Schnauzer

The Schnauzer types: Miniature, Standard and Giant.

A Schnauzer /ˈʃnaʊzər/ (German: [ˈʃnaʊtsɐ], plural Schnauzer, lit. translation "snouter") is a dog breed type that originated in Germany from at least 14th to 15th centuries.[1][2][3] The term comes from the German word for "snout" and means colloquially "moustache",[4] or "whiskered snout",[1] because of the dog's distinctively bearded snout.[5] Initially it was called Wire-Haired Pinscher, while Schnauzer was adopted in 1879.[1][6]

Breeds

There are three breeds: the Standard, the Giant, and the Miniature. Toy and teacup are not breeds of Schnauzer, but these common terms are used to market undersized or ill-bred Miniature Schnauzers.[7] The original Schnauzer was of the same size as the modern Standard Schnauzer breed and was bred as a rat-catcher and guard dog. The Giant Schnauzer and the Miniature Schnauzer were developed from the Standard Schnauzer and are the result of outcrosses with other breeds exhibiting the desirable characteristics needed for the Schnauzer's original purpose. By the VDH and FCI Schnauzer is placed in "Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers", with "Nr. 181, 182 and 183" in "Section 1.2: Schnauzer" dedicated to all three Schnauzer breeds.[8]

  • Standard Schnauzer (also known as Mittelschnauzer) are around 1.5 ft (46 cm) tall at the shoulder and weigh 30 to 45 lb (14 to 20 kg). They are in the group of working dogs, bred as multifunctional dogs to catch rats and other rodents, as livestock and guard dogs, and later they have also carried messages in times of war, helped the Red Cross and been police dogs.[2][6] It is considered to have a common ancestry with German Pinscher as a wire-haired coated variant of the Pinscher breed, and was possibly crossed with black German Poodle and gray Wolf Spitz, to which influence is attributed black soft coat and salt-and-pepper wiry coat.[2]
  • Giant Schnauzer (Riesenschnauzer) are around 2 ft (61 cm) tall at the shoulder and weigh between 55 and 80 lb (25 and 36 kg). They are working dogs that were developed in Swabia in the 17th century,[9] once known as the Munich Schnauzer,[10] originally bred to drive livestock to market and guard farms,[11] and later used as police and military dogs.[12] The cynologists believe that the Giant Schnauzer was developed independently through crosses of black Great Danes,[13] Munchener[13] German Shepherds,[13] Rottweilers,[13] Dobermans,[13] Boxers,[13] Bouvier des Flandres,[13] Thuringian Shepherds,[14] and the Standard Schnauzer.[10][14]
  • Miniature Schnauzer (Zwergschnauzer) are around 1 ft (30 cm) tall at the shoulder and weigh between 14 and 20 lb (6.4 and 9.1 kg).[15] They were developed since the late 19th century, and the cynologists consider that the Miniature Schnauzer is the result of crossing the original Standard Schnauzer with a smaller breed like Affenpinscher,[2][16][17] and Miniature Poodle.[18][19] The miniature schnauzer is classified as a utility (UK, Australia, New Zealand) or terrier group (USA, Canada),[2] however, they are not related to the terrier group as do not have the typical terrier temperament, coat, shape of head and body.[3][20] The American Kennel Club (AKC) approves salt and pepper, black, and black and silver as acceptable coat colors for a Miniature Schnauzer. They are also bred in pure white or even particolored, but neither is approved by the AKC.[3][21] In 2004, the Miniature Schnauzer accounted for 2.4% of proportion of purebred dogs registered by the AKC.[22]

Genetics

In 2004 population genetics study of 85 purebred dogs, which used cluster-based methods with 4 identified genetic clusters, all three Schnauzer breeds structurally mostly clustered within "recent European descent, largely terriers and hounds" cluster, with less percent within "working breeds" and "Molosser-type breeds" clusters, while the "Asian breeds/ancient hounds and spitz-type breed" cluster was present among Giant Schnauzer.[22] In 2007 Collie eye anomaly study of 638 dogs from 132 distinct breeds, with five specimens of each Schnauzer breed size, in the population structure of the microsatellite analysis they mostly clustered in the "hunting group" rather than "mastiff/terrier group".[23] In 2010 GWAS study using more than 48,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of 915 dogs from 85 breeds, Standard and Giant Schnauzer made a separate phylogenetic tree branch clustered among "modern" breeds i.e. "working dogs", and not "small terrier"/"mastiff-terrier" cluster, sharing genetic closeness with Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd and Portuguese Water Dog.[24][25] In most recent 2017 WGS study of 1346 dogs from 161 breeds, Standard and Miniature Schnauzer made one separate phylogenetic clade of 23 clades and formed a unique broader clade according to which share common ancestry with spitz-type breeds American Eskimo Dog, Pomeranian, Volpino Italiano, Schipperke, Papillon, as well Griffon Bruxellois and Pug. The Giant Schnauzer, although shares haplotype with other two Schnauzer breeds, it made a phylogentic node in a separate clade, sharing common ancestry with Black Russian Terrier, Rottweiler and Doberman Pinscher.[26] In another 2017 WGS study researching the genetic variants for the development of short tail among dog breeds, the sampled (Miniature) Schnauzer and Rottweiler have "short tail phenotype caused by the unknown genetic factors" and "are predicted to have developed short tail independently".[27]

Description

Schnauzer running

The breed is of above average intelligence and can be independent minded, so early training and diverse daily exercise is recommended.[28] Based on Stanley Coren's book The Intelligence of Dogs (2006) ranking methodology, the Miniature ranked 12th, Standard 18th, and Giant 28th out of 140 breeds within 79 ranks on the ability to learn and obey new commands i.e. working and obedience intelligence. The first two were grouped among "excellent working dogs", while the Giant among "above-average working dogs". Additionally, experts ranked the Miniature as 5th among top 15 breeds at watchdog barking ability, the Giant as 6th among top 13 breeds at effective guard ability, while in adaptive intelligence all three breeds showed good problem-solving abilities.[29] They are protective and energetic, and will alert members of the household to any potential danger, although its watchful nature can lead to persistent barking.[30] To avoid annoying the neighbors, dog owners should make every effort to curb excessive barking through training.[31]

Schnauzers have distinctive beards and long, feathery eyebrows. They are generally either a salt and pepper color, black, or white, but they can be brown also. Some owners shave their Schnauzers down the back while the hairs on their legs are kept long and curly, but this changes the coat color, so show Schnauzers especially will have their back coat "stripped" by hand, to encourage the salt and pepper pattern to emerge. It was traditional to have the tails docked and the ears cropped to give an alert appearance. It was common to crop the ears and dock the tails on working dogs. As these are ratters, these procedures don't give the rat anything to grab on to when being attacked and therefore cannot fight back. Cropping and docking are now illegal in the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, and are becoming less common elsewhere. The Schnauzer's beard and leg hair should be brushed often to prevent mats from forming.

Schnauzers have a double coat. The top or guard coat is wiry, while the undercoat is soft. Stripping removes the undercoat and stimulates the hard top coat to come in fuller. The undercoat coat should be "stripped" (loose, dead hair is plucked) at least twice a year. A stripped Schnauzer will have a hard wiry coat as described in the breed standard. A shaved pet will lose the hard top coat and only exhibit the soft undercoat.[32] Schnauzers are a type of dog that sheds less often than most dogs.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Schnauzer: Description". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Rugh, Karla S. (2009). Miniature Schnauzers: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, and Behavior. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-7641-4245-1.
  3. 1 2 3 "Miniature Schnauzer". American Kennel Club. The breed today known as the Standard Schnauzer, one of Europe’s supreme all-around farm dogs, has a lineage going back to at least the 15th century... the Miniature Schnauzer resides in the AKC Terrier Group with other diminutive rat-catcher breeds. But the Mini is unique among AKC terriers in that he has no British blood in his veins... Alone among terriers, the Miniature Schnauzer is wholly a product of Continental stock: Standard Schnauzer, Affenpinscher, and Poodle. This explains that though the Mini was born to the traditional work of small terriers, his personality is quite different. Not for him is the dour independence of the Scottish Terrier or the fiery temperament of the Irish Terrier. Rather, he is an overtly friendly dog, spirited but obedient and willing to please.
  4. ↑ Schnauzer at Merriam-Webster Dictionary
  5. ↑ "Schnauzer" at Encyclopædia Britannica.
  6. 1 2 "Standard Schnauzer". American Kennel Club. During the long centuries before mechanized agriculture, the world's farmers strove to breed versatile dogs to use as all-purpose helpers... A creation of the Middle Ages, the breed came of age in the verdant farm country of Bavaria. Like the world’s other barn-and-stable breeds, multitasking Schnauzers made their bones as ratters, herders, guardians, and hunters... During the birth of Europe’s organized show scene in the 1870s, the 'Wire-haired Pinscher' proved to be a dashing show dog. By the turn of the century, fanciers began exhibiting the breed as the Schnauzer ('whiskered snout').
  7. ↑ Chris Levy (2001). "History of the Miniature Schnauzer". Abiqua Miniature Schnauzers. Retrieved 30 May 2018. There has never been any breed or variety of Schnauzer that was considered a Toy Schnauzer. Anyone representing their dog as a Toy Schnauzer is attempting to breed small Miniature Schnauzers which could lend itself to whelping and other problems due to their small size.
  8. ↑ "Group 2 : Pinscher and Schnauzer - Molossoid and Swiss Mountain and Cattledogs". FCI. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  9. ↑ Giant Schnauzer. The Complete Dog Book: 20th Edition. Random House Digital, Inc. December 18, 2007. ISBN 9780345476265. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  10. 1 2 "Giant Schnauzer: Description". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 May 2018. The Giant Schnauzer was once known as the Munich Schnauzer as the breed was developed around Munich by cattle farmers who wanted a strong cattle drover. Using the Standard Schnauzer as a foundation, the cattlemen added Rottweiler, Great Dane, sheepdogs and perhaps Bouvier to the mix and the result was the Giant Schnauzer
  11. ↑ Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs - The Definitive Reference to 300 Breeds and Varieties. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Publishing, Inc. pp. 250–251. ISBN 0-470-00921-7.
  12. ↑ "Giant Schnauzer". American Kennel Club. These rugged working dogs, bred up from the Standard Schnauzer, were used to drive cattle from farm to market. They also served as formidable guard dogs for farmers, merchants, and innkeepers. After railroads rendered cattle drives obsolete, Giants found work as European police and military K-9s.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stahlkuppe, Joe; Earle-Bridges, Michele (March 1, 2002). Giant Schnauzers: Everything About Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Training, and Wellness. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. pp. 5–11. ISBN 0764118846. OCLC 47289437. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  14. 1 2 Rice, Dan (March 1, 2001). Big Dog Breeds. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0764116495. OCLC 44860848. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  15. ↑ amsc.us Miniature Schnauzer Breed Club Standard
  16. ↑ "Miniature Schnauzer: Description". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 May 2018. It is thought that the miniaturisation was brought about by the infusion of Affenpinscher blood. The Miniature variety was first officially recorded in 1888.
  17. ↑ "Miniature Schnauzer". Hillspet.com. Retrieved 25 March 2013. Miniature Schnauzers are hardy, merry little dogs that were first bred in Germany in the late 19th century. They are descendants of Affenpinschers and Standard Schnauzers.
  18. ↑ Frye, Fredric L. (2002). Schnauzers: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, and Diseases. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-7641-1962-0. Most experts believe that the Miniature Schnauzer is the result of crossbreeding Poodles and Affenpinchers with smaller Standard Schnauzers. If this is correct, the addition of these other two breeds with their positive traits of vigor and intelligence certainly improved the result.
  19. ↑ "Miniature Schnauzer History". AKC.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2008. The Miniature Schnauzer is derived from the Standard Schnauzer and is said to have come from mixing of Affenpinschers and Poodles with small Standards
  20. ↑ Various Authors (2013). The Schnauzer - A Complete Anthology of the Dog. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4474-9072-2.
  21. ↑ amsc.us Catherine McMillan (AMSC)
  22. 1 2 Sutter, Nathan B.; Ostrander, Elaine (December 2004). "Dog star rising: the canine genetic system" (PDF). Nature. 5 (12): 900–910. doi:10.1038/nrg1492. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  23. ↑ Parker, Heidi G. (November 2007). "Breed relationships facilitate fine-mapping studies: A 7.8-kb deletion cosegregates with Collie eye anomaly across multiple dog breeds". Genome Research. 17 (11): 1562–1571. doi:10.1101/gr.6772807. PMC 2045139.
  24. ↑ vonHoldt, Bridgett M.; et al. (March 2010). "Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication". Nature. 464 (7290): 898–902. doi:10.1038/nature08837. PMC 3494089.
  25. ↑ Parker, Heidi G. (January 2012). "Genomic Analyses of Modern Dog Breeds". Mammalian Genome. 23 (1–2): 19–27. doi:10.1007/s00335-011-9387-6. PMC 3559126.
  26. ↑ Parker, Heidi G.; et al. (April 2017). "Genomic analyses reveal the influence of geographic origin, migration and hybridization on modern dog breed development". Nature. 19 (4): 697–708. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.079. PMC 5492993.
  27. ↑ DongAhn, Yoo; et al. (August 2017). "The Genetic Origin of Short Tail in Endangered Korean Dog, DongGyeongi". Scientific Reports. 7. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10106-6. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  28. ↑ dogtime.com, Standard Schnauzer
  29. ↑ Coren, Stanley (2006). The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of Our Canine Companions. Simon & Schuster. pp. 142–143, 149, 182, 192. ISBN 978-0-7432-8087-7.
  30. ↑ Horan, Stephanie (February 2011). "Face Time". Dog World: 28–33.
  31. ↑ Horan, Stephanie (February 2011). "Face Time". Dog World.
  32. ↑ strippingknives.com, Grooming
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