliana Republic
• São Paulo
  • Political party: Movimento República de São Paulo, Movimento São Paulo Independente, Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, 1924 Paulista Revolt, 1887 Manifest, Acclaim of Amador Bueno.
  • Proposed state: Republic of São Paulo
• Confederation of the Equator
  • Political party: Parts of Pernambuco, Paraíba and Ceará
  • Proposed state: Confederation of the Equator

Colombia

• Antioquia
  • Pressure Group: Political cadres linked to Medellín Cartel

• Pasto
  • Rebel organization: Remnants of the Royalist army

Peru

• Loreto
  • Political party: Liga Loretana

Spanish America

• Logia Lautaro

Australia

•  Tasmania^[3] (Main article: Secessionism in Tasmania)
•  Western Australia (Main article: Secessionism in Western Australia)

Fiji

• Political party: Alliance Party

Kiribati

• Political party: Gilbertese National Party

New Zealand

• South Island (Main article: South Island nationalism)
  • Political parties: South Island Party
  • Pressure group: Southern Separation League
  • Autonomous region: New Munster

Papua New Guinea

• Political party: Papua Besena
• Regional separatist movements: Highlands Liberation Front, Wahgi Tuale, Wok Meri or Kafaina^[4]

Samoa

• Protest movement: Mau movement

Solomon Islands

• Protest movement: Maasina Ruru

Vanuatu

• Political party: Nagriamel, New Hebrides Cultural Association, New Hebrides National Party, Vanua'aku Pati
• Religious movement: John Frum
• Parallel government: People's Provisional Government (PPG)