Outline of German expressions in English

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The following outline is presented as an overview of and topical guide to German expressions in English:

A German expression in English is a German loanword, term, phrase, or quotation incorporated into the English language. A loanword is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation. It is distinguished from a calque, or loan translation, where a meaning or idiom from another language is translated into existing words or roots of the host language. Some of the expressions are relatively common (e.g. hamburger), but most are comparatively rare. In many cases the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its German forebear.

English and German both are West Germanic languages, though their relationship has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse and Norman French (as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066) on English as well as the High German consonant shift. In recent years, however, many English words have been borrowed directly from German. Typically, English spellings of German loanwords suppress any umlauts (the superscript, double-dot diacritic in Ä, Ö, Ü, ä, ö and ü) of the original word or replace the umlaut letters with Ae, Oe, Ue, ae, oe, ue, respectively (as is done commonly in German speaking countries when the umlaut is not available; the origin of the umlaut was a superscript E).

German words have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons:

  • German cultural artifacts, especially foods, have spread to English-speaking nations and often are identified either by their original German names or by German-sounding English names
  • Developments and discoveries in German-speaking nations in science, scholarship, and classical music have led to German words for new concepts, which have been adopted into English: for example the words doppelgänger and angst in psychology.
  • Discussion of German history and culture requires some German words.
  • Some German words are used in English narrative to identify that the subject expressed is in German, e.g. Frau, Reich.

As languages, English and German descend from the common ancestor language West Germanic and further back to Proto-Germanic; because of this, some English words are essentially identical to their German lexical counterparts, either in spelling (Hand, Sand, Finger) or pronunciation ("fish" = Fisch, "mouse" = Maus), or both (Arm, Ring); these are excluded from this list.

German common nouns fully adopted into English are in general not initially capitalised, and the German letter "ß" is generally changed to "ss".

German terms commonly used in English

Most of these words will be recognized by many English speakers; they are commonly used in English contexts. Some, such as wurst and pumpernickel, retain German connotations, while others, such as lager and hamburger, retain none. Not every word is recognizable outside its relevant context. A number of these expressions are used in American English, under the influence of German immigration, but not in British English.

Food and drink

Sports and recreation

  • Abseil (German spelling: sich abseilen, a reflexive verb, to rope (seil) oneself (sich) down (ab)); the term "abseiling" is used in the UK and Commonwealth countries, "roping (down)" in various English settings, and "rappelling" in the US.
  • Blitz, taken from Blitzkrieg (lightning war). It is a team defensive play in American or Canadian football in which the defense sends more players than the offense can block. The term Blitzkrieg was originally used in Nazi Germany during World War 2, describing a dedicated kind of fast and ferocious attack.
  • Foosball, probably from the German word for table football, Tischfußball,[1] although foosball itself is referred to as Kicker or Tischfußball in German. Fußball is the word for soccer in general.
  • Karabiner, snaplink, a metal loop with a sprung or screwed gate, used in climbing and mountaineering; modern short form/derivation of the older word 'Karabinerhaken'; translates to 'riflehook'. The German word can also mean a Carbine firearm.
  • Kutte (literally "frock" or "cowl"), a type of vest made out of denim or leather and traditionally worn by bikers, metalheads and punks; in German the word also refers to the clothes of monks.[2]
  • Kletterschuh, climbing shoe (mountaineering)
  • Mannschaft, German word for a sports team.
  • Rucksack (more commonly called a backpack in American English)
  • Schuss, literally: shot (ski) down a slope at high speed
  • Turner, a gymnast
  • Turnverein, a gymnastics club or society
  • Volksmarsch / Volkssport / Volkswanderung, people's march / popular sports (competitive) / people migrating

Animals

  • Dachshund, a dog breed, literally "badger dog" (usually referred to as Dackel in German usage)
  • Doberman Pinscher, a dog breed (usually referred to as Dobermann in German)
  • Hamster, a hamster is the furry little creature many people keep as pets
  • Poodle, a dog breed, from German Pudel
  • Rottweiler, a dog breed
  • Schnauzer, a dog breed (though in German, Schnauzer could also be short for Schnauzbart, meaning "moustache")
  • Siskin, several species of birds (from Sisschen, dialect for Zeisig)
  • Spitz, a dog breed

Philosophy and history

  • Antifa, short for "Antifaschistische Aktion" (anti-fascist action)
  • Lebensraum, literally "living space"; conquered territory, now exclusively associated with the Nazi Party in that historical context. In Germany, the word now has a more neutral connotation.
  • Nazi, short for Nationalsozialist (National Socialist)
  • Neanderthal (modern German spelling: Neandertal), for German Neandertaler, meaning "of, from, or pertaining to the Neandertal ("Neander Valley")", the site near Düsseldorf where early Homo neanderthalensis fossils were first found. (Also German slang for someone considered particularly ignorant, primitive or backwardly.)
  • Schadenfreude, "joy from pain" (literally "harm joy"); delight at the misfortune of others
  • Wanderlust, the yearning to travel
  • Zeitgeist, spirit of the time

Society and culture

  • Doppelgänger, literally "double-goer", also spelled in English as doppelgaenger; a double or look-alike. However, in English the connotation is that of a ghostly apparition of a duplicate living person.
  • Dreck, literally "dirt" or "smut", but now meaning trashy, awful (through Yiddish, OED s.v.)
  • Dummkopf, literally "stupid head"; a stupid, ignorant person, similar to "numbskull" in English
  • Fest, festival
  • Fingerspitzengefühl (literally "finger-tip feeling", in German used to mean "empathy", "sensitivity" or "tact")
  • Gemütlichkeit, coziness
  • Gesundheit, literally health; an exclamation used in place of "bless you!" after someone has sneezed
  • Hausfrau, pejorative: frumpy, petty-bourgeois, traditional, pre-emancipation type housewife whose interests centre on the home, or who is even exclusively interested in domestic matters (colloquial, American English only), sometimes humorously used to replace "wife", but with the same mildly derisive connotation. The German word has a neutral connotation.
  • Kaffeeklatsch, literally "coffee gossip"; afternoon meeting where people (usually referring to women, particularly Hausfrauen) chitchat while drinking coffee or tea and having cake.
  • Kindergarten, literally "children's garden"; day-care centre, playschool, preschool
  • Kitsch, cheap, sentimental, gaudy items of popular culture
  • Kraut, literally "cabbage"; derogatory term for a German
  • Lederhosen (short leather pants for men and boys, often worn with suspenders)
  • Meister, "master", also as a suffix: –meister; in German, Meister typically refers to the highest educational rank of a craftsperson. Note: Meister does not refer to the academic master degree (which is now Master or formerly Magister, Diplom-engineer and so forth); it is considered, at most, to be the equivalent of a bachelor's degree.
  • Oktoberfest, Bavarian folk festival held annually in Munich during late September and early October
  • Poltergeist, literally "noisy ghost"; an alleged paranormal phenomenon where objects appear to move of their own accord
  • Spiel, an attempt to present and explain a point in a way that the presenter has done often before, usually to sell something. A voluble line of often extravagant talk, "pitch"
  • uber, über, "over"; used to indicate that something or someone is of better or superior magnitude, e.g. Übermensch
  • Wiener, used pejoratively, signifying a spineless, weak person; the closest originally English equivalent somewhat funnily being "vegetable". Not used in German in this meaning, though terms like Würstchen (the diminutive form of Wurst) are, and Wiener does happen to be a kind of sausage.
  • Wunderkind, literally "wonder child"; a child prodigy

Technology

  • –bahn as a suffix, e.g. Infobahn, after Autobahn
  • Blücher, a half-boot named after Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (1742–1819); also a hand in the British card game Napoleon.
  • Ersatz, replacement; usually implying an artificial and inferior substitute or imitation. In German, the word has a neutral connotation, e.g. Ersatzrad simply means "spare wheel" (not an inferior one).
  • Flak, Flugabwehrkanone, literally: air-defence cannon, for anti-aircraft artillery or their shells, also used in flak jacket; or in the figurative sense: "drawing flak" = being heavily criticized
  • Kraft as in kraft paper the strong paper used to make sacks; Kraft in German just means "strength" or "power".
  • Volkswagen, literally "people's car"; brand of automobile
  • Zeppelin, type of rigid airship named after its inventor

Other aspects of everyday life

  • erlaubt, allowed, granted; opposite of verboten.
  • kaput (German spelling: kaputt), out-of-order, broken, dead
  • nix, from German nix, dialectal variant of nichts (nothing)
  • Scheiße, an expression and euphemism meaning "shit", usually as an interjection when something goes amiss
  • Ur– (German prefix), original or prototypical; e.g. Ursprache, Urtext
  • verboten, prohibited, forbidden, banned. In English this word has authoritarian connotations.

German terms common in English academic context

German terms sometimes appear in English academic disciplines, e.g. history, psychology, philosophy, music, and the physical sciences; laypeople in a given field may or may not be familiar with a given German term.

Academia

  • Ansatz, basic approach
  • Doktorvater, doctoral advisor
  • Festschrift, book prepared by colleagues to honor a scholar, often on an important birthday such as the sixtieth.
  • Gedenkschrift, memorial publication
  • Leitfaden, guideline
  • Methodenstreit, disagreement on methodology
  • Privatdozent, in German it describes a lecturer without professorship (typically requires German Habilitation degree).
  • Professoriat, the entity of all professors of a university

Architecture

  • Angstloch, literally "fear hole", a small hole in the floor of a medieval castle or fortress through which a basement room (popularly described as a "dungeon") can be accessed
  • Bauhaus, a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918
  • Bergfried, a tall tower typical of Central European medieval castles
  • Biedermeier, of or relating to a style of furniture developed in Germany in the 19th century; in German, it might also derogatively describe a certain old-fashioned, ultra-conservative interior styling
  • Hügelgrab, in archaeology, burial mound
  • Jugendstil, art nouveau
  • Pfostenschlitzmauer, in archaeology, a method of construction typical of prehistoric Celtic hillforts of the Iron Age
  • Plattenbau, building made from prefabricated slabs; a typical building style of the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, particularly associated with East Germany.
  • Sondergotik, a Late Gothic architectural style found in Central Europe between 1350 and 1550
  • Stolperstein, literally "stumbling stone", metaphorically a "stumbling block" or a stone to "stumble upon", a cobblestone-size (10 by 10 centimetres (3.9 in × 3.9 in)) concrete cube bearing a brass plate inscribed with the name and life dates of victims of Nazi extermination or persecution
  • Viereckschanze, in archaeology, a Celtic fortification of the Iron Age

Arts

Heraldry

Music

Genres
Selected works in classical music
Carols
Modern songs

Theatre

  • Theaterpädagogik, "theatre pedagogy," the use of theatre as a means for teaching and learning in non-theatrical areas of study
  • Verfremdungseffekt, effect of disassociation or alienation

Typography

Biology

  • Ahnenreihe, line of ancestors
  • Ahnenschwund, pedigree collapse
  • Ahnentafel, line of ancestors
  • Anlage in genetics; also used in the sense of primordium in embryology and temperament in psychology; literal meaning "disposition" or "rudiment"
  • Aufwuchs, growth
  • Aurochs (Modern German: Auerochse), urus
  • Bauplan, body plan of animals
  • Bereitschaftspotential, readiness potential
  • Edelweiss, German spelling Edelweiß, Leontopodium alpinum
  • Einkorn, Triticum boeoticum or Triticum monococcum, a type of wheat
  • Krummholz, crooked or bent wood due to growth conditions of trees and bushes
  • Lagerstätte, repository; sedimentary deposit rich in fossils
  • Lammergeier or lammergeyer (German: Lämmergeier, also Bartgeier), the bearded vulture
  • Molosser, a type of dog, literally "Molossian", from Molossus, the name of an ancient dog breed which the modern molossers descend from
  • Oberhäutchen (often written oberhautchen in newer literature), the outermost layer of reptile skin; literally "small top skin" (Häutchen is the diminutive of Haut, the German word for "skin")
  • Schreckstoff (lit. "scream stuff"), a chemical alarm signal emitted by fish
  • Spitzenkörper, structure important in hyphal growth
  • Spreite, laminae found in trace fossils, going back to animal burrows
  • Unkenreflex, a defensive posture adopted by several branches of the amphibian class
  • Waldsterben, forest dieback
  • Zeitgeber (chronobiology), external clue that helps to synchronize the internal body clock
  • Zugunruhe (ornithology), pre-migration anxiety in birds and other migratory animals

Chemistry

Chess

Economics

Geography

Geology

Minerals including:

History

(Some terms are listed in multiple categories if they are important to each.)

The Third Reich

Other historical periods

Military terms

Linguistics

  • Ablaut
  • Abstandsprache
  • Aktionsart
  • Ausbausprache
  • Dachsprache
  • Dreimorengesetz, "three-mora law", the rule for placing stress in Latin
  • Gleichsetzung or Gleichung, "equation" (of cognates, in etymology)
  • Grammatischer Wechsel, "grammatical alternation", a pattern of consonant alternations found in Germanic strong verbs and also in Germanic nouns
  • Grenzsignal, "boundary signal"
  • Gruppenflexion, "group inflection", the attachment of an affix to an entire phrase instead of individual words
  • Junggrammatiker, literally "Young Grammarians", a formative German school of linguists in the late 19th century
  • Loanword (ironically not a loanword but rather a calque from German Lehnwort)
  • Mischsprache, mixed language
  • Nebenüberlieferung or "secondary transmission", linguistic material such as names (place-names, personal names etc.), loanwords or glosses from a particular language found in texts composed in other languages (e. g., Hesychius' glossary)
  • Primärberührung, "primary contact", the development of certain consonant clusters (stop consonant + /t/) in Proto-Germanic
  • Rückumlaut, "reverse umlaut", a regular pattern of vowel alternation (of independent origin from usual ablaut patterns) in a small number of Germanic weak verbs
  • Sitz im Leben (Biblical linguistics mainly; the study of pragmatics has a similar approach)
  • Sprachbund, "speech bond" or"language union", a sociolinguistic term for a group of languages that have become similar because of geographical proximity
  • Sprachgefühl, the intuitive sense of what is appropriate in a language
  • Sprachraum
  • sprachwirklich (said of words and structures: actually attested as opposed to, e. g., merely postulated on theoretical grounds, or as opposed to artificial coinages and inventions by ancient grammarians that were never used in reality)
  • Stammbaumtheorie, also Stammbaum alone, for a phylogenetical tree of languages
  • Suffixaufnahme
  • Trümmersprache, fragmentarily attested language
  • Umlaut
  • Urheimat, "original homeland", the area originally inhabited by speakers of a (reconstructed) proto-language
  • Ursprache, "proto-language"
  • Verschärfung, "sharpening", several analogous phonetic changes in Gothic, North Germanic and modern Faroese
  • Wanderwort, "migratory term/word", a word which spreads from its original language into several others
  • Winkelhaken, a basic element in the ancient cuneiform script

Literature

Mathematics and formal logic

Medicine

Philosophy

  • An sich, "in itself"
  • Dasein
  • Ding an sich, "thing in itself" from Kant
  • Geist, mind, spirit or ghost
  • Gott ist tot!, a popular phrase from Nietzsche; more commonly rendered "God is dead!" in English.
  • Übermensch, also from Nietzsche; the ideal of a Superhuman or Overman.
  • Weltanschauung, calqued into English as "world view"; a comprehensive view or personal philosophy of human life and the universe
  • Welträtsel, "world riddle", a term associated with Nietzsche and biologist Ernst Haeckel concerning the nature of the universe and the meaning of life
  • Wertfreiheit, Max Weber's postulate: statements of science should be kept separate from value judgments (value neutrality)
  • Wille zur Macht, "the will to power", central concept of Nietzsche's philosophy

Physical sciences

Politics

Psychology

  • Aha-Erlebnis (lit. "aha experience"), a sudden insight or epiphany, compare eureka
  • Angst, feeling of fear, but more deeply and without concrete object
  • Eigengrau (lit. "intrinsic grey") or also Eigenlicht (lit. "intrinsic light"), the colour seen by the eye in perfect darkness
  • Einstellung effect, from Einstellung, which means "attitude" here
  • Erlebnis, from erleben for "experience", meaning a lived through conscious experience
  • Ganzfeld effect, from German Ganzfeld (lit. "complete field"), a phenomenon of visual perception
  • Gestalt psychology (German spelling: Gestaltpsychologie), holistic psychology
  • Gestaltzerfall (lit. "shape decomposition"), a kind of visual agnosia where a complex, holistic shape (Gestalt) dissolves into its parts for the perceiver
  • Haltlose personality disorder, from haltlos (lit. "not stopping"), aimless
  • Merkwelt, "way of viewing the world", "peculiar individual consciousness"
  • Schadenfreude, gloating, a malicious satisfaction obtained from the misfortunes of others
  • Sorge, a state of worry, but (like Angst) in a less concrete, more general sense, worry about the world, one's future, etc.
  • Umwelt, environment, literally: "surrounding world"; in semiotics, "self-centred world"
  • Weltschmerz (lit. "world-pain"), kind of feeling experienced by someone who understands that physical reality can never satisfy the demands of the mind
  • Wunderkind (lit. "wonder child"), child prodigy
  • Zeitgeber (lit. "time-giver"), something that resets the circadian clock found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Sociology

Theology

German terms mostly used for literary effect

There are a few terms which are recognised by many English speakers but are usually only used to deliberately evoke a German context:

  • Autobahn – particularly common in British English and American English referring specifically to German motorways.
  • Achtung – lit. "attention"
  • Frau and Fräulein – woman and young woman or girl, respectively, in English. Indicating marital state, with Frau – Mrs. and Fräulein – Miss; in Germany, however, the diminutive Fräulein lapsed from common usage in the late 1960s. Regardless of marital status, a woman is now commonly referred to as Frau, because from 1972 the term Fräulein has been officially phased out for being politically incorrect and should only be used if expressly authorized by the woman concerned.
  • Führer (umlaut is usually dropped in English) – always used in English to denote Hitler or to connote a fascistic leader – never used, as is possible in German, simply and unironically to denote a (non-fascist) leader or guide (e.g. Bergführer: mountain guide, Stadtführer: city guide [book], Führerschein: driving licence, Geschäftsführer: managing director, Flugzeugführer: Pilot in command)
  • Gott mit uns – meaning "God be with us", the motto of the Prussian king was used as a morale slogan amongst soldiers in both World Wars. It was bastardized as "Got mittens" by American and British soldiers, and is usually used nowadays, because of the German defeat in both wars, derisively to mean that wars are not won on religious grounds.
  • Hände hoch – "hands up"
  • Herr – in modern German either the equivalent of Mr. (Mister), to address an adult man, or "master" over something or someone (e.g. Sein eigener Herr sein: to be his own master). Derived from the adjective hehr, meaning "honourable" or "senior", it was historically a nobleman's title, equivalent to "Lord". (Herr der Fliegen is the German title of Lord of the Flies.) In a religious context it refers to God.
  • Ich bin ein Berliner – famous quotation by John F. Kennedy
  • Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv) – any sort of recurring theme, whether in music, literature, or the life of a fictional character or a real person.
  • Meister – used as a suffix to mean expert (Maurermeister) or master; in Germany it means also champion in sports (Weltmeister, Europameister, Landesmeister)
  • Nein – no
  • Raus – meaning Out! – shortened (colloquial) (depending on where the speaker is, if on the inside "get out!" = hinaus, if on the outside "come out!" = heraus). It is the imperative form of the German verb hinausgehen (getting out (of a room/house/etc.) as in the imperative gehen Sie raus!).[15]
  • Reich – from the Middle High German rich, as a noun it means "empire" or "realm", cf. the English word bishopric. In titles as part of a compound noun, for example Deutsche Reichsbahn, it is equivalent to the English word "national" or possibly federal (the words "Reich" and "Bund" are somewhat exchangeable in recent history, with the exception of the Nazi state which continued to call itself Reich despite abolishing states). For instance Reichsbahn ([German] National/Federal Railway), or Reichspost (National/Federal Postal Service), specifically indicating in either case that the respective institutions were organised by central authority (called the German Reich at the time), not the states. To some English - and German - speakers, Reich in English strongly connotes Nazism and is sometimes used to suggest fascism or authoritarianism, e.g. "Herr Reichsminister" used as a title for a disliked politician.
  • Ja – yes
  • Jawohl – a German term that connotes an emphatic yes – "Yes, indeed!" in English. It is often equated to "yes, sir" in Anglo-American military films, since it is also a term typically used as an acknowledgement for military commands in the German military.
  • Schnell! – "Quick!" or "Quickly!"
  • Kommandant – commander (in the sense of person in command or commanding officer, regardless of military rank), used often in the military in general (Standortkommandant: base commander), on battleships and U-Boats (Schiffskommandant or U-Boot-Kommandant), sometimes used on civilian ships and aircraft.
  • Schweinhund (German spelling: Schweinehund) – literally: Schwein "pig" and Hund "dog", vulgarism like in der verdammte Schweinehund ("the damned pig-dog"). But also used to describe the lack of motivation (for example to quit a bad habit): den inneren Schweinehund bekämpfen ("to battle the inner pig-dog").
  • Wunderbar – wonderful

Terms rarely used in English

  • Ampelmännchen
  • Besserwisser – someone who always "knows better"
  • Bockmist, lit. "billy goat's dung", meaning "nonsense" or "rubbish"
  • Eierlegende Wollmilchsau – literally "egg-laying wool-milk-sow", a hypothetical solution, object or person fulfilling unrealistically many different demands; also referring sometimes to a (really existing) object, concept or person like this, for example a multi-tool or exceptionally versatile person (jack of all trades)
  • Fahrvergnügen – "driving pleasure"; introduced in a Volkswagen advertising campaign
  • Fremdscham, "vicarious shame", the shame felt for the behavior of someone else
  • Gastarbeiter – "guest worker", foreign-born worker
  • Geisterfahrer – "ghost driver", a wrong-way driver; one who drives in the direction opposite to that prescribed for the given lane.
  • Götterdämmerung – "Twilight of the Gods", a disastrous conclusion of events
  • Kobold – small mischievous fairy creature, traditionally translated as "goblin", "hobgoblin" or "imp"
  • Ordnung muss sein – "There must be order." This proverbial phrase illustrates the importance that German culture places upon order.
  • Schmutz – smut, dirt, filth
  • ... über alles – "above all", originally from "Deutschland über alles", the first line of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's poem "Das Lied der Deutschen" (The Song of the Germans); see also Über Alles (disambiguation).
  • Verschlimmbessern – to make something worse in an honest but failed attempt to improve it
  • Vorsprung durch Technik – "competitive edge through technology", used in an advertising campaign by Audi
  • Zweihänder – two-handed sword

German quotations used in English

Some famous English quotations are translations from German. On rare occasions an author will quote the original German as a sign of erudition.

  • Muss es sein? Es muss sein!: "Must it be? It must be!" – Beethoven
  • Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln: "War is politics by other means" (literally: "War is a mere continuation of politics by other means") – Clausewitz
  • Ein Gespenst geht um in Europa – das Gespenst des Kommunismus: "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism" – The Communist Manifesto
  • Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!: "Workers of the world, unite!" – The Communist Manifesto
  • Gott würfelt nicht: "God does not play dice" – Einstein
  • Raffiniert ist der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist er nicht: "Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not" – Einstein
  • Wir müssen wissen, wir werden wissen: "We must know, we will know" – David Hilbert
  • Was kann ich wissen? Was soll ich tun? Was darf ich hoffen? Was ist der Mensch?: "What can I know? What shall I do? What may I hope? What is Man?" – Kant
  • Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk: "God made the integers, all the rest is the work of man" – Leopold Kronecker
  • Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen!: "Here I stand, I cannot do differently. God help me. Amen!" – attributed to Martin Luther
  • Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" – Wittgenstein
  • Einmal ist keinmal: "What happens once might as well never have happened." literally "once is never" – a common German phrase and the theme of The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera
  • Es lebe die Freiheit: "Long live freedom" – Hans Scholl

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Definition of foosball". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  2. ↑ "Definition of Kutte in German". Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  3. ↑ "Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors". BLS Handbook of Methods. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  4. ↑ Rutherford, Prof. Thomas F. "Modeling Unanticipated Shocks: An Illustrative GAMS/MCP Model". MPSGE Forum. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  5. ↑ "Drude" (9 February 2006). "Economic Curiosity. [Solow model]". PhysOrg.com. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  6. ↑ Lequiller, François; Derek Blades (2006). "ch. 6". Understanding National Accounts (PDF (4MB)). Economica. Translator: F. Wells. Paris: OECD. p. 160. ISBN 92-64-02566-9. Retrieved 11 April 2008. “K” (for the German word “kapital”) indicates capital accumulation items.
  7. ↑ W. R. F. Browning (1 December 2004). A dictionary of the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-19-860890-5. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  8. ↑ Matthew S. DeMoss (1 August 2001). Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek. InterVarsity Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8308-1464-0. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  9. ↑ John Barton (October 1984). Reading the Old Testament: method in biblical study. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-664-24555-9. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  10. ↑ Richard N. Soulen; R. Kendall Soulen (November 2001). Handbook of biblical criticism. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-664-22314-4. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  11. ↑ Matthew S. DeMoss (1 August 2001). Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek. InterVarsity Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8308-1464-0. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  12. ↑ Richard N. Soulen; R. Kendall Soulen (November 2001). Handbook of biblical criticism. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-664-22314-4. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  13. ↑ David L. Petersen (April 2002). The prophetic literature: an introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-664-25453-7. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  14. ↑ Mark F. Whitters (2003). The Epistle of Second Baruch: a study in form and message. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8264-6216-9. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  15. ↑ http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-german/out%20+%20hand Hinaus or Heraus

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