Intel Graphics Technology

Intel Graphics Technology
API support
Direct3D Direct3D 10.1+ (see capabilities)[1]
Shader Model 4.1+ (see capabilities)[1]
OpenCL Depending on version (see capabilities)[1]
OpenGL OpenGL 2.1+ (see capabilities)[1][2][3]
Vulkan Depending on version
History
Predecessor Intel GMA
Core i5 processor with integrated HD Graphics 2000

Intel Graphics Technology[4] (GT)[lower-alpha 1] is the collective name for a series of integrated graphics processors (IGPs) produced by Intel that are manufactured on the same package or die as the central processing unit (CPU). It was first introduced in 2010 as Intel HD Graphics.

Intel Iris Graphics and Intel Iris Pro Graphics are the IGP series introduced in 2013 with some models of Haswell processors as the high-performance versions of HD Graphics. Iris Pro Graphics was the first in the series to incorporate embedded DRAM.[5]

In the fourth quarter of 2013, Intel integrated graphics represented, in units, 65% of all PC graphics processor shipments.[6] However, this percentage does not represent actual adoption as a number of these shipped units end up in systems outfitted with discrete graphics cards.

History

Before the introduction of Intel HD Graphics, Intel integrated graphics were built into the motherboard's northbridge, as part of the Intel's Hub Architecture. They were known as Intel Extreme Graphics and Intel GMA. As part of the Platform Controller Hub (PCH) design, the northbridge was eliminated and graphics processing was moved to the same die as the central processing unit (CPU).

The previous Intel integrated graphics solution, Intel GMA, had a reputation of lacking performance and features, and therefore was not considered to be a good choice for more demanding graphics applications, such as 3D gaming. The performance increases brought by Intel's HD Graphics made the products competitive with integrated graphics adapters made by its rivals, Nvidia and ATI/AMD.[7] Intel HD Graphics, featuring minimal power consumption that is important in laptops, was capable enough that PC manufacturers often stopped offering discrete graphics options in both low-end and high-end laptop lines, where reduced dimensions and low power consumption are important.

Generations

Intel HD and Iris Graphics are divided into generations, and within each generation are divided into 'tiers' of increasing performance, denominated by the 'GTx' label.

Westmere

In January 2010, Clarkdale and Arrandale processors with Ironlake graphics were released, and branded as Celeron, Pentium, or Core with HD Graphics. There was only one specification:[8] 12 execution units, up to 43.2 GFLOPS at 900 MHz.

Sandy Bridge

In January 2011, the Sandy Bridge processors were released, introducing the "second generation" HD Graphics:

Model numberTierExecution unitsBoost Clock (MHz)max GFLOPS
HD GraphicsGT16100096
HD Graphics 20001350129.6
HD Graphics 3000GT2121350259.2

Sandy Bridge Celeron and Pentium have Intel HD, while Core i3 and above have either HD 2000 or HD 3000. HD Graphics 2000 and 3000 include hardware video encoding and HD postprocessing effects.

Ivy Bridge

On 24 April 2012, Ivy Bridge was released, introducing the "third generation" of Intel's HD graphics:[9]

Model numberTierExecution units Shading unitsBoost Clock (MHz)max GFLOPS
HD GraphicsGT16 481050100.8
HD Graphics 25001150110.4
HD Graphics 4000GT216 1281300332.8

Ivy Bridge Celeron and Pentium have Intel HD, while Core i3 and above have either HD 2500 or HD 4000. HD Graphics 2500 and 4000 include hardware video encoding and HD postprocessing effects.

For some low-power mobile CPUs there is limited video decoding support, while none of the desktop CPUs have this limitation.

Haswell

On 12 September 2012, Haswell CPUs were announced, with four models of integrated GPUs:

MarketModel numberTierExecution units Shading unitseDRAM (MB)Boost Clock (MHz)max GFLOPS
ConsumerHD GraphicsGT110 80N/A1150184
HD Graphics 4200GT220 160850272
HD Graphics 4400950–1150304–368
HD Graphics 4600900–1350288–432
HD Graphics 5000GT340 3201000–1100640–704
Iris Graphics 51001100–1200704–768
Iris Pro Graphics 5200GT3e1281300832
ServerHD Graphics P4600GT220 160N/A1200–1250384–400
HD Graphics P47001250–1300400–416
Intel Haswell i7-4771 CPU, which contains integrated HD Graphics 4600 (GT2)

The 128 MB of eDRAM in the Iris Pro GT3e is on the same package as the CPU, but in a separate die manufactured in a different process. Intel refers to this as a Level 4 cache, available to both CPU and GPU, naming it Crystalwell. Linux support for this eDRAM is expected in kernel version 3.12, by making the drm/i915 driver aware and capable of using it.[10][11][12]

Integrated Iris Pro Graphics was adopted by Apple for their late-2013 15-inch MacBook Pro laptops (with Retina Display), which for the first time in the history of the series did not have discrete graphics cards, although only for the low-end model.[13] It was also included on the late-2013 21.5-inch iMac.[14]

Broadwell

In November 2013, it was announced that Broadwell-K desktop processors (aimed at enthusiasts) will also carry Iris Pro Graphics.[15]

The following models of integrated GPU are announced for Broadwell processors:[16]

MarketModel numberTierExecution units Shading unitseDRAM (MB)Boost Clock (MHz)max GFLOPS
ConsumerHD GraphicsGT112 96–850163.2
HD Graphics 5300GT224 192900345.6
HD Graphics 5500950364.8
HD Graphics 56001050403.2
HD Graphics 6000GT348 3841000768
Iris Graphics 61001100844.8
Iris Pro Graphics 6200GT3e1281150883.2
ServerHD Graphics P5700GT224 192–1000384
Iris Pro Graphics P6300GT3e48 3841281150883.2

Braswell

Model numberCPU modelTierExecution unitsClock speed (MHz)
HD Graphics 400E8000GT112320
N30xx320–600
N31xx320–640
J3xxx320–700
HD Graphics 405N37xx16400–700
J37xx18400–740

Skylake

The Skylake line of processors, launched in August 2015, retires VGA support, while supporting multi-monitor setups of up to three monitors connected via HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2 or Embedded DisplayPort (eDP) 1.3 interfaces.[17][18]

The following models of integrated GPU are available or announced for the Skylake processors:[19][20]

MarketModel numberTierExecution units Shading unitseDRAM (MB)Boost Clock (MHz)max GFLOPS
ConsumerHD Graphics 510GT112 96–950182.4
HD Graphics 515GT224 1921000384
HD Graphics 5201050403.2
HD Graphics 5301150[17]441.6
Iris Graphics 540GT3e48 384641050806.4
Iris Graphics 5501100844.8
Iris Pro Graphics 580GT4e72 57612810001152
ServerHD Graphics P530GT224 192–1150441.6
Iris Pro Graphics P555GT3e48 3841281000[21]768
Iris Pro Graphics P580GT4e72 57610001152

Apollo Lake

Model numberCPU modelTierExecution units Shading unitsClock speed (MHz)
HD Graphics 500E3930GT112 96400–550
E3940400–600
N3350200–650
N3450200–700
J3355250–700
J3455250–750
HD Graphics 505E395018 144500–650
N4200200–750
J4205250–800

Kaby Lake

New Features: Speed increases, support for 4K UHD "premium" (DRM encoded) streaming services, media engine with full hardware acceleration of 8- and 10-bit HEVC and VP9 decode[22][23]

MarketModel numberTierExecution units Shading unitseDRAM (MB) Base clock (MHz)Boost clock (MHz)max GFLOPS Used in
ConsumerHD Graphics 610GT112 96N/A 300−350900−1100 172.8-211.2 Desktop Celeron, Desktop Pentium G45**, i3-7101
HD Graphics 615GT224 192 300900–1050345.6 – 403.2 i3-7Y30, i5-7Y54, i7-7Y75
HD Graphics 6201000–1050384 – 403.2 i3-7100U, i5-7200U, i5-7300U, i7-7500U, i7-7600U
HD Graphics 630 350 1000–1150 384 − 441.6 Desktop Pentium G46**, i3, i5 and i7, and Laptop H-series i3, i5 and i7
Iris Plus Graphics 640 GT3e 48 384 64 300 950–1050 729.6 − 806.4 i5-7260U, i5-7360U, i7-7560U, i7-7660U
Iris Plus Graphics 650 1050–1150 806.4 − 883.2 i3-7167U, i5-7267U, i5-7287U, i7-7567U

Kaby Lake Refresh / Coffee Lake

New Features: HDCP 2.2 support [24]

MarketModel numberTierExecution units Shading unitseDRAM (MB) Base clock (MHz)Boost clock (MHz)max GFLOPS Used in
Consumer UHD Graphics 610 GT1 12 96 N/A 350 1050 201.6 Celeron, Pentium Gold G54**
UHD Graphics 620GT2 24 192 300 1000–1150 422.4–441.6 i3-8130U, i5-8250U, i5-8350U, i7-8550U, i7-8650U
UHD Graphics 630 23[25] 184 350 1100–1150 404.8–423.2 i3-8350K, i3-8100 with stepping B0
UHD Graphics 640 24 192 1100–1200 422.4–460.8 Pentium Gold G55**, i3, i5, i7
Iris Plus Graphics 655 GT3e 48 384 128 300 1050-1200 806.4-921.6 i7-8559U, i5-8269U, i5-8259U, i3-8109U

Gemini Lake

New Features: HDMI 2.0 support, VP9 10-bit Profile2 hardware decoder[26]

Model numberTierExecution unitsCPU modelClock speed (MHz) GFLOPS
UHD Graphics 600GT112
N4000200–650 38.4...124.8
N4100200–700 38.4...134.4
J4005250–700 48.0...134.4
J4105250–750 48.0...144.0
UHD Graphics 605GT1.518
N5000200–750 57.6...216
J5005250–800 72.0...230.4

Cannonlake

New Features: 10 nm Gen 10 GPU microarchitecture[27][28] mass production problems in 2018, delayed to 2019

Market Model number Tier Execution units eDRAM (MB) Base clock (MHz) Boost clock (MHz) GFLOPS Used in
Consumer UHD Graphics xxx GT1 24 N/A
UHD Graphics xxx GT2 40
UHD Graphics xxx
UHD Graphics xxx

Whiskey Lake

Optimized 14nm in 2nd half 2018 (mass Production problems in 10nm) [29]

Amber Lake

Optimized 14nm in 2nd half 2018 (mass Production problems in 10nm)[30]

Icelake

New Features: 10 nm Gen 11 GPU microarchitecture[31][32]

Tigerlake

New Features: 10 nm Gen 12 GPU microarchitecture[33]

Alder Lake

New Features: 10 nm Gen 13 GPU microarchitecture[34]

Features

Intel Insider

Beginning with Sandy Bridge, the graphics processors include a form of digital copy protection and digital rights management (DRM) called Intel Insider, which allows decryption of protected media within the processor.[35][36] Previously there was a similar technology called Protected Audio Video Path (PAVP).

Intel Quick Sync Video

Intel Quick Sync Video is Intel's hardware video encoding and decoding technology, which is integrated into some of the Intel CPUs. The name "Quick Sync" refers to the use case of quickly transcoding ("syncing") a video from, for example, a DVD or Blu-ray Disc to a format appropriate to, for example, a smartphone. Quick Sync was introduced with the Gen 6 in Sandy Bridge microprocessors on 9 January 2011.

Graphics Virtualization Technology

Graphics Virtualization Technology was announced 1 January 2014 and is supported by Iris Pro GPUs.[37]

Multiple monitors

Ivy Bridge

HD 2500 and HD 4000 GPUs in Ivy Bridge CPUs are advertised as supporting three active monitors, but many users have found that this does not work for them due to the chipsets only supporting two active monitors in many common configurations. The reason for this is that the chipsets only include two phase-locked loops (PLLs); a PLL generates a pixel clock at a certain frequency which is used to sync the timings of data being transferred between the GPU and displays.[38]

Therefore, three simultaneously active monitors can only be achieved by a hardware configuration that requires only two unique pixel clocks, such as:

  • Using two or three DisplayPort connections, as they require only a single pixel clock for all connections.[39] Passive adapters from DisplayPort to some other connector rely on the chipset being able to emit a non-DisplayPort signal through the DisplayPort connector, and thus do not count as a DisplayPort connection. Active adapters that contain additional logic to convert the DisplayPort signal to some other format count as a DisplayPort connection.
  • By using two non-DisplayPort connections of the same connection type (for example, two HDMI connections) and the same clock frequency (like when connected to two identical monitors at the same resolution), so that a single unique pixel clock can be shared between both connections.[40]
  • Using the Embedded DisplayPort on a mobile CPU along with any two other outputs.[39]

Haswell

ASRock Z87- and H87-based motherboards support three displays simultaneously.[41] Asus H87-based motherboards are also advertised to support three independent monitors at once.[42]

Capabilities

Micro-
architecture - Socket		BrandGraphicsVulkanOpenGLDirect3DHLSL shader modelOpenCL
"Core""Pentium""Celeron"GenGraphics brandLinuxWindowsLinuxWindowsLinuxWindowsLinuxWindows
Westmere - 1156i3/5/7-xxx(G/P)6000 and U5000P4000 and U30005.5th[43]HDN/A2.1N/A10.1[1]4.1N/A
Sandy Bridge - 1155i3/5/7-2000(B)900, (G)800 and (G)600(B)800, (B)700, G500 and G4006th[44]HD 3000 and 20003.3[45]3.1[1]
Ivy Bridge - 1155i3/5/7-3000(G)2000 and A1018G1600, 1000 and 9007th[46][47]HD 4000 and 25001.0N/A 4.2[48]4.0[1][49]11.05.01.2 (Beignet)1.2[50]
Bay Trail - SoCsN/AJ2000, N3500 and A1020J1000 and N2000HD Graphics (Bay Trail)[51]
Haswell - 1150i3/5/7-4000(G)3000G1800 and 20007.5th[52]HD 5000, 4600, 4400 and 4200; Iris Pro 5200, Iris 5000 and 51004.5[53] (4.6 WIP)4.3[54]12 (fl 11_1)[55]
Broadwell - 1150i3/5/7-500038003700 and 32008th[56]Iris Pro 6200[57] and P6300, Iris 6100[58] and HD 6000,[59] P5700, 5600,[60] 5500,[61] 5300[62] and HD Graphics (Broadwell)[63]4.4[1]1.2 (Beignet) / 2.0 (Neo)[64]2.0
Braswell - SoCsN/AN3700N3000, N3050, N3150HD Graphics (Braswell),[65] based on Broadwell graphics
(J/N)3710(J/N)3010, 3060, 3160(rebranded)
HD Graphics 400, 405
Skylake - 1151i3/5/7-6000(G)40003900 and 38009thHD 510, 515, 520, 530 and 535; Iris 540 and 550; Iris Pro 5801.1 Mesa 18.11.1[66]4.5[67]12 (fl 12_1)6.02.0 (Beignet)[68] / 2.1 (Neo)[69]
Apollo Lake - SoCsN/A(J/N)4xxx(J/N)3xxxHD Graphics 500, 505
Gemini Lake - SoCsN/ASilver (J/N)5xxx(J/N)4xxxUHD 600, 605
Kaby Lake - 1151m3/i3/5/7-7000(G)4000(G)3900 and 38009.5th[70]HD 610, 615, 620, 630, Iris Plus 640, Iris Plus 6502.1[71]
Kaby Lake Refresh - 1151i5/7-8000UN/AN/AUHD 620
Coffee Lake - 1151i3/5/7/9-8000Gold (G)5xxx(G)49xxUHD 630

OpenCL 2.1 and 2.2 possible with software Update on OpenCL 2.0 Hardware (Broadwell+) with Future software updates.[72]

While Mesa does support Direct3D 9.3, this is only implemented for Gallium3D-style drivers and not for the Mesa Intel driver.

Capabilities (GPU video acceleration)

Intel developed a dedicated SIP core which implements multiple video decompression and compression algorithms branded Intel Quick Sync Video. Some are implemented completely, some only partially.

Hardware-accelerated algorithms

hardware-accelerated video compression and decompression algorithms present in Intel Quick Sync Video
CPU's
microarchitecture		Stepsvideo compression and decompression algorithms
H.265
(HEVC)		H.264
(MPEG-4 AVC)		H.262
(MPEG-2)		VC-1/WMV9JPEG
/
MJPEG		VP8VP9
Westmere[73]Decode✘✓✓✓✘✘✘
Encode✘✘✘
Sandy BridgeDecodeProfiles✘ConstrainedBaseline, Main, High, StereoHighSimple, MainSimple, Main, Advanced✘
Levels
Max. resolution
EncodeProfilesConstrainedBaseline, Main, High✘
Levels
Max. resolution
Ivy BridgeDecodeProfiles✘ConstrainedBaseline, Main, High, StereoHighSimple, MainSimple, Main, AdvancedBaseline✘✘
Levels
Max. resolution
EncodeProfilesConstrainedBaseline, Main, HighSimple, Main✘✘✘✘
Levels
Max. resolution
HaswellDecodeProfilesPartial 8-bit[74]Main, High, SHP, MHPMainSimple, Main, AdvancedBaseline✘✘
Levels4.1Main, HighHigh, 3
Max. resolution1080/60p1080/60p16k×16k
EncodeProfiles✘Main, HighMain✘Baseline✘✘
Levels4.1High-
Max. resolution1080/60p1080/60p16k×16k
Broadwell[75][76]DecodeProfilesPartial 8-bit & 10-bit[74] MainSimple, Main, Advanced0Partial[74]
LevelsMain, HighHigh, 3Unified
Max. resolution1080/60p1080p
EncodeProfiles✘Main-✘✘✘
LevelsMain, High
Max. resolution1080/60p
Skylake[77]DecodeProfilesMainMain, High, SHP, MHPMainSimple, Main, AdvancedBaseline00
Levels5.25.2Main, HighHigh, 3UnifiedUnifiedUnified
Max. resolution2160/60p2160/60p1080/60p3840×384016k×16k1080p4k/24p@15Mbit/s
EncodeProfilesMainMain, HighMain✘BaselineUnified✘
Levels5.25.2High-Unified
Max. resolution2160/60p2160/60p1080/60p16k×16k-
Kaby Lake[78]
Coffee Lake[79]
Whiskey Lake		DecodeProfilesMain, Main 10Main, High, MVC, StereoMainSimple, Main, AdvancedBaseline00, 2
Levels5.25.2Main, HighSimple, High, 3UnifiedUnifiedUnified
Max. resolution2160/60p2160/60p1080/60p3840×384016k×16k1080p2160p
EncodeProfilesMainMain, HighMain✘BaselineUnifiedSupport 8 bits 4:2:0
BT.2020 may be obtained
the pre/post processing
Levels5.25.2High-Unified
Max. resolution2160/60p2160/60p1080/60p16k×16k-

Intel Pentium and Celeron family

Intel Pentium & Celeron familyGPU video acceleration
VED
(Video Encode / Decode)		H.265/HEVCH.264/MPEG-4 AVCH.262
(MPEG-2)		VC-1/WMV9JPEG/MJPEGVP8VP9
Braswell[80][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4]DecodeProfileMainCBP, Main, High Main, HighAdvanced850 MP/s 4:2:0
640 MP/s 4:2:2
420 MP/s 4:4:4
Level55.2High4
Max. resolution4k×2k/30p4k×2k/60p1080/60p1080/60p4k×2k/60p1080/30p
EncodeProfile✘CBP, Main, HighMain, High✘850 MP/s 4:2:0
640 MP/s 4:2:2
420 MP/s 4:4:4		Up to 720p30
Level5.1High
Max. resolution4k×2k/30p1080/30p4k×2k/30p
Apollo Lake[81]DecodeProfileMain, Main 10CBP, Main, HighMain, HighAdvanced1067 MP/s 4:2:0

800 MP/s 4:2:2

533 MP/s 4:4:4

 0
Level 5.1 5.2 High 4
Max. resolution 4kx2k/60p 1080p240, 4k×2k/60p 1080/60p 1080/60p 4k×2k/60p 4k×2k/60p
Encode Profile Main CBP, Main, High ✘ ✘ 1067 MP/s 4:2:0

800 MP/s 4:2:2

533 MP/s 4:4:4
Level 4 5.2
Max. resolution 4kx2k/30p 1080p240, 4k×2k/60p 4k×2k/30p 480p30 (SW only)
Gemini Lake[82]DecodeProfileMain, Main 10CBP, Main, HighMain, HighAdvanced1067 MP/s 4:2:0

800 MP/s 4:2:2

533 MP/s 4:4:4

 0, 2
Level 5.1 5.2 High 4
Max. resolution 4kx2k/60p 1080p240, 4k×2k/60p 1080/60p 1080/60p 4k×2k/60p 4k×2k/60p
Encode Profile Main CBP, Main, High Main, High ✘ 1067 MP/s 4:2:0

800 MP/s 4:2:2

533 MP/s 4:4:4

 0
Level 4 5.2 High
Max. resolution 4kx2k/30p 1080p240, 4k×2k/60p 1080/60p 4k×2k/30p

Intel Atom family

Intel Atom familyGPU video acceleration
VED
(Video Encode / Decode)		H.265/HEVCH.264/MPEG-4 AVCMPEG-4 VisualH.263H.262
(MPEG-2)		VC-1/WMV9JPEG/MJPEGVP8VP9
Bay Trail-TDecode[83]Profile✘Main, High Main0✘
Level5.1 High
Max. resolution4k×2k/30p 1080/60p4k×2k/30p4k×2k/30p
Encode[83]ProfileMain, High Main--
Level5.1 High--
Max. resolution4k×2k/30p 1080/60p1080/30p -1080/30p
Cherry Trail-T[84] Decode Profile Main CBP, Main, High Simple Main Advanced 1067 Mbit/s – 4:2:0

800 Mbit/s – 4:2:2
Level 5 5.2 High 4
Max. resolution 4k×2k/30p 4k×2k/60p, 1080@240p 480/30p 480/30p 1080/60p 1080/60p 4k×2k/30p 1080/30p
Encode Profile ✘ Constrained Baseline, Main, High (MVC) 1067 Mbit/s – 4:2:0

800 Mbit/s – 4:2:2

 ✘
Level 5.1 (4.2)
Max. resolution 4k×2k/30p, 1080@120p 480/30p 4k×2k/30p

Documentation

Intel releases programming manuals for most of Intel HD Graphics devices via its Open Source Technology Center.[85] This allows various open source enthusiasts and hackers to contribute to driver development, and port drivers to various operating systems, without the need for reverse engineering.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The abbreviation "GT" appears in certain monitoring tools, such as Intel Power Gadget in reference to the graphics core on Intel processors.
  2. ↑ VP9 media codec GPU accelerator to be supported post TTM, for non-Windows operating systems only.
  3. ↑ Resolution details for media codec on open source Linux OS depends on platform features and drivers used. Decode/Encode features may not align to Table 8-4 that is specific to Win8.1 and Win7 operating systems.
  4. ↑ All capabilities dependent on OS. Here HW support is mentioned. For more info, see Table 8-4 on page 80 of PDF.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Supported APIs and Features for Intel Graphics Drivers". Intel. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
  2. ↑ Michael Larabel (18 October 2013). "OpenGL 3.3 Support Lands In Mesa! Possible Mesa 11.0". Phoronix.
  3. ↑ "OpenGL ES Conformant product list".
  4. ↑ "Experience Visual Perfection with Intel® Graphics Technology". Intel. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  5. ↑ "Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics Review: Core i7-4950HQ Tested". AnandTech. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
  6. ↑ "GPU market up—Intel and Nvidia graphics winners in Q4, AMD down". Jon Peddie Research. 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  7. ↑ "AMD Radeon HD 7310". Notebookcheck.net. 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  8. ↑ J. F. Amprimoz (2009-02-22). "The Delayed Mobile Nehalems: Clarksfield, Arrandale, and the Calpella Platform". Bright Hub. Retrieved 2014-01-15.
  9. ↑ "Intel's Official Ivy Bridge CPU Announcement Finally Live".
  10. ↑ Michael Larabel (2013-09-02). "Linux 3.12 Enables Haswell's Iris eLLC Cache Support". Phoronix. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  11. ↑ "drm/i915: Use eLLC/LLC by default when available". kernel.org. 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  12. ↑ "drm/i915: Use Write-Through cacheing for the display plane on Iris". kernel.org. 2013-08-22. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  13. ↑ "15-inch Retina MacBook Pro review: A tale of two laptops". Macworld. 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
  14. ↑ Anand Lal Shimpi (7 October 2013). "21.5-inch iMac (Late 2013) Review: Iris Pro Driving an Accurate Display". AnandTech. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
  15. ↑ "First Details Regarding Intel "Broadwell-K" Microprocessors Emerge". X-bit labs. Archived from the original on 2014-01-12. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
  16. ↑ "Intel will announce Broadwell U 14nm cpu at CES 2014". chinese.vr-zone.com. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
  17. 1 2 Ian Cutress (2015-08-05). "Skylake's iGPU: Intel Gen9 – The Intel 6th Gen Skylake Review: Core i7-6700K and i5-6600K Tested". AnandTech. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
  18. ↑ Michael Larabel (2014-09-10). "Intel Publishes Initial Skylake Linux Graphics Support". Phoronix. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
  19. ↑ "Khronos Products: Conformant Products". khronos.org. 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
  20. ↑ Ian Cutress (2015-09-01). "Intel's Generation 9 Graphics – The Intel Skylake Mobile and Desktop Launch, with Architecture Analysis". AnandTech. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  21. ↑ Ian Cutress (2016-05-31). "Intel Announces Xeon E3-1500 v5: Iris Pro and eDRAM for Streaming Video". AnandTech. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  22. ↑ "New 7th Gen Intel Core Processor: Built for the Immersive Internet". Intel Newsroom. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  23. ↑ "The Media Engine - Intel Kaby Lake: 14nm+, Higher Clocks, New Media Engine". Tom's Hardware. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  24. ↑ Cutress, Ian. "Intel Launches 8th Generation Core CPUs, Starting with Kaby Lake Refresh for 15W Mobile".
  25. ↑ "Intel® Product Specification Comparison". Web.archive.org. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  26. ↑ Shilov, Anton. "Intel Launches New Pentium Silver and Celeron Atom Processors: Gemini Lake is Here".
  27. ↑ "Intel Linux Developers Begin Bringup Of Cannonlake & Cannonpoint PCH - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com.
  28. ↑ "Intel Cannonlake Patches Posted For Mesa - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com.
  29. ↑ https://cgit.freedesktop.org/mesa/drm/commit/?id=591c1d72abbc1ae67890a50dc107a0e4b9ef13c3
  30. ↑ https://cgit.freedesktop.org/mesa/drm/commit/?id=7164abebecfbf450cdc55133eb3162f8c1501ff3
  31. ↑ "Intel Posts Initial Open-Source Graphics Driver Patches For Icelake "Gen 11" Hardware - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
  32. ↑ "Intel's Latest Icelake Patches Let The Display Light-Up - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
  33. ↑ Eassa, Ashraf. "Key Detail of Intel Corporation "Tiger Lake" Processor Revealed". The Motley Fool. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
  34. ↑ Eassa, Ashraf (1 December 2017). "The lake afterwards has a Gen13 GPU :-)". @TMFChipFool. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
  35. ↑ Knupffer, Nick. "Intel Insider – What Is It? (IS it DRM? And yes it delivers top quality movies to your PC)". Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  36. ↑ Agam Shah (2011-01-06). "Intel: Sandy Bridge's Insider is not DRM". Computerworld. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  37. ↑ "Intel® Graphics Virtualization Update".
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  39. 1 2 David Galus (February 2013). "Migration to New Display Technologies on Intel Embedded Platforms" (PDF). Intel. The Intel® 7 Series Chipset based platform allows for the support of up to three concurrent displays with independent or replicated content. However, this comes with the requirement that either one of the displays is eDP running off the CPU or two DP interfaces are being used off the PCH. When configuring the 2 DP interfaces from the PCH, one may be an eDP if using Port D. This limitation exists because the 7 Series Intel PCH contains only two display PLLs (the CPU has one display PLL also) which will control the clocking for the respective displays. All display types other than DP have an external variable clock frequency associated with the display resolution that is being used. The DP interface has an embedded clocking scheme that is semi- variable, either at 162 or 270 MHz depending on the bandwidth required. Therefore, Intel only allows sharing of a display PLL with DP related interfaces.
  40. ↑ Michael Larabel (2011-10-06). "Details On Intel Ivy Bridge Triple Monitor Support". Phoronix. A limitation of this triple monitor support for Ivy Bridge is that two of the pipes need to share a PLL. Ivy Bridge has three planes, three pipes, three transcoders, and three FDI (Flexible Display Interface) interfaces for this triple monitor support, but there's only two pipe PLLs. This means that two of the three outputs need to have the same connection type and same timings. However, most people in a triple monitor environment will have at least two — if not all three — of the monitors be identical and configured the same, so this shouldn't be a terribly huge issue.
  41. ↑ "Z87E-ITX". ASRock. This motherboard supports Triple Monitor. You may choose up to three display interfaces to connect monitors and use them simultaneously.
  42. ↑ "H87I-PLUS". Asus. Connect up to three independent monitors at once using video outputs such as DisplayPort, Mini DisplayPort, HDMI, DVI, or VGA. Choose your outputs and set displays to either mirror mode or collage mode.
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